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Ultrafast all-optical chalcogenide glass photonic circuits

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Abstract

Chalcogenide glasses offer large ultrafast third-order nonlinearities, low two-photon absorption and the absence of free carrier absorption in a photosensitive medium. This unique combination of properties is nearly ideal for all-optical signal processing devices. In this paper we review the key properties of these materials, outline progress in the field and focus on several recent highlights: high quality gratings, signal regeneration, pulse compression and wavelength conversion.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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Figures (15)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Refractive index (n) and dispersion parameter (D) for arsenic tri-sulfide (As2S3) chalcogenide glass. [24]
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Infrared transmission for several bulk glass samples (after reference [2]). Silicon, not shown in this figure, has a long wavelength cut-off at around 7 µm [24].
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrograph cross-section of an As2S3 rib waveguide.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Modified Sagnac grating writing interferometer. CW light from a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser is split into two beams by a phase mask and reflected twice off two mirrors before interfering at the sample surface to create a photo-induced index change.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Measured spectrum from an As2S3 sampled Bragg grating [50].
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. (a) Numerical simulation of TPA induced transmission loss for varying nonlinear FOM. For no TPA (FOM=∞), the total nonlinear phase shift is 2π. (b) Nonlinear transmission versus FOM for π phase shift. [54]
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Numerical simulation of self phase modulation spectral broadening of pulses. (a) Without two-photon absorption (FOM=∞), and (b) with two-photon absorption (FOM=0.5).
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Dispersion of (a) n 2 and β, (b) the nonlinear figure of merit for As2Se3.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. (a) Calculated power transfer curves for 2R regenerator for different FOM with fixed n2, including experimental data for a device with an FOM of ~2.0 (black diamonds). (b) Q-factor at the output of the 2R optical regenerator as a function of FOM (optimal input power use at each FOM). The dashed horizontal solid line is the input Q-factor while the solid horizontal line represents the output Q-factor for a device with no TPA (infinite FOM).
Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. (a) Evolution of pulse spectra versus power through a bare waveguide with no grating filter, showing spectral broadening due to SPM. (b) Transmission spectrum of the band-pass filter (formed by two sequential offset gratings) for TE polarized light, showing a pass band of 2.8 nm near 1555.0 nm, offset by 3 nm from the carrier wavelength. (c) Sliced SPM broadened output spectra after the filter. (d) Resulting nonlinear power transfer curve for the integrated regenerator.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Spectral intensity and phase of the laser pulses after the chalcogenide fiber. Solid line: retrieved from the FROG measurements. Dashed line: Numerical simulations. Dotted: Simulations excluding GVD showing high spectral modulation. Dash-dot: input spectrum.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 12. Experimentally generated temporal intensity and phase of the compressed pulses, together with a Gaussian fit to the intensity (dotted line). The inset shows the temporal intensity of the compressed pulse without high GVD in the fiber leading to a considerable pulse pedestal and high temporal sidelobes.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. Principle of XPM wavelength conversion. Amplified pulsed pump signal (at λ1) imposes a nonlinear frequency chirp onto a co-propagating wavelength tunable CW probe (at λ2) through the nonlinear refractive index. Filtering one of the XPM generated sidebands results in wavelength conversion (to λ2+Δ).
Fig. 14.
Fig. 14. System setup for demonstrating wavelength conversion. CLK: 10 GHz actively mode locked, fiber laser, FBG notch: fiber Bragg grating notch filter, MZ: Mach-Zehnder modulator, PC: polarization controlled, PRBS: pseudo-random bit sequence, TBF: tunable band pass filter.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 15. (a) Unfiltered output spectra of signal from waveguide showing both pulsed pump and three different CW probes with XPM sidebands imprinted on them. (b) Experimental filtered output spectra of device leaving behind only a single sideband.

Tables (1)

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Table 1. Comparison of nonlinear optical properties of several third-order nonlinear materials at λ=1.5 µm. [25, 58, 60]

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