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Two-photon absorption effects on Raman gain in single mode As2Se3 chalcogenide glass fiber

A. Tuniz, G. Brawley, D. J. Moss, and B. J. Eggleton

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We report ~22 dB of Raman gain in single mode As2Se3 chalcogenide glass fiber using 15 ps optical pump pulses from 1470 nm to 1560 nm. We employ a novel technique of cross-phase modulation induced sideband amplification to map out the Raman gain spectrum of this glass, and investigate the role of both degenerate and non-degenerate (ND) two-photon absorption (TPA). We find that for materials such as As2Se3 where the Raman gain coefficient (gR) and TPA are comparable, it is critical to know and account for the role of both of these in order to achieve appreciable Raman gain. This is highlighted by our results, where we achieve significantly higher Raman gain at the longest pump wavelength (1560 nm), despite the fact that the Raman gain coefficient itself (gR) is smallest at this wavelength. This occurs because the TPA is significantly larger for shorter wavelengths in As2Se3. We conclude, therefore, that for Raman gain applications in As2Se3, L-band operation is strongly favored over C-band operation.

©2008 Optical Society of America

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Figures (8)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Calculated dispersion of the Kerr response (solid curve) and TPA (dashed curve) [3] of As2Se3 glass as a function of normalised photon energy Egap/hν, where Egap is the optical bandbag, ~1.78 eV, corresponding to a wavelength of 700 nm. Thus, the half optical bandgap is at ~1400 nm. The highlighted optical region is under investigation in our experiment, where Kerr nonlinearity (n 2), TPA (β TPA ) and Raman gain (g R ) all play a significant role.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Spectral and temporal evolution of pump pulses (λp) co-propagating with a CW probe (λs) along As2Se3 fiber. The pump pulses spectrally broaden due to SPM, and induce sidebands on the probe via XPM, which are then amplified due to Raman gain. The result is that the pump temporally induces a synchronized pulse on the CW probe due to Raman gain.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of TPA processes. (a) Degenerate TPA. (b) Non-degenerate TPA.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Experimental setup. OPO: Optical parametric oscillator, BS: Beam splitter, PC: Polarization controller, PM: Power meter, OSA: Optical spectrum analyzer. A 99:1 coupler is included to monitor the input power.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Power transfer curve for λp=1470 nm, 1503 nm, 1560 nm.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Measured and simulated output spectra for varying incident peak powers, for pump wavelength λp=1560 nm and probe wavelength λs=1619 nm (50 µW).

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Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. (a) Experimentally measured cross-phase modulation induced sideband amplification due to Raman gain with varying probe wavelength for a pump wavelength of 1503nm. The amount of amplification depends on the probe’s position within the Raman gain spectrum (b), obtained by integrating the amplified signal sidebands. The dashed curve in (b) is a guide to the eye.

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Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Raman gain as a function of peak power, for λp=1470 nm, 1503 nm, 1560 nm and λs=1523 nm, 1558 nm and 1619 nm respectively.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Summary of results

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Equations (4)

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d I p d z = − α I p − β d I p I p ,
d I s d z = − α I s + ( g R − 2 β n d ) I p I s ,
I p ( L ) = I p ( 0 ) exp ( − α L ) 1 + β d I p ( 0 ) [ 1 − exp ( − α L ) ] ⁄ α .
I s ( L ) = I s ( 0 ) exp [ α ( g R − 2 β n d ) β d { − L + 1 α ln [ ( 1 + β d I p ( 0 ) α ) e α L − β d I p ( 0 ) α ] } − α L ] .
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