High Q H1 photonic crystal nanocavities with efficient vertical emission

Hiroyuki Takagi; Yasutomo Ota; Naoto Kumagai; Satomi Ishida; Satoshi Iwamoto; Yasuhiko Arakawa

doi:10.1364/OE.20.028292

Optics Express
Vol. 20,
Issue 27,
pp. 28292-28300
(2012)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.028292

High Q H1 photonic crystal nanocavities with efficient vertical emission

Hiroyuki Takagi, Yasutomo Ota, Naoto Kumagai, Satomi Ishida, Satoshi Iwamoto, and Yasuhiko Arakawa

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Hiroyuki Takagi, Yasutomo Ota, Naoto Kumagai, Satomi Ishida, Satoshi Iwamoto, and Yasuhiko Arakawa, "High Q H1 photonic crystal nanocavities with efficient vertical emission," Opt. Express 20, 28292-28300 (2012)

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Abstract

We report on newly-designed H1-type photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavities that simultaneously exhibit high Q factors, small mode volumes, and high external coupling efficiencies (η_⊥) of light radiated above the PhC membrane. Dipole modes of the H1 PhC nanocavities, which are doubly-degenerate and orthogonally-polarized in theory, are investigated both by numerical calculations and experiments. Through modifying the sizes and positions of the air-holes near to the defect cavity, a Q factor of 62,000 is achieved, accompanied with an improved η_⊥ of 0.38 (assuming an objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.65). A further increase of η_⊥ to more than 0.60 is observed at the expense of slight degradation of Q factor (down to 50,000). We further experimentally confirm the increase of both Q and η_⊥, using micro-photoluminescence measurements, and demonstrate high Q factors up to 25,000: the highest value ever reported for dipole modes in H1 PhC nanocavities.

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Fig. 1 (a) Schematic illustration of the H1 PhC nanocavity. Near-field profiles of the E_y for x-dipole mode (b) and the E_x for y-dipole mode (c).

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Fig. 2 (a) Calculated Q factors (black squares) and coupling efficiencies (red circles), η_⊥. Color plots of the calculated far-field patterns for the cavities with Δ₃ = 0 (b) and Δ₃ = −0.26a (c). White circles indicate the line for the N.A. = 0.65. (d) Comparison of coupling efficiency as a function of the N.A., calculated for Δ₃ = 0, −0.26a, −0.28a, and −0.3a.

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Fig. 3 Momentum space distributions for Δ₃ = 0 (a) and Δ₃ = −0.26a (b). Blue circles indicate the light lines. (c) Ratio of the field components inside the N.A. = 0.65 calculated from momentum space distributions (black balls) and far-field patterns (red balls), as a function of Δ₃. (d, e) Distribution of

{| E_{y}^{F T} |}^{2} cos θ_{k}

plotted with the units of θ sinϕ and θ cosϕ, for Δ₃ = 0 (d) and −0.26a (e). White circles in (d) and (e) indicate the line for the N.A. = 0.65.

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Fig. 4 (a) Typical PL spectrum of QD wafer used for the PhC fabrication. (b) PL spectrum of a fabricated cavity with Δ₃ = −0.26a (black dots), fitted by a pair of Lorentzian functions (red lines). (c) Experimental Q factors (black balls) and calculated Q factors (Q′_calc, red dashed line) as a function of Δ₃. (d) Cavity emission intensities (I_cav) (black balls, left axis) and calculated coupling efficiencies (red dashed line, right axis) as a function of Δ₃. The vertical axis for the PL intensity is arbitrary adjusted for a better tendency comparison with the simulation results. Error bars in (c) and (d) show the standard deviation at each point.

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Equations (2)

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\frac{\iint_{| k_{| |} | < ω / c} {| E_{y}^{F T} |}^{2} d k_{x} d k_{y}}{\iint {| E_{y}^{F T} |}^{2} d k_{x} d k_{y}},

\frac{\iint_{| k_{| |} | < 0.65 ω / c} {| E_{y}^{F T} |}^{2} cos θ_{k} d k_{x} d k_{y}}{\iint_{| k_{| |} | < ω / c} {| E_{y}^{F T} |}^{2} cos θ_{k} d k_{x} d k_{y}},

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