Transparent Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ and Tm³⁺ co-doped nano-glass-ceramics 32(SiO₂)9(AlO_1.5)31.5(CdF₂)18.5(PbF₂)5.5(ZnF₂):3.5(Yb-Er-TmF₃), mol%, have been prepared where co-dopants mostly partition in nano-crystals Pb_1-x(Yb³⁺,Er³⁺,Tm³⁺)_xF_2+x embedded in the glass network. The Yb³⁺ ensures high absorption at 980 nm telecommunication pump wavelength and further phonon-mediated energy transfer to Er³⁺ and Tm³⁺ co-dopants. Er³⁺ and Tm³⁺ radiate overlapping emission bands from their lowest energy levels, with similar lifetime of about 9 ms, which cover the range between 1.50 to 1.70 µm. The lifetime of all higher levels of Er³⁺ and Tm³⁺ dopants is shorter than 70 µs due to short inter-dopant distances in the nano-crystals resulting in fast energy transfer to their lowest levels.

© 2007 Optical Society of America

1. G. C. Thomas, B. I. Shraiman, P. F. Glodis, and M. J. Stephen, "Towards the clarity limit in optical fibre," Nature (London) 404, 262-264 (2000). [CrossRef]
2. E. Desurvire, Erbium-doped Fibre Amplifiers: Materials, Devices and Applications (Wiley, New York, 1994).
3. P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson, Erbium-doped Fibre Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology (Academic, San Diego, 1999).
4. S. Sudo, ed., Optical Fibre Amplifiers: Materials, Devices, and Applications (Artech House Inc., Boston, 1997).
5. G. Dantelle, M. Mortier, D. Vivien, G. Patriarche, "Influence of Ce³⁺-doping on the structure and luminescence of Er³⁺-doped transparent glass-ceramics," Opt. Mater. 28, 638-642 (2006). [CrossRef]
6. A. Mori, Y. Ohishi, and S. Sudo, "Erbium-doped tellurite glass fibre laser and amplifier," Electron. Lett. 33, 863-865 (1997); A. Mori, T. Sakamoto, K. Kobayashi, K. Ishikano, K. Oikawa, K. Hoshino, T. Kanamori, Y. Ohishi, and H. Shimizu, "1.58 µm broad-band erbium-doped tellurite fibre amplifier," J. Lightwave Technol. 20, 794-799 (2002). [CrossRef]
7. V. K. Tikhomirov, D. Furniss, I. M. Reaney, M. Beggiora, M. Ferrari, M. Montagna, and R. Rolli, "Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale, Er³⁺-doped, ultratransparent oxy-fluoride glass-ceramics," Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1937-1939 (2002). [CrossRef]
8. V. Rodriguez, V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Mendez-Ramos, and A. B. Seddon, "The shape of the 1.55 µm emission band of the Er³⁺-dopant in oxyfluoride nano-scaled glass-ceramics," Europhys. Lett. 69, 128-134 (2005). [CrossRef]
9. K. Driesen, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Görller-Walrand, V. D. Rodríguez, A. B. Seddon, "Transparent Ho³⁺-doped nano-glass-ceramics for efficient infrared emission," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, art.073111 (2006). [CrossRef]
10. V. K. Tikhomirov, K. Driesen, C. Görller-Walrand, "Low energy robust host heavily doped with Dy³⁺ for emission at 1.3 to 1.4 µm," Phys. Status SolidiA 204, 839-845 (2007). [CrossRef]
11. J. F. Suyver, J. Grimm, M. K. van Veen, D. Biner, K. W. Krämer, H. U. Güdel, "Upconversion spectroscopy and properties of NaYF₄ doped with Er³⁺, Tm³⁺ and/or Yb³⁺," J. Lumin. 117, 1-12 (2006). [CrossRef]
12. F. Auzel "Upconversion and Anti-Stokes processes with f and d Ions in Solids," Chem. Rev. 105, 139-173 (2004). [CrossRef]
13. V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Koch, D. Wand, and B. Chichkov, "Fabrication of buried waveguides and nano-crystals in Er³⁺-doped oxyfluoride glass," Phys. Status SolidiA 202, R73-R75 (2005). [CrossRef]
14. S. Hull, "Superionics crystal structures and conduction processes," Rep. Prog. Phys. 67, 1233-1314 (2004). [CrossRef]
15. D. J. M. Bevan, J. Strähle, and O. Greis, "The crystal-structure of tveitite, an ordered yttrofluorite mineral," J. Solid State Chem. 44, 75-81 (1982). [CrossRef]
16. M. Mattarelli, V. K. Tikhomirov, M. Montagna, E. Moser, A. Chiasera, S. Chaussedent, G. Nunzi Conti, S. Pelli, G. C. Righini, L. Zampedri, and M. Ferrari, "Tm3+-activated transparent oxy-fluoride glass-ceramics: structural and spectroscopic properties," J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 345&346, 354-358 (2004). [CrossRef]
17. Y. H. Wang and J. Ohwaki, "New transparent vitroceramics codoped with Er3+ and Yb3+ for efficient frequency upconversion," Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 3268-3270 (1993). [CrossRef]
18. C. Görller-Walrand and K. Binnemans, "Rationalization of crystal field parametrization," in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, K. A. Gschneider, Jr. and L. Eyring, ed., (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1996). Vol. .23, p.121.
19. A. V. Bazhenov, I. S. Smirnova, T. N. Fursova, M. Y. Maksimuk, A. B. Kulakov, and I. K. Bdikin, "Optical phonon spectra of PbF₂ single crystals," Phys. Solid State 42, 41-50 (2000). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• V. K. Tikhomirov, D. Furniss, I. M. Reaney, M. Beggiora, M. Ferrari, M. Montagna, and R. Rolli, "Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale, Er³⁺-doped, ultratransparent oxy-fluoride glass-ceramics," Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1937-1939 (2002). [CrossRef]
• Y. H. Wang and J. Ohwaki, "New transparent vitroceramics codoped with Er3+ and Yb3+ for efficient frequency upconversion," Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 3268-3270 (1993). [CrossRef]

Chem. Rev.

• F. Auzel "Upconversion and Anti-Stokes processes with f and d Ions in Solids," Chem. Rev. 105, 139-173 (2004). [CrossRef]

Electron. Lett.

• A. Mori, Y. Ohishi, and S. Sudo, "Erbium-doped tellurite glass fibre laser and amplifier," Electron. Lett. 33, 863-865 (1997); A. Mori, T. Sakamoto, K. Kobayashi, K. Ishikano, K. Oikawa, K. Hoshino, T. Kanamori, Y. Ohishi, and H. Shimizu, "1.58 µm broad-band erbium-doped tellurite fibre amplifier," J. Lightwave Technol. 20, 794-799 (2002). [CrossRef]

Europhys. Lett.

• V. Rodriguez, V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Mendez-Ramos, and A. B. Seddon, "The shape of the 1.55 µm emission band of the Er³⁺-dopant in oxyfluoride nano-scaled glass-ceramics," Europhys. Lett. 69, 128-134 (2005). [CrossRef]

J. Lumin.

• J. F. Suyver, J. Grimm, M. K. van Veen, D. Biner, K. W. Krämer, H. U. Güdel, "Upconversion spectroscopy and properties of NaYF₄ doped with Er³⁺, Tm³⁺ and/or Yb³⁺," J. Lumin. 117, 1-12 (2006). [CrossRef]

J. Solid State Chem.

• D. J. M. Bevan, J. Strähle, and O. Greis, "The crystal-structure of tveitite, an ordered yttrofluorite mineral," J. Solid State Chem. 44, 75-81 (1982). [CrossRef]

Nature (London)

• G. C. Thomas, B. I. Shraiman, P. F. Glodis, and M. J. Stephen, "Towards the clarity limit in optical fibre," Nature (London) 404, 262-264 (2000). [CrossRef]

Opt. Mater.

• G. Dantelle, M. Mortier, D. Vivien, G. Patriarche, "Influence of Ce³⁺-doping on the structure and luminescence of Er³⁺-doped transparent glass-ceramics," Opt. Mater. 28, 638-642 (2006). [CrossRef]

Phys. Solid State

• A. V. Bazhenov, I. S. Smirnova, T. N. Fursova, M. Y. Maksimuk, A. B. Kulakov, and I. K. Bdikin, "Optical phonon spectra of PbF₂ single crystals," Phys. Solid State 42, 41-50 (2000). [CrossRef]

Phys. Status Solidi

• V. K. Tikhomirov, K. Driesen, C. Görller-Walrand, "Low energy robust host heavily doped with Dy³⁺ for emission at 1.3 to 1.4 µm," Phys. Status SolidiA 204, 839-845 (2007). [CrossRef]
• V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Koch, D. Wand, and B. Chichkov, "Fabrication of buried waveguides and nano-crystals in Er³⁺-doped oxyfluoride glass," Phys. Status SolidiA 202, R73-R75 (2005). [CrossRef]

Rep. Prog. Phys.

• S. Hull, "Superionics crystal structures and conduction processes," Rep. Prog. Phys. 67, 1233-1314 (2004). [CrossRef]

Other

• M. Mattarelli, V. K. Tikhomirov, M. Montagna, E. Moser, A. Chiasera, S. Chaussedent, G. Nunzi Conti, S. Pelli, G. C. Righini, L. Zampedri, and M. Ferrari, "Tm3+-activated transparent oxy-fluoride glass-ceramics: structural and spectroscopic properties," J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 345&346, 354-358 (2004). [CrossRef]
• C. Görller-Walrand and K. Binnemans, "Rationalization of crystal field parametrization," in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, K. A. Gschneider, Jr. and L. Eyring, ed., (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1996). Vol. .23, p.121.
• K. Driesen, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Görller-Walrand, V. D. Rodríguez, A. B. Seddon, "Transparent Ho³⁺-doped nano-glass-ceramics for efficient infrared emission," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, art.073111 (2006). [CrossRef]
• E. Desurvire, Erbium-doped Fibre Amplifiers: Materials, Devices and Applications (Wiley, New York, 1994).
• P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson, and J. R. Simpson, Erbium-doped Fibre Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology (Academic, San Diego, 1999).
• S. Sudo, ed., Optical Fibre Amplifiers: Materials, Devices, and Applications (Artech House Inc., Boston, 1997).

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