Method to precisely measure the phase
of few-cycle laser pulses

doi:10.1364/OE.16.006455

Method to precisely measure the phase of few-cycle laser pulses

Qing Liao, Peixiang Lu, Pengfei Lan, Zhenyu Yang, and Yunhua Li »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 9, pp. 6455-6460 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.006455

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Abstract

A new method of accurately measuring the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of few-cycle pulses is presented. The high-energy photoelectron spectrum by a few-cycle pulse is dominated by photoelectrons bursting in very few short time intervals near the maximum of the pulse envelope. For high laser intensities, the positions of interference fringes in the high-energy cutoff region are very sensitive to the CEP, which can be used to measure and stabilize the CEP precisely. The measurement precision of the CEP strongly depends on the laser intensity for the fastest photoelectrons.

OCIS Codes
(020.4180) Atomic and molecular physics : Multiphoton processes
(190.4180) Nonlinear optics : Multiphoton processes
(270.6620) Quantum optics : Strong-field processes
(300.6350) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, ionization

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: March 6, 2008
Revised Manuscript: April 14, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: April 14, 2008
Published: April 22, 2008

Citation
Qing Liao, Peixiang Lu, Pengfei Lan, Zhenyu Yang, and Yunhua Li, "Method to precisely measure the phase of few-cycle laser pulses," Opt. Express 16, 6455-6460 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-9-6455

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References

A. L. Cavalieri, E. Goulielmakis, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. Schultze, M. Fie?, V. Pervak, L. Veisz, V. S. Yakovlev, M. Uiberacker, A. Apolonski, F. Krausz, and R. Kienberger, "Intense 1.5-cycle near infrared laser waveforms and their use for the generation of ultra-broadband soft-x-ray harmonic continua," New. J. Phys. 9, 242-253 (2007). [CrossRef]
P. Villoresi, P. Ceccherini, L. Poletto, G. Tondello, C. Altucci, R. Bruzzese, C. de Lisio, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, G. Cerullo, S. De Silvestri, and O. Svelto, "Spectral Features and Modeling of High-Order Harmonics Generated by Sub-10-fs Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2494-2497 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher and F. Krausz, "Attosecond metrology," Nature 414, 509-513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Galegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silverstri, and M. Nisoli, "Isolated Single-Cycle Attosecond Pulses," Science 314, 443-446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Goulielmakis, V. S. Yakovlev, A. L. Cavalieri, M. Uiberacker, V. Pervak, A. Apolonski, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, and F. Krausz, "Attosecond Control and Measurement: Lightwave Electronic," Science 317, 769- 775 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. G. Paulus, F. Grasbon, H. Walther, P. Villoresi, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, E. Priori, and S. De Silvestri, "Absolute-phase phenomena in photoionization with few-cycle laser pulses," Nature 414, 182-184 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Nisoli, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, C. Vozzi, M. Pascolini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, and G. Tondello, "Effects of Carrier-Envelope Phase Differences of Few-Optical-Cycle Light Pulses in Single-Shot High-Order- Harmonic Spectra," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 213905 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Liu, H. Rottke, E. Eremina, W. Sandner, E. Goulielmakis, K. O. Keeffe, M. Lezius, F. Krausz, F. Lindner, M. G. Schätzel, G. G. Paulus, and H. Walther, "Nonsequential Double Ionization at the Single-Optical-Cycle Limit," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 263001 (2004). [CrossRef]
S. Chelkowski and A. D. Bandrank, "Phase-dependent asymmetries in strong-field photoionization by few-cycle laser pulses," Phys. Rev. A 70, 013815 (2004). [CrossRef]
G. G. Paulus, F. Lindner, H. Walther, A. Baltuška, and F. Krausz, "Measurement of the phase of few-cycle laser pulses," J. Mod. Opt. 52, 221-232 (2005). [CrossRef]
G. G. Paulus, F. Lindner, H. Walther, A. Baltuška, E. Goulielmakis, M. Lezius, and F. Krausz, "Measurement of the Phase of Few-Cycle Laser Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253004 (2003). [CrossRef]
P. B. Corkum, "Plasma perspective on strong-field multiphoton ionization," Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994-1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. M. Tong, K. Hino, and N. Toshima,"Phase-dependent atomic ionization in few-cycle intense laser fields," Phys. Rev. A 74, 031405(R) (2006). [CrossRef]
M. D. Feit, J. A. Fleck, Jr., and A. Steiger, "Solution of the Schrödinger Equation by a Spectral Method," J. Comput. Phys. 47, 412-433 (1982). [CrossRef]
D. B. Miloševi?, G. G. Paulus, and W. Becker, "Ionization by few-cycle pulses," Phys. Rev. A 71, 061404(R) (2005).
F. Lindner, M. G. Schätzel, H. Walther, A. Baltu?ka, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, D. B. Miloševi?, D. Bauer, W. Becker, and G. G. Paulus, "Attosecond double-slit experiment," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 040401 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Walker, B. Sheehy, L. F. DiMauro, P. Agostini, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, "Precision Measurement of Strong Field Double Ionization of Helium," Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1227 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. G. Paulus, "A meter of the "absolute" phase of few-cycle laser pulses," Laser Phys. 15, 843-854 (2005).
M. Kre?, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, "Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy," Nature Phys. 2, 327-331 (2006). [CrossRef]

Agostini, P.
Altucci, C.
Apolonski, A.
Avaldi, L.
Baltu?ka, A.
Baltuška, A.
Bandrank, A. D.
Bauer, D.
Becker, W.
Benedetti, E.
Brabec, T.
Bruzzese, R.
Cavalieri, A. L.
Ceccherini, P.
Cerullo, G.
Chelkowski, S.
Corkum, P.
Corkum, P. B.
de Lisio, C.
De Silverstri, S.
De Silvestri, S.
DiMauro, L. F.
Dörner, R.
Drescher, M.
Eremina, E.
Ergler, T.
Feit, M. D.
Fie?, M.
Flammini, R.
Fleck, J. A.
Galegari, F.
Gimpel, H.
Goulielmakis, E.
Grasbon, F.
Heinzmann, U.
Helml, W.
Hentschel, M.
Hino, K.
Horvath, B.
Keeffe, K. O.
Kienberger, R.
Kleineberg, U.
Krausz, F.
Kre?, M.
Kulander, K. C.
Lezius, M.
Lindner, F.
Liu, X.
Löffler, T.
Miloševi?, D. B.
Milosevic, N.
Morgner, U.
Moshammer, R.
Nisoli, M.
Pascolini, M.
Paulus, G. G.
Pervak, V.
Poletto, L.
Priori, E.
Reider, G. A.
Roskos, H. G.
Rottke, H.
Sandner, W.
Sansone, G.
Schafer, K. J.
Schätzel, M. G.
Schultze, M.
Sheehy, B.
Spielmann, Ch.
Stagira, S.
Steiger, A.
Svelto, O.
Thomson, M. D.
Tondello, G.
Tong, X. M.
Toshima, N.
Uiberacker, M.
Ullrich, J.
Veisz, L.
Velotta, R.
Villoresi, P.
Vozzi, C.
Walker, B.
Walther, H.
Yakovlev, V. S.
Zrost, K.

J. Comput. Phys.

M. D. Feit, J. A. Fleck, Jr., and A. Steiger, "Solution of the Schrödinger Equation by a Spectral Method," J. Comput. Phys. 47, 412-433 (1982). [CrossRef]

J. Mod. Opt.

G. G. Paulus, F. Lindner, H. Walther, A. Baltuška, and F. Krausz, "Measurement of the phase of few-cycle laser pulses," J. Mod. Opt. 52, 221-232 (2005). [CrossRef]

Laser Phys.

G. G. Paulus, "A meter of the "absolute" phase of few-cycle laser pulses," Laser Phys. 15, 843-854 (2005).

Nature

G. G. Paulus, F. Grasbon, H. Walther, P. Villoresi, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, E. Priori, and S. De Silvestri, "Absolute-phase phenomena in photoionization with few-cycle laser pulses," Nature 414, 182-184 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher and F. Krausz, "Attosecond metrology," Nature 414, 509-513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nature Phys.

M. Kre?, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, "Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy," Nature Phys. 2, 327-331 (2006). [CrossRef]

New. J. Phys.

A. L. Cavalieri, E. Goulielmakis, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. Schultze, M. Fie?, V. Pervak, L. Veisz, V. S. Yakovlev, M. Uiberacker, A. Apolonski, F. Krausz, and R. Kienberger, "Intense 1.5-cycle near infrared laser waveforms and their use for the generation of ultra-broadband soft-x-ray harmonic continua," New. J. Phys. 9, 242-253 (2007). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. A

S. Chelkowski and A. D. Bandrank, "Phase-dependent asymmetries in strong-field photoionization by few-cycle laser pulses," Phys. Rev. A 70, 013815 (2004). [CrossRef]
X. M. Tong, K. Hino, and N. Toshima,"Phase-dependent atomic ionization in few-cycle intense laser fields," Phys. Rev. A 74, 031405(R) (2006). [CrossRef]
D. B. Miloševi?, G. G. Paulus, and W. Becker, "Ionization by few-cycle pulses," Phys. Rev. A 71, 061404(R) (2005).

Phys. Rev. Lett.

F. Lindner, M. G. Schätzel, H. Walther, A. Baltu?ka, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, D. B. Miloševi?, D. Bauer, W. Becker, and G. G. Paulus, "Attosecond double-slit experiment," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 040401 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Walker, B. Sheehy, L. F. DiMauro, P. Agostini, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, "Precision Measurement of Strong Field Double Ionization of Helium," Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1227 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Villoresi, P. Ceccherini, L. Poletto, G. Tondello, C. Altucci, R. Bruzzese, C. de Lisio, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, G. Cerullo, S. De Silvestri, and O. Svelto, "Spectral Features and Modeling of High-Order Harmonics Generated by Sub-10-fs Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2494-2497 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Nisoli, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, C. Vozzi, M. Pascolini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, and G. Tondello, "Effects of Carrier-Envelope Phase Differences of Few-Optical-Cycle Light Pulses in Single-Shot High-Order- Harmonic Spectra," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 213905 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Liu, H. Rottke, E. Eremina, W. Sandner, E. Goulielmakis, K. O. Keeffe, M. Lezius, F. Krausz, F. Lindner, M. G. Schätzel, G. G. Paulus, and H. Walther, "Nonsequential Double Ionization at the Single-Optical-Cycle Limit," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 263001 (2004). [CrossRef]
G. G. Paulus, F. Lindner, H. Walther, A. Baltuška, E. Goulielmakis, M. Lezius, and F. Krausz, "Measurement of the Phase of Few-Cycle Laser Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253004 (2003). [CrossRef]
P. B. Corkum, "Plasma perspective on strong-field multiphoton ionization," Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994-1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Galegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silverstri, and M. Nisoli, "Isolated Single-Cycle Attosecond Pulses," Science 314, 443-446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Goulielmakis, V. S. Yakovlev, A. L. Cavalieri, M. Uiberacker, V. Pervak, A. Apolonski, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, and F. Krausz, "Attosecond Control and Measurement: Lightwave Electronic," Science 317, 769- 775 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

2007, Cavalieri, New. J. Phys.
2007, Goulielmakis, Science
2006, Sansone, Science
2006, Tong, Phys. Rev. A
2006, Kre?, Nature Phys.
2005, Paulus, J. Mod. Opt.
2005, Miloševi?, Phys. Rev. A
2005, Lindner, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2005, Paulus, Laser Phys.
2004, Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2004, Chelkowski, Phys. Rev. A
2003, Nisoli, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2003, Paulus, Phys. Rev. Lett.
2001, Paulus, Nature
2001, Hentschel, Nature
2000, Villoresi, Phys. Rev. Lett.
1994, Walker, Phys. Rev. Lett.
1993, Corkum, Phys. Rev. Lett.
1982, Feit, J. Comput. Phys.

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[1] A. L. Cavalieri, E. Goulielmakis, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. Schultze, M. Fie?, V. Pervak, L. Veisz, V. S. Yakovlev, M. Uiberacker, A. Apolonski, F. Krausz, and R. Kienberger, "Intense 1.5-cycle near infrared laser waveforms and their use for the generation of ultra-broadband soft-x-ray harmonic continua," New. J. Phys. 9, 242-253 (2007). [CrossRef]

[2] P. Villoresi, P. Ceccherini, L. Poletto, G. Tondello, C. Altucci, R. Bruzzese, C. de Lisio, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, G. Cerullo, S. De Silvestri, and O. Svelto, "Spectral Features and Modeling of High-Order Harmonics Generated by Sub-10-fs Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2494-2497 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher and F. Krausz, "Attosecond metrology," Nature 414, 509-513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Galegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silverstri, and M. Nisoli, "Isolated Single-Cycle Attosecond Pulses," Science 314, 443-446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] E. Goulielmakis, V. S. Yakovlev, A. L. Cavalieri, M. Uiberacker, V. Pervak, A. Apolonski, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, and F. Krausz, "Attosecond Control and Measurement: Lightwave Electronic," Science 317, 769- 775 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] G. G. Paulus, F. Grasbon, H. Walther, P. Villoresi, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, E. Priori, and S. De Silvestri, "Absolute-phase phenomena in photoionization with few-cycle laser pulses," Nature 414, 182-184 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] M. Nisoli, G. Sansone, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, C. Vozzi, M. Pascolini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, and G. Tondello, "Effects of Carrier-Envelope Phase Differences of Few-Optical-Cycle Light Pulses in Single-Shot High-Order- Harmonic Spectra," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 213905 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] X. Liu, H. Rottke, E. Eremina, W. Sandner, E. Goulielmakis, K. O. Keeffe, M. Lezius, F. Krausz, F. Lindner, M. G. Schätzel, G. G. Paulus, and H. Walther, "Nonsequential Double Ionization at the Single-Optical-Cycle Limit," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 263001 (2004). [CrossRef]

[9] S. Chelkowski and A. D. Bandrank, "Phase-dependent asymmetries in strong-field photoionization by few-cycle laser pulses," Phys. Rev. A 70, 013815 (2004). [CrossRef]

[10] G. G. Paulus, F. Lindner, H. Walther, A. Baltuška, and F. Krausz, "Measurement of the phase of few-cycle laser pulses," J. Mod. Opt. 52, 221-232 (2005). [CrossRef]

[11] G. G. Paulus, F. Lindner, H. Walther, A. Baltuška, E. Goulielmakis, M. Lezius, and F. Krausz, "Measurement of the Phase of Few-Cycle Laser Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253004 (2003). [CrossRef]

[12] P. B. Corkum, "Plasma perspective on strong-field multiphoton ionization," Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994-1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] X. M. Tong, K. Hino, and N. Toshima,"Phase-dependent atomic ionization in few-cycle intense laser fields," Phys. Rev. A 74, 031405(R) (2006). [CrossRef]

[14] M. D. Feit, J. A. Fleck, Jr., and A. Steiger, "Solution of the Schrödinger Equation by a Spectral Method," J. Comput. Phys. 47, 412-433 (1982). [CrossRef]

[15] D. B. Miloševi?, G. G. Paulus, and W. Becker, "Ionization by few-cycle pulses," Phys. Rev. A 71, 061404(R) (2005).

[16] F. Lindner, M. G. Schätzel, H. Walther, A. Baltu?ka, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, D. B. Miloševi?, D. Bauer, W. Becker, and G. G. Paulus, "Attosecond double-slit experiment," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 040401 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] B. Walker, B. Sheehy, L. F. DiMauro, P. Agostini, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, "Precision Measurement of Strong Field Double Ionization of Helium," Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1227 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] G. G. Paulus, "A meter of the "absolute" phase of few-cycle laser pulses," Laser Phys. 15, 843-854 (2005).

[19] M. Kre?, T. Löffler, M. D. Thomson, R. Dörner, H. Gimpel, K. Zrost, T. Ergler, R. Moshammer, U. Morgner, J. Ullrich, and H. G. Roskos, "Determination of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses with terahertz-emission spectroscopy," Nature Phys. 2, 327-331 (2006). [CrossRef]

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