High Δn strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss

doi:10.1364/OE.17.003316

High Δn strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss

Christopher T. Derose, Roland Himmelhuber, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 5, pp. 3316-3321 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.003316

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Abstract
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Abstract

We demonstrate a novel electro-optic polymer modulator design which shows a record low optical insertion loss of 5.7 dB at 1550 nm. The modulator consists of a high numerical aperture passive waveguide which is converted to a strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide through refractive index tapers. The device is fabricated using all wet-etch techniques which results in low excess loss from roughness created during fabrication and, employs new low loss passive sol-gel materials. The fabricated device also shows a low half-wave voltage of 2.8 V.

OCIS Codes
(160.5470) Materials : Polymers
(160.6060) Materials : Solgel
(230.2090) Optical devices : Electro-optical devices
(230.7390) Optical devices : Waveguides, planar
(130.4110) Integrated optics : Modulators

ToC Category:
Optical Devices

History
Original Manuscript: January 7, 2009
Revised Manuscript: February 6, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: February 8, 2009
Published: February 17, 2009

Citation
Christopher T. Derose, Roland Himmelhuber, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "High Δn strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss," Opt. Express 17, 3316-3321 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-3316

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References

D. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, A. Chen, W. H. Steier, L. R. Dalton, W. Wang, and Y. Shi, "Demonstration of 110 GHz electro-optic polymer modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 3335-3337 (1997). [CrossRef]
Y. Enami, D. Mathine, C. T. DeRose, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Hybrid cross-linkable polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with 0.65 V half wave voltage at 1550 nm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 093505 (2007). [CrossRef]
Y. Enami, C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients," Nat. Photonics 1, 180-185 (2007). [CrossRef]
Y. Enami, D. Mathine, C. T. DeRose, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Transversely tapered hybrid electro-optic polymer/sol-gel Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 193508 (2008). [CrossRef]
Y. Enami, C. T. DeRose, C. Loychik, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Low half-wave voltage and high electro-optic effect in hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 143506 (2006). [CrossRef]
H. Chen, B. Chen, D. Huang, D. Jin, J. D. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and R. Dinu, "Broadband electro-optic polymer modulators with high electro-optic activity and low poling induced optical loss," Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 043507 (2008). [CrossRef]
C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, Y. Enami, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Electrooptic polymer modulator with single-mode to multimode waveguide transitions," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 1051-1053 (2008). [CrossRef]
C. T. DeRose, Y. Enami, C. Loychik, R. A. Norwood, D. Mathine, M. Fallahi, N. Peyghambarian, J. Luo, A. Jen, M. Kathaperumal, and M. Yamamoto, "Pockel’s coefficient enhancement of poled electro-optic polymers with a hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel cladding layer," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 131102 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. Oubaha, P. Etienne, S. Calas, R. Sempere, J. M. Nedelec, Y. Moreau, "Spectroscopic characterization of sol-gel organo-siloxane materials synthesized from aliphatic and aromatic alcoxysilanes," J. Non- Cryst. Solids 351, 2122-2128 (2005). [CrossRef]

Calas, S.
Chen, A.
Chen, D.
Dalton, L. R.
DeRose, C. T.
Enami, Y.
Etienne, P.
Fallahi, M.
Fetterman, H. R.
Greenlee, C.
Jen, A.
Jen, A. K.-Y.
Kathaperumal, M.
Kim, T. D.
Loychik, C.
Luo, J.
Mathine, D.
Moreau, Y.
Nedelec, J. M.
Norwood, R. A.
Oubaha, M.
Peyghambarian, N.
Sempere, R.
Shi, Y.
Steier, W. H.
Tian, Y.
Wang, W.
Yamamoto, M.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

D. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, A. Chen, W. H. Steier, L. R. Dalton, W. Wang, and Y. Shi, "Demonstration of 110 GHz electro-optic polymer modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 3335-3337 (1997). [CrossRef]
Y. Enami, D. Mathine, C. T. DeRose, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Hybrid cross-linkable polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with 0.65 V half wave voltage at 1550 nm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 093505 (2007). [CrossRef]
Y. Enami, D. Mathine, C. T. DeRose, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Transversely tapered hybrid electro-optic polymer/sol-gel Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 193508 (2008). [CrossRef]
C. T. DeRose, Y. Enami, C. Loychik, R. A. Norwood, D. Mathine, M. Fallahi, N. Peyghambarian, J. Luo, A. Jen, M. Kathaperumal, and M. Yamamoto, "Pockel’s coefficient enhancement of poled electro-optic polymers with a hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel cladding layer," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 131102 (2006). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, Y. Enami, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Electrooptic polymer modulator with single-mode to multimode waveguide transitions," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 1051-1053 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Non- Cryst. Solids

M. Oubaha, P. Etienne, S. Calas, R. Sempere, J. M. Nedelec, Y. Moreau, "Spectroscopic characterization of sol-gel organo-siloxane materials synthesized from aliphatic and aromatic alcoxysilanes," J. Non- Cryst. Solids 351, 2122-2128 (2005). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

Y. Enami, C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients," Nat. Photonics 1, 180-185 (2007). [CrossRef]

Other

Y. Enami, C. T. DeRose, C. Loychik, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Low half-wave voltage and high electro-optic effect in hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 143506 (2006). [CrossRef]
H. Chen, B. Chen, D. Huang, D. Jin, J. D. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and R. Dinu, "Broadband electro-optic polymer modulators with high electro-optic activity and low poling induced optical loss," Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 043507 (2008). [CrossRef]

2008, Enami, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2008, DeRose, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
2007, Enami, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2007, Enami, Nat. Photonics
2006, DeRose, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2005, Oubaha, J. Non- Cryst. Solids
1997, Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett.

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