Implementation of 140 Gb/s true random bit generator based on a chaotic
                photonic integrated circuit

doi:10.1364/OE.18.018763

Implementation of 140 Gb/s true random bit generator based on a chaotic photonic integrated circuit

Apostolos Argyris, Stavros Deligiannidis, Evangelos Pikasis, Adonis Bogris, and Dimitris Syvridis »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 18, pp. 18763-18768 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.018763

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Abstract

In the present work a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) that emits broadband chaotic signals is employed for ultra-fast generation of true random bit sequences. Chaotic dynamics emerge from a DFB laser, accompanied by a monolithic integrated 1-cm long external cavity (EC) that provides controllable optical feedback. The short length minimizes the existence of external cavity modes, so flattened broadband spectra with minimized intrinsic periodicities can emerge. After sampling and quantization - without including optical de-correlation techniques and using most significant bits (MSB) elimination post-processing - truly random bit streams with bit-rates as high as 140 Gb/s can be generated. Finally, the extreme robustness of the random bit generator for adaptive bit-rate operation and for various operating conditions of the PIC is demonstrated.

OCIS Codes
(130.3120) Integrated optics : Integrated optics devices
(140.1540) Lasers and laser optics : Chaos
(320.7080) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast devices

ToC Category:
Integrated Optics

History
Original Manuscript: June 17, 2010
Revised Manuscript: July 20, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: July 20, 2010
Published: August 18, 2010

Citation
Apostolos Argyris, Stavros Deligiannidis, Evangelos Pikasis, Adonis Bogris, and Dimitris Syvridis, "Implementation of 140 Gb/s true random bit generator based on a chaotic photonic integrated circuit," Opt. Express 18, 18763-18768 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-18-18763

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References

N. Ferguson, and B. Schneier, Practical Cryptography (John Wiley & Sons, 2003).
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips140-2/fips1402.pdf (2001).
W. T. Holman, J. A. Connelly, and A. B. Dowlatabadi, “An integrated analog/digital random noise source,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., I: Fundam. Theory Appl. 44(6), 521–528 (1997). [CrossRef]
J. T. Gleeson, “Truly random number generator based on turbulent electroconvection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(11), 1949 (2002). [CrossRef]
M. Bucci, L. Germani, R. Luzzi, A. Trifiletti, and M. Varanonuovo, “A high-speed oscillator-based truly random number source for cryptographic applications on a Smart Card IC,” IEEE Trans. Comput. 52(4), 403–409 (2003). [CrossRef]
C. Tokunaga, D. Blaauw, and T. Mudge, “True random number generator with a metastability-based quality control,” IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits 43(1), 78–85 (2008). [CrossRef]
J.-L. Danger, S. Guilley, and P. Hoogvorst, “High speed true random number generator based on open loop structures in FPGAs,” Microelectron. J. 40(11), 1650–1656 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. F. Dynes, Z. L. Yuan, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “A high speed, post-processing free, quantum random number generator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(3), 031109 (2008). [CrossRef]
B. Qi, Y.-M. Chi, H.-K. Lo, and L. Qian, “High-speed quantum random number generation by measuring phase noise of a single-mode laser,” Opt. Lett. 35(3), 312–314 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. A. Wayne and P. G. Kwiat, “Low-bias high-speed quantum random number generator via shaped optical pulses,” Opt. Express 18(9), 9351–9357 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Lang and K. Kobayashi, “External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser properties,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 347–355 (1980). [CrossRef]
J. Mork, B. Tromborg, and J. Mark, “Chaos in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback: theory and experiment,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(1), 93–108 (1992). [CrossRef]
A. Uchida, K. Amano, M. Inoue, K. Hirano, S. Naito, H. Someya, I. Oowada, T. Kurashige, M. Shiki, S. Yoshimori, K. Yoshimura, and P. Davis, “Fast physical random bit generation with chaotic semiconductor lasers,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 728–732 (2008). [CrossRef]
K. Petermann, Laser diode modulation and noise, (Kluwer Academic Publ., 1991).
I. Reidler, Y. Aviad, M. Rosenbluh, and I. Kanter, “Ultrahigh-speed random number generation based on a chaotic semiconductor laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 024102 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. Kanter, Y. Aviad, I. Reidler, E. Cohen, and M. Rosenbluh, “An optical ultrafast random bit generator,” Nat. Photonics 4(1), 58–61 (2010). [CrossRef]
K. Hirano, T. Yamazaki, S. Morikatsu, H. Okumura, H. Aida, A. Uchida, S. Yoshimori, K. Yoshimura, T. Harayama, and P. Davis, “Fast random bit generation with bandwidth-enhanced chaos in semiconductor lasers,” Opt. Express 18(6), 5512–5524 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Argyris, M. Hamacher, K. E. Chlouverakis, A. Bogris, and D. Syvridis, “Photonic integrated device for chaos applications in communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(19), 194101 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Argyris, E. Grivas, M. Hamacher, A. Bogris, and D. Syvridis, “Chaos-on-a-chip secures data transmission in optical fiber links,” Opt. Express 18(5), 5188–5198 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Ohtsubo, Semiconductor Lasers: Stability, Instability and Chaos (Springer-Verlag, 2006).
A. Rukhin, J. Soto, J. Nechvatal, M. Smid, E. Barker, S. Leigh, M. Levenson, M. Vangel, D. Banks, A. Heckert, J. Dray and S. Vo, “A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications,” NIST Special Publication 800–22 Revision 1a (2010).

Appl. Phys. Lett.

J. T. Gleeson, “Truly random number generator based on turbulent electroconvection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(11), 1949 (2002). [CrossRef]
J. F. Dynes, Z. L. Yuan, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “A high speed, post-processing free, quantum random number generator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(3), 031109 (2008). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

R. Lang and K. Kobayashi, “External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser properties,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 347–355 (1980). [CrossRef]
J. Mork, B. Tromborg, and J. Mark, “Chaos in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback: theory and experiment,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(1), 93–108 (1992). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits

C. Tokunaga, D. Blaauw, and T. Mudge, “True random number generator with a metastability-based quality control,” IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits 43(1), 78–85 (2008). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., I: Fundam. Theory Appl.

W. T. Holman, J. A. Connelly, and A. B. Dowlatabadi, “An integrated analog/digital random noise source,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., I: Fundam. Theory Appl. 44(6), 521–528 (1997). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. Comput.

M. Bucci, L. Germani, R. Luzzi, A. Trifiletti, and M. Varanonuovo, “A high-speed oscillator-based truly random number source for cryptographic applications on a Smart Card IC,” IEEE Trans. Comput. 52(4), 403–409 (2003). [CrossRef]

Microelectron. J.

J.-L. Danger, S. Guilley, and P. Hoogvorst, “High speed true random number generator based on open loop structures in FPGAs,” Microelectron. J. 40(11), 1650–1656 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

I. Kanter, Y. Aviad, I. Reidler, E. Cohen, and M. Rosenbluh, “An optical ultrafast random bit generator,” Nat. Photonics 4(1), 58–61 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. Uchida, K. Amano, M. Inoue, K. Hirano, S. Naito, H. Someya, I. Oowada, T. Kurashige, M. Shiki, S. Yoshimori, K. Yoshimura, and P. Davis, “Fast physical random bit generation with chaotic semiconductor lasers,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 728–732 (2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Opt. Lett.

B. Qi, Y.-M. Chi, H.-K. Lo, and L. Qian, “High-speed quantum random number generation by measuring phase noise of a single-mode laser,” Opt. Lett. 35(3), 312–314 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

A. Argyris, M. Hamacher, K. E. Chlouverakis, A. Bogris, and D. Syvridis, “Photonic integrated device for chaos applications in communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(19), 194101 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. Reidler, Y. Aviad, M. Rosenbluh, and I. Kanter, “Ultrahigh-speed random number generation based on a chaotic semiconductor laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 024102 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

J. Ohtsubo, Semiconductor Lasers: Stability, Instability and Chaos (Springer-Verlag, 2006).
A. Rukhin, J. Soto, J. Nechvatal, M. Smid, E. Barker, S. Leigh, M. Levenson, M. Vangel, D. Banks, A. Heckert, J. Dray and S. Vo, “A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications,” NIST Special Publication 800–22 Revision 1a (2010).
K. Petermann, Laser diode modulation and noise, (Kluwer Academic Publ., 1991).
N. Ferguson, and B. Schneier, Practical Cryptography (John Wiley & Sons, 2003).
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips140-2/fips1402.pdf (2001).

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[1] N. Ferguson, and B. Schneier, Practical Cryptography (John Wiley & Sons, 2003).

[2] http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips140-2/fips1402.pdf (2001).

[3] W. T. Holman, J. A. Connelly, and A. B. Dowlatabadi, “An integrated analog/digital random noise source,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., I: Fundam. Theory Appl. 44(6), 521–528 (1997). [CrossRef]

[4] J. T. Gleeson, “Truly random number generator based on turbulent electroconvection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(11), 1949 (2002). [CrossRef]

[5] M. Bucci, L. Germani, R. Luzzi, A. Trifiletti, and M. Varanonuovo, “A high-speed oscillator-based truly random number source for cryptographic applications on a Smart Card IC,” IEEE Trans. Comput. 52(4), 403–409 (2003). [CrossRef]

[6] C. Tokunaga, D. Blaauw, and T. Mudge, “True random number generator with a metastability-based quality control,” IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits 43(1), 78–85 (2008). [CrossRef]

[7] J.-L. Danger, S. Guilley, and P. Hoogvorst, “High speed true random number generator based on open loop structures in FPGAs,” Microelectron. J. 40(11), 1650–1656 (2009). [CrossRef]

[8] J. F. Dynes, Z. L. Yuan, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “A high speed, post-processing free, quantum random number generator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(3), 031109 (2008). [CrossRef]

[9] B. Qi, Y.-M. Chi, H.-K. Lo, and L. Qian, “High-speed quantum random number generation by measuring phase noise of a single-mode laser,” Opt. Lett. 35(3), 312–314 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] M. A. Wayne and P. G. Kwiat, “Low-bias high-speed quantum random number generator via shaped optical pulses,” Opt. Express 18(9), 9351–9357 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] R. Lang and K. Kobayashi, “External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser properties,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 347–355 (1980). [CrossRef]

[12] J. Mork, B. Tromborg, and J. Mark, “Chaos in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback: theory and experiment,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(1), 93–108 (1992). [CrossRef]

[13] A. Uchida, K. Amano, M. Inoue, K. Hirano, S. Naito, H. Someya, I. Oowada, T. Kurashige, M. Shiki, S. Yoshimori, K. Yoshimura, and P. Davis, “Fast physical random bit generation with chaotic semiconductor lasers,” Nat. Photonics 2(12), 728–732 (2008). [CrossRef]

[14] K. Petermann, Laser diode modulation and noise, (Kluwer Academic Publ., 1991).

[15] I. Reidler, Y. Aviad, M. Rosenbluh, and I. Kanter, “Ultrahigh-speed random number generation based on a chaotic semiconductor laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2), 024102 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] I. Kanter, Y. Aviad, I. Reidler, E. Cohen, and M. Rosenbluh, “An optical ultrafast random bit generator,” Nat. Photonics 4(1), 58–61 (2010). [CrossRef]

[17] K. Hirano, T. Yamazaki, S. Morikatsu, H. Okumura, H. Aida, A. Uchida, S. Yoshimori, K. Yoshimura, T. Harayama, and P. Davis, “Fast random bit generation with bandwidth-enhanced chaos in semiconductor lasers,” Opt. Express 18(6), 5512–5524 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] A. Argyris, M. Hamacher, K. E. Chlouverakis, A. Bogris, and D. Syvridis, “Photonic integrated device for chaos applications in communications,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(19), 194101 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] A. Argyris, E. Grivas, M. Hamacher, A. Bogris, and D. Syvridis, “Chaos-on-a-chip secures data transmission in optical fiber links,” Opt. Express 18(5), 5188–5198 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[20] J. Ohtsubo, Semiconductor Lasers: Stability, Instability and Chaos (Springer-Verlag, 2006).

[21] A. Rukhin, J. Soto, J. Nechvatal, M. Smid, E. Barker, S. Leigh, M. Levenson, M. Vangel, D. Banks, A. Heckert, J. Dray and S. Vo, “A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications,” NIST Special Publication 800–22 Revision 1a (2010).

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