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Miniaturized multimodal CARS microscope based on MEMS scanning and a single laser sourceSangeeta Murugkar, Brett Smith, Prateek Srivastava, Adrian Moica, Majid Naji, Craig Brideau, Peter K. Stys, and Hanan Anis »View Author Affiliations
Sangeeta Murugkar,1,*
Brett Smith,1
Prateek Srivastava,2
Adrian Moica,3
Majid Naji,1
Craig Brideau,4
Peter K. Stys,4
and Hanan Anis1
1School of Information Technology and Engineering (SITE), University of Ottawa 800 King Edward, P.O. Box 450, Stn A, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada 2RatworX Inc., 47 Wycliffe Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K2G 5L9, Canada 31761 Matthews Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K2C0X5, Canada 4Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada *Corresponding author: murugkar@site.uottawa.ca |
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 23, pp. 23796-23804 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.023796
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Abstract
We demonstrate a novel miniaturized multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscope based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirrors and custom miniature optics. A single Ti:sapphire femtosecond pulsed laser is used as the light source to produce the CARS, two photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) images using this miniaturized microscope. The high resolution and distortion-free images obtained from various samples such as a USAF target, fluorescent and polystyrene microspheres and biological tissue successfully demonstrate proof of concept, and pave the path towards future integration of parts into a handheld multimodal CARS probe for non- or minimally-invasive in vivo imaging.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(190.4180) Nonlinear optics : Multiphoton processes
(180.4315) Microscopy : Nonlinear microscopy
(230.4685) Optical devices : Optical microelectromechanical devices
ToC Category:
Microscopy
History
Original Manuscript: September 20, 2010
Revised Manuscript: October 21, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: October 21, 2010
Published: October 27, 2010
Virtual Issues
Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Sangeeta Murugkar, Brett Smith, Prateek Srivastava, Adrian Moica, Majid Naji, Craig Brideau, Peter K. Stys, and Hanan Anis, "Miniaturized multimodal CARS microscope based on MEMS scanning and a single laser source," Opt. Express 18, 23796-23804 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-23-23796
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References
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- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- S. Murugkar, C. Brideau, A. Ridsdale, M. Naji, P. K. Stys, and H. Anis, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy using photonic crystal fiber with two closely lying zero dispersion wavelengths,” Opt. Express 15(21), 14028–14037 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Bao, A. Boussioutas, R. Jeremy, S. Russell, and M. Gu, “Second harmonic generation imaging via nonlinear endomicroscopy,” Opt. Express 18(2), 1255–1260 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Bao, J. Allen, R. Pattie, R. Vance, and M. Gu, “Fast handheld two-photon fluorescence microendoscope with a 475 µm x 475 µm field of view for in vivo imaging,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1333–1335 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, C. W. Rehrer, T. B. Huff, M. B. Nichols, I. G. Camarillo, and J. X. Cheng, “Nonlinear optical imaging to evaluate the impact of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma,” Mol. Imaging 6(3), 205–211 (2007). [PubMed]
- M. Balu, G. Liu, Z. Chen, B. J. Tromberg, and E. O. Potma, “Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2380–2388 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Chen, H. Wang, M. N. Slipchenko, Y. Jung, Y. Shi, J. Zhu, K. K. Buhman, and J. X. Cheng, “A multimodal platform for nonlinear optical microscopy and microspectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17(3), 1282–1290 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. B. Huff, Y. Shi, Y. Fu, H. Wang, and J. X. Cheng, “Multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applications to central nervous system,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(1), 4–9 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, C. W. Rehrer, T. B. Huff, M. B. Nichols, I. G. Camarillo, and J. X. Cheng, “Nonlinear optical imaging to evaluate the impact of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma,” Mol. Imaging 6(3), 205–211 (2007). [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, I. M. Langohr, M. J. Locker, M. Sturek, and J. X. Cheng, “Label-free molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054007 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, Y. Fu, K. Y. Jia, and J. X. Cheng, “Increasing the imaging depth of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a miniature microscope objective,” Opt. Lett. 32(15), 2212–2214 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, and J. X. Cheng, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging with a laser source delivered by a photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1417–1419 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. L. Nan, J. X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging of lipid droplets in live fibroblast cells with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Lipid Res. 44(11), 2202–2208 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Helmchen, M. S. Fee, D. W. Tank, and W. Denk, “A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. high-resolution brain imaging in freely moving animals,” Neuron 31(6), 903–912 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Murugkar, C. L. Evans, X. S. Xie, and H. Anis, “Chemically specific imaging of cryptosporidium oocysts using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy,” J. Microsc. 233(2), 244–250 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy: chemical imaging for biology and medicine,” Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 1(1), 883–909 (2008). [CrossRef]
- F. Légaré, C. L. Evans, F. Ganikhanov, and X. S. Xie, “Towards CARS Endoscopy,” Opt. Express 14(10), 4427–4432 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Helmchen, M. S. Fee, D. W. Tank, and W. Denk, “A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. high-resolution brain imaging in freely moving animals,” Neuron 31(6), 903–912 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- L. Fu and M. Gu, “Fibre-optic nonlinear optical microscopy and endoscopy,” J. Microsc. 226(3), 195–206 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. B. Huff, Y. Shi, Y. Fu, H. Wang, and J. X. Cheng, “Multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applications to central nervous system,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(1), 4–9 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, Y. Fu, K. Y. Jia, and J. X. Cheng, “Increasing the imaging depth of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a miniature microscope objective,” Opt. Lett. 32(15), 2212–2214 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- H. Bao, A. Boussioutas, R. Jeremy, S. Russell, and M. Gu, “Second harmonic generation imaging via nonlinear endomicroscopy,” Opt. Express 18(2), 1255–1260 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Bao, J. Allen, R. Pattie, R. Vance, and M. Gu, “Fast handheld two-photon fluorescence microendoscope with a 475 µm x 475 µm field of view for in vivo imaging,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1333–1335 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Fu and M. Gu, “Fibre-optic nonlinear optical microscopy and endoscopy,” J. Microsc. 226(3), 195–206 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. J. Engelbrecht, R. S. Johnston, E. J. Seibel, and F. Helmchen, “Ultra-compact fiber-optic two-photon microscope for functional fluorescence imaging in vivo,” Opt. Express 16(8), 5556–5564 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Helmchen, M. S. Fee, D. W. Tank, and W. Denk, “A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. high-resolution brain imaging in freely moving animals,” Neuron 31(6), 903–912 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. B. Huff, Y. Shi, Y. Fu, H. Wang, and J. X. Cheng, “Multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applications to central nervous system,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(1), 4–9 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, C. W. Rehrer, T. B. Huff, M. B. Nichols, I. G. Camarillo, and J. X. Cheng, “Nonlinear optical imaging to evaluate the impact of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma,” Mol. Imaging 6(3), 205–211 (2007). [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, Y. Fu, K. Y. Jia, and J. X. Cheng, “Increasing the imaging depth of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a miniature microscope objective,” Opt. Lett. 32(15), 2212–2214 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, and J. X. Cheng, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging with a laser source delivered by a photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1417–1419 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. T. Le, I. M. Langohr, M. J. Locker, M. Sturek, and J. X. Cheng, “Label-free molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054007 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, I. M. Langohr, M. J. Locker, M. Sturek, and J. X. Cheng, “Label-free molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054007 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, C. W. Rehrer, T. B. Huff, M. B. Nichols, I. G. Camarillo, and J. X. Cheng, “Nonlinear optical imaging to evaluate the impact of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma,” Mol. Imaging 6(3), 205–211 (2007). [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, I. M. Langohr, M. J. Locker, M. Sturek, and J. X. Cheng, “Label-free molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054007 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Murugkar, C. L. Evans, X. S. Xie, and H. Anis, “Chemically specific imaging of cryptosporidium oocysts using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy,” J. Microsc. 233(2), 244–250 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Murugkar, C. Brideau, A. Ridsdale, M. Naji, P. K. Stys, and H. Anis, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy using photonic crystal fiber with two closely lying zero dispersion wavelengths,” Opt. Express 15(21), 14028–14037 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. L. Nan, J. X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging of lipid droplets in live fibroblast cells with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Lipid Res. 44(11), 2202–2208 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, C. W. Rehrer, T. B. Huff, M. B. Nichols, I. G. Camarillo, and J. X. Cheng, “Nonlinear optical imaging to evaluate the impact of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma,” Mol. Imaging 6(3), 205–211 (2007). [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Hoy, N. J. Durr, P. Chen, W. Piyawattanametha, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Miniaturized probe for femtosecond laser microsurgery and two-photon imaging,” Opt. Express 16(13), 9996–10005 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Hoy, N. J. Durr, P. Chen, W. Piyawattanametha, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Miniaturized probe for femtosecond laser microsurgery and two-photon imaging,” Opt. Express 16(13), 9996–10005 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. C. Maitland, H. J. Shin, H. Ra, D. Lee, O. Solgaard, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Single fiber confocal microscope with a two-axis gimbaled MEMS scanner for cellular imaging,” Opt. Express 14(19), 8604–8612 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, C. W. Rehrer, T. B. Huff, M. B. Nichols, I. G. Camarillo, and J. X. Cheng, “Nonlinear optical imaging to evaluate the impact of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma,” Mol. Imaging 6(3), 205–211 (2007). [PubMed]
- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- H. Chen, H. Wang, M. N. Slipchenko, Y. Jung, Y. Shi, J. Zhu, K. K. Buhman, and J. X. Cheng, “A multimodal platform for nonlinear optical microscopy and microspectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17(3), 1282–1290 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. B. Huff, Y. Shi, Y. Fu, H. Wang, and J. X. Cheng, “Multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applications to central nervous system,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(1), 4–9 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Hoy, N. J. Durr, P. Chen, W. Piyawattanametha, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Miniaturized probe for femtosecond laser microsurgery and two-photon imaging,” Opt. Express 16(13), 9996–10005 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. C. Maitland, H. J. Shin, H. Ra, D. Lee, O. Solgaard, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Single fiber confocal microscope with a two-axis gimbaled MEMS scanner for cellular imaging,” Opt. Express 14(19), 8604–8612 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, I. M. Langohr, M. J. Locker, M. Sturek, and J. X. Cheng, “Label-free molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054007 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Helmchen, M. S. Fee, D. W. Tank, and W. Denk, “A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. high-resolution brain imaging in freely moving animals,” Neuron 31(6), 903–912 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Balu, G. Liu, Z. Chen, B. J. Tromberg, and E. O. Potma, “Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2380–2388 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- H. Chen, H. Wang, M. N. Slipchenko, Y. Jung, Y. Shi, J. Zhu, K. K. Buhman, and J. X. Cheng, “A multimodal platform for nonlinear optical microscopy and microspectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17(3), 1282–1290 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. B. Huff, Y. Shi, Y. Fu, H. Wang, and J. X. Cheng, “Multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applications to central nervous system,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(1), 4–9 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, Y. Fu, K. Y. Jia, and J. X. Cheng, “Increasing the imaging depth of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a miniature microscope objective,” Opt. Lett. 32(15), 2212–2214 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, and J. X. Cheng, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging with a laser source delivered by a photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1417–1419 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Murugkar, C. L. Evans, X. S. Xie, and H. Anis, “Chemically specific imaging of cryptosporidium oocysts using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy,” J. Microsc. 233(2), 244–250 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Evans and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy: chemical imaging for biology and medicine,” Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 1(1), 883–909 (2008). [CrossRef]
- F. Légaré, C. L. Evans, F. Ganikhanov, and X. S. Xie, “Towards CARS Endoscopy,” Opt. Express 14(10), 4427–4432 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. L. Nan, J. X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging of lipid droplets in live fibroblast cells with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Lipid Res. 44(11), 2202–2208 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif)
- C. L. Evans and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy: chemical imaging for biology and medicine,” Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 1(1), 883–909 (2008). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- T. B. Huff, Y. Shi, Y. Fu, H. Wang, and J. X. Cheng, “Multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applications to central nervous system,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(1), 4–9 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- T. T. Le, I. M. Langohr, M. J. Locker, M. Sturek, and J. X. Cheng, “Label-free molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054007 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Lipid Res.
- X. L. Nan, J. X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrational imaging of lipid droplets in live fibroblast cells with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Lipid Res. 44(11), 2202–2208 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS
- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Microsc.
- L. Fu and M. Gu, “Fibre-optic nonlinear optical microscopy and endoscopy,” J. Microsc. 226(3), 195–206 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Spiess, F. Bestvater, A. Heckel-Pompey, K. Toth, M. Hacker, G. Stobrawa, T. Feurer, C. Wotzlaw, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, T. Porwol, and H. Acker, “Two-photon excitation and emission spectra of the green fluorescent protein variants ECFP, EGFP and EYFP,” J. Microsc. 217(3), 200–204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Murugkar, C. L. Evans, X. S. Xie, and H. Anis, “Chemically specific imaging of cryptosporidium oocysts using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy,” J. Microsc. 233(2), 244–250 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mol. Imaging
- T. T. Le, C. W. Rehrer, T. B. Huff, M. B. Nichols, I. G. Camarillo, and J. X. Cheng, “Nonlinear optical imaging to evaluate the impact of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma,” Mol. Imaging 6(3), 205–211 (2007). [PubMed]
Neuron
- F. Helmchen, M. S. Fee, D. W. Tank, and W. Denk, “A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. high-resolution brain imaging in freely moving animals,” Neuron 31(6), 903–912 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- H. Chen, H. Wang, M. N. Slipchenko, Y. Jung, Y. Shi, J. Zhu, K. K. Buhman, and J. X. Cheng, “A multimodal platform for nonlinear optical microscopy and microspectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17(3), 1282–1290 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Bao, A. Boussioutas, R. Jeremy, S. Russell, and M. Gu, “Second harmonic generation imaging via nonlinear endomicroscopy,” Opt. Express 18(2), 1255–1260 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Légaré, C. L. Evans, F. Ganikhanov, and X. S. Xie, “Towards CARS Endoscopy,” Opt. Express 14(10), 4427–4432 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Balu, G. Liu, Z. Chen, B. J. Tromberg, and E. O. Potma, “Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2380–2388 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Chong, J. Buckley, W. Renninger, and F. Wise, “All-normal-dispersion femtosecond fiber laser,” Opt. Express 14(21), 10095–10100 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Liu, M. C. Chan, I. H. Chen, S. H. Chia, and C. K. Sun, “Miniaturized multiphoton microscope with a 24Hz frame-rate,” Opt. Express 16(14), 10501–10506 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Hoy, N. J. Durr, P. Chen, W. Piyawattanametha, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and A. Ben-Yakar, “Miniaturized probe for femtosecond laser microsurgery and two-photon imaging,” Opt. Express 16(13), 9996–10005 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. J. Engelbrecht, R. S. Johnston, E. J. Seibel, and F. Helmchen, “Ultra-compact fiber-optic two-photon microscope for functional fluorescence imaging in vivo,” Opt. Express 16(8), 5556–5564 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Murugkar, C. Brideau, A. Ridsdale, M. Naji, P. K. Stys, and H. Anis, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy using photonic crystal fiber with two closely lying zero dispersion wavelengths,” Opt. Express 15(21), 14028–14037 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. C. Maitland, H. J. Shin, H. Ra, D. Lee, O. Solgaard, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Single fiber confocal microscope with a two-axis gimbaled MEMS scanner for cellular imaging,” Opt. Express 14(19), 8604–8612 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, Y. Fu, K. Y. Jia, and J. X. Cheng, “Increasing the imaging depth of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with a miniature microscope objective,” Opt. Lett. 32(15), 2212–2214 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Wang, T. B. Huff, and J. X. Cheng, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging with a laser source delivered by a photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1417–1419 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Bao, J. Allen, R. Pattie, R. Vance, and M. Gu, “Fast handheld two-photon fluorescence microendoscope with a 475 µm x 475 µm field of view for in vivo imaging,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1333–1335 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Proc. SPIE
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
Other
- I. Veilleux, M. Doucet, P. Coté, S. Verreault, M. Fortin, P. Paradis, S. Leclair, R. S. Da Costa, B. C. Wilson, E. Seibel, O. Mermut, and J. Cormier, “ Design and modeling of a prototype fiber scanning CARS endoscope,” Proc. SPIE, 7558, 75580D1 - 12 (2010).
- B. G. Saar, R. S. Johnston, M. Roeffaers, E. J. Seibel and X. S. Xie, “CARS endoscopy,” presented at SPIE Photonics West, San Francisco, California, USA, 23 - 28 Jan. 2010.
2010, Liu, J. Biomed. Opt.
- J. T. C. Liu, M. J. Mandella, N. O. Loewke, H. Haeberle, H. Ra, W. Piyawattanametha, O. Solgaard, G. S. Kino, and C. H. Contag, “Micromirror-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope utilizing a gradient-index relay lens for image guidance during brain surgery,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 026029 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Murugkar, C. L. Evans, X. S. Xie, and H. Anis, “Chemically specific imaging of cryptosporidium oocysts using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy,” J. Microsc. 233(2), 244–250 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Tang, W. Jung, D. McCormick, T. Xie, J. Su, Y. C. Ahn, B. J. Tromberg, and Z. Chen, “Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(3), 034005 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Piyawattanametha, E. D. Cocker, L. D. Burns, R. P. Barretto, J. C. Jung, H. Ra, O. Solgaard, and M. J. Schnitzer, “In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2309–2311 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Scholles, A. Bräuer, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, H. Lakner, H. Schenk, and M. Schwarzenberg, “Ultracompact laser projection systems based on two-dimensional resonant microscanning mirrors,” J. Micro/ Nanolith MEMS MOEMS 7(2), 021001 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Scholles, K. Frommhagen, Ch. Gerwig, J. Knobbe, H. Lakner, D. Schlebusch, M. Schwarzenberg, and U. Vogel, “Recent advancements in system design for miniaturized MEMS-based laser projectors,” Proc. SPIE 6911, 69110U (2008). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Evans and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy: chemical imaging for biology and medicine,” Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 1(1), 883–909 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. B. Huff, Y. Shi, Y. Fu, H. Wang, and J. X. Cheng, “Multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy and applications to central nervous system,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(1), 4–9 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, C. W. Rehrer, T. B. Huff, M. B. Nichols, I. G. Camarillo, and J. X. Cheng, “Nonlinear optical imaging to evaluate the impact of obesity on mammary gland and tumor stroma,” Mol. Imaging 6(3), 205–211 (2007). [PubMed]
- T. T. Le, I. M. Langohr, M. J. Locker, M. Sturek, and J. X. Cheng, “Label-free molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(5), 054007 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Fu and M. Gu, “Fibre-optic nonlinear optical microscopy and endoscopy,” J. Microsc. 226(3), 195–206 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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