Label-free antibody detection using band edge fringes in SOI planar photonic crystal waveguides in the slow-light regime

doi:10.1364/OE.18.024276

Label-free antibody detection using band edge fringes in SOI planar photonic crystal waveguides in the slow-light regime

Jaime García-Rupérez, Veronica Toccafondo, María José Bañuls, Javier García Castelló, Amadeu Griol, Sergio Peransi-Llopis, and Ángel Maquieira »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 23, pp. 24276-24286 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.024276

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Abstract

We report experimental results of label-free anti-bovine serum albumin (anti-BSA) antibody detection using a SOI planar photonic crystal waveguide previously bio-functionalized with complementary BSA antigen probes. Sharp fringes appearing in the slow-light regime near the edge of the guided band are used to perform the sensing. We have modeled the presence of these band edge fringes and demonstrated the possibility of using them for sensing purposes by performing refractive index variations detection, achieving a sensitivity of 174.8 nm/RIU. Then, label-free anti-BSA biosensing experiments have been carried out, estimating a surface mass density detection limit below 2.1 pg/mm² and a total mass detection limit below 0.2 fg.

OCIS Codes
(130.6010) Integrated optics : Sensors
(130.5296) Integrated optics : Photonic crystal waveguides

ToC Category:
Detectors

History
Original Manuscript: July 19, 2010
Revised Manuscript: September 19, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: September 19, 2010
Published: November 5, 2010

Virtual Issues
Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
Jaime García-Rupérez, Veronica Toccafondo, María José Bañuls, Javier García Castelló, Amadeu Griol, Sergio Peransi-Llopis, and Ángel Maquieira, "Label-free antibody detection using band edge fringes in SOI planar photonic crystal waveguides in the slow-light regime," Opt. Express 18, 24276-24286 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-23-24276

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References

B. J. Luff, R. D. Harris, J. S. Wilkinson, R. Wilson, and D. J. Schiffrin, “Integrated-optical directional coupler biosensor,” Opt. Lett. 21(8), 618–620 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Th. Schubert, N. Haase, H. Kück, and R. Gottfried-Gottfried, “Refractive-index measurements using an integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Sens. Actuators A Phys. 60(1-3), 108–112 (1997). [CrossRef]
K. De Vos, I. Bartolozzi, E. Schacht, P. Bienstman, and R. Baets, “Silicon-on-Insulator microring resonator for sensitive and label-free biosensing,” Opt. Express 15(12), 7610–7615 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-12-7610 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. De Vos, J. Girones, S. Popelka, E. Schacht, R. Baets, and P. Bienstman, “SOI optical microring resonator with poly(ethylene glycol) polymer brush for label-free biosensor applications,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 24(8), 2528–2533 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Ramachandran, S. Wang, J. Clarke, S. J. Ja, D. Goad, L. Wald, E. M. Flood, E. Knobbe, J. V. Hryniewicz, S. T. Chu, D. Gill, W. Chen, O. King, and B. E. Little, “A universal biosensing platform based on optical micro-ring resonators,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 23(7), 939–944 (2008). [CrossRef]
C. A. Barrios, M. J. Bañuls, V. González-Pedro, K. B. Gylfason, B. Sánchez, A. Griol, A. Maquieira, H. Sohlström, M. Holgado, and R. Casquel, “Label-free optical biosensing with slot-waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 33(7), 708–710 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. F. Carlborg, K. B. Gylfason, A. Kaźmierczak, F. Dortu, M. J. Bañuls Polo, A. Maquieira Catala, G. M. Kresbach, H. Sohlström, T. Moh, L. Vivien, J. Popplewell, G. Ronan, C. A. Barrios, G. Stemme, and W. van der Wijngaart, “A packaged optical slot-waveguide ring resonator sensor array for multiplex label-free assays in labs-on-chips,” Lab Chip 10(3), 281–290 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Iqbal, M. A. Gleeson, B. Spaugh, F. Tybor, W. G. Gunn, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, R. C. Bailey, and L. C. Gunn, “Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High-Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 654–661 (2010). [CrossRef]
N. Skivesen, A. Têtu, M. Kristensen, J. Kjems, L. H. Frandsen, and P. I. Borel, “Photonic-crystal waveguide biosensor,” Opt. Express 15(6), 3169–3176 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-12-7610 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. R. Lee and P. M. Fauchet, “Nanoscale microcavity sensor for single particle detection,” Opt. Lett. 32(22), 3284–3286 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Zlatanovic, L. W. Mirkarimi, M. M. Sigalas, M. A. Bynum, E. Chow, K. M. Robotti, G. W. Burr, S. Esener, and A. Grot, “Photonic crystal microcavity sensor for ultracompact monitoring of reaction kinetics and protein concentration,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 141(1), 13–19 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. Dorfner, T. Zabel, T. Hürlimann, N. Hauke, L. Frandsen, U. Rant, G. Abstreiter, and J. Finley, “Photonic crystal nanostructures for optical biosensing applications,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 24(12), 3688–3692 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Xu, N. Zhu, M. Y.-C. Xu, L. Wosinski, J. S. Aitchison, and H. E. Ruda, “Pillar-array based optical sensor,” Opt. Express 18(6), 5420–5425 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-6-5420 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. J. Kauppinen, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “A compact refractometric sensor based on grated silicon photonic wires,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 139(1), 194–198 (2009). [CrossRef]
B. Sepúlveda, J. S. Río, M. Moreno, F. J. Blanco, K. Mayora, C. Domínguez, and L. M. Lechuga, “Optical biosensor microsystems based on the integration of highly sensitive Mach–Zehnder interferometer devices,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 8(7), S561–S566 (2006). [CrossRef]
A. Densmore, M. Vachon, D.-X. Xu, S. Janz, R. Ma, Y.-H. Li, G. Lopinski, A. Delâge, J. Lapointe, C. C. Luebbert, Q. Y. Liu, P. Cheben, and J. H. Schmid, “Silicon photonic wire biosensor array for multiplexed real-time and label-free molecular detection,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3598–3600 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Schiebener, J. Straub, J. M. H. Levelt Sengers, and J. S. Gallagher, “Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19(3), 677–717 (1990). [CrossRef]
J. García, P. Sanchis, and J. Martí, “Detailed analysis of the influence of structure length on pulse propagation through finite-size photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 14(15), 6879–6893 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-15-6879 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
This software can be encountered at http://camfr.sourceforge.net/
P. Sanchis, J. Martí, P. Bienstman, and R. Baets, “Semi-analytic approach for analyzing coupling issues in photonic crystal structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(20), 203107 (2005). [CrossRef]
D. R. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press, 2008).
J. Rheims, J. Köser, and T. Wriedt, “Refractive-index measurements in the near-IR using an Abbe refractometer,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 8(6), 601–605 (1997). [CrossRef]
T. F. Krauss, “Why do we need slow light?” Nat. Photonics 2(8), 448–450 (2008). [CrossRef]
G. Gupta, M. Sugimoto, Y. Matsui, and J. Kondoh, “Use of a low refractive index prism in surface plasmon resonance biosensing,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 130(2), 689–695 (2008). [CrossRef]

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[1] B. J. Luff, R. D. Harris, J. S. Wilkinson, R. Wilson, and D. J. Schiffrin, “Integrated-optical directional coupler biosensor,” Opt. Lett. 21(8), 618–620 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] Th. Schubert, N. Haase, H. Kück, and R. Gottfried-Gottfried, “Refractive-index measurements using an integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Sens. Actuators A Phys. 60(1-3), 108–112 (1997). [CrossRef]

[3] K. De Vos, I. Bartolozzi, E. Schacht, P. Bienstman, and R. Baets, “Silicon-on-Insulator microring resonator for sensitive and label-free biosensing,” Opt. Express 15(12), 7610–7615 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-12-7610 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] K. De Vos, J. Girones, S. Popelka, E. Schacht, R. Baets, and P. Bienstman, “SOI optical microring resonator with poly(ethylene glycol) polymer brush for label-free biosensor applications,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 24(8), 2528–2533 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] A. Ramachandran, S. Wang, J. Clarke, S. J. Ja, D. Goad, L. Wald, E. M. Flood, E. Knobbe, J. V. Hryniewicz, S. T. Chu, D. Gill, W. Chen, O. King, and B. E. Little, “A universal biosensing platform based on optical micro-ring resonators,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 23(7), 939–944 (2008). [CrossRef]

[6] C. A. Barrios, M. J. Bañuls, V. González-Pedro, K. B. Gylfason, B. Sánchez, A. Griol, A. Maquieira, H. Sohlström, M. Holgado, and R. Casquel, “Label-free optical biosensing with slot-waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 33(7), 708–710 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] C. F. Carlborg, K. B. Gylfason, A. Kaźmierczak, F. Dortu, M. J. Bañuls Polo, A. Maquieira Catala, G. M. Kresbach, H. Sohlström, T. Moh, L. Vivien, J. Popplewell, G. Ronan, C. A. Barrios, G. Stemme, and W. van der Wijngaart, “A packaged optical slot-waveguide ring resonator sensor array for multiplex label-free assays in labs-on-chips,” Lab Chip 10(3), 281–290 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] M. Iqbal, M. A. Gleeson, B. Spaugh, F. Tybor, W. G. Gunn, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, R. C. Bailey, and L. C. Gunn, “Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High-Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 654–661 (2010). [CrossRef]

[9] N. Skivesen, A. Têtu, M. Kristensen, J. Kjems, L. H. Frandsen, and P. I. Borel, “Photonic-crystal waveguide biosensor,” Opt. Express 15(6), 3169–3176 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-12-7610 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] M. R. Lee and P. M. Fauchet, “Nanoscale microcavity sensor for single particle detection,” Opt. Lett. 32(22), 3284–3286 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] S. Zlatanovic, L. W. Mirkarimi, M. M. Sigalas, M. A. Bynum, E. Chow, K. M. Robotti, G. W. Burr, S. Esener, and A. Grot, “Photonic crystal microcavity sensor for ultracompact monitoring of reaction kinetics and protein concentration,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 141(1), 13–19 (2009). [CrossRef]

[12] D. Dorfner, T. Zabel, T. Hürlimann, N. Hauke, L. Frandsen, U. Rant, G. Abstreiter, and J. Finley, “Photonic crystal nanostructures for optical biosensing applications,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 24(12), 3688–3692 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] T. Xu, N. Zhu, M. Y.-C. Xu, L. Wosinski, J. S. Aitchison, and H. E. Ruda, “Pillar-array based optical sensor,” Opt. Express 18(6), 5420–5425 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-6-5420 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] L. J. Kauppinen, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, and R. M. de Ridder, “A compact refractometric sensor based on grated silicon photonic wires,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 139(1), 194–198 (2009). [CrossRef]

[15] B. Sepúlveda, J. S. Río, M. Moreno, F. J. Blanco, K. Mayora, C. Domínguez, and L. M. Lechuga, “Optical biosensor microsystems based on the integration of highly sensitive Mach–Zehnder interferometer devices,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 8(7), S561–S566 (2006). [CrossRef]

[16] A. Densmore, M. Vachon, D.-X. Xu, S. Janz, R. Ma, Y.-H. Li, G. Lopinski, A. Delâge, J. Lapointe, C. C. Luebbert, Q. Y. Liu, P. Cheben, and J. H. Schmid, “Silicon photonic wire biosensor array for multiplexed real-time and label-free molecular detection,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3598–3600 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] P. Schiebener, J. Straub, J. M. H. Levelt Sengers, and J. S. Gallagher, “Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19(3), 677–717 (1990). [CrossRef]

[18] J. García, P. Sanchis, and J. Martí, “Detailed analysis of the influence of structure length on pulse propagation through finite-size photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 14(15), 6879–6893 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-15-6879 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] This software can be encountered at http://camfr.sourceforge.net/

[20] P. Sanchis, J. Martí, P. Bienstman, and R. Baets, “Semi-analytic approach for analyzing coupling issues in photonic crystal structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(20), 203107 (2005). [CrossRef]

[21] D. R. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press, 2008).

[22] J. Rheims, J. Köser, and T. Wriedt, “Refractive-index measurements in the near-IR using an Abbe refractometer,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 8(6), 601–605 (1997). [CrossRef]

[23] T. F. Krauss, “Why do we need slow light?” Nat. Photonics 2(8), 448–450 (2008). [CrossRef]

[24] G. Gupta, M. Sugimoto, Y. Matsui, and J. Kondoh, “Use of a low refractive index prism in surface plasmon resonance biosensing,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 130(2), 689–695 (2008). [CrossRef]

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Label-free antibody detection using band edge fringes in SOI planar photonic crystal waveguides in the slow-light regime