Cooperative upconversion and optical gain in ion-beam sputter-deposited ErxY2-xSiO5 waveguides

doi:10.1364/OE.18.007724

Cooperative upconversion and optical gain in ion-beam sputter-deposited Er_xY_2-xSiO₅ waveguides

Kiseok Suh, Minkyung Lee, Jee Soo Chang, Hansuek Lee, Namkyoo Park, Gun Yong Sung, and Jung H. Shin »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 8, pp. 7724-7731 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.007724

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Abstract

Single-phase, polycrystalline Er_xY_2-xSiO₅ thin films were deposited by reactive ion-beam sputter deposition and rapid thermal annealing. Due to the crystalline nature, the silicate thin films provide peak Er³⁺ emission cross-section of 0.9 ± 0.02 × 10⁻²⁰ cm² that is higher than that in silica. Optical gain, with near 60% inversion, is achieved via optical pumping of a single-mode, ridge-type waveguide with the silicate core with an Er concentration of 1.7 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³. Analysis of pump-power dependence of the optical gain and spontaneous emission intensity of Er³⁺ indicate that the gain is limited by cooperative upconversion process, whose coefficient is determined to be (8 ± 3) × 10⁻¹⁷ cm³/sec.

OCIS Codes
(160.5690) Materials : Rare-earth-doped materials
(230.4480) Optical devices : Optical amplifiers

ToC Category:
Optical Devices

History
Original Manuscript: February 8, 2010
Revised Manuscript: March 15, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: March 26, 2010
Published: March 30, 2010

Citation
Kiseok Suh, Minkyung Lee, Jee Soo Chang, Hansuek Lee, Namkyoo Park, Gun Yong Sung, and Jung H. Shin, "Cooperative upconversion and optical gain in ion-beam sputter-deposited Er_xY_2-xSiO₅ waveguides," Opt. Express 18, 7724-7731 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-8-7724

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References

See, for example, S. Photonics, Topics in Applied Physics (Springer, Berlin, 2004) Vol. 94.
A. W. Fang, H. Park, O. Cohen, R. Jones, M. J. Paniccia, and J. E. Bowers, “Electrically pumped hybrid AlGaInAs-silicon evanescent laser,” Opt. Express 14(20), 9203–9210 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Pavesi, L. Dal Negro, C. Mazzoleni, G. Franzò, and F. Priolo, “Optical gain in silicon nanocrystals,” Nature 408(6811), 440–444 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. J. Miniscalco, “Er-doped glasses for fiber amplifiers at 1500 nm,” J. Lightwave Technol. 9(2), 234–250 (1991). [CrossRef]
A. Polman, D. C. Jacobson, D. J. Eaglesham, R. C. Kistler, and J. M. Poate, “Optical doping of waveguide materials by MeV Er implantation,” J. Appl. Phys. 70(7), 3778 (1991). [CrossRef]
A. Polman, “Erbium implanted thin film photonic materials,” J. Appl. Phys. 82(1), 1 (1997). [CrossRef]
K. Suh, J. H. Shin, S.-J. Seo, and B.-S. Bae, “Large-scale fabrication of single-phase Er2SiO5 nanocrystal aggregates using Si nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(22), 223102 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. Miritello, R. Lo Savio, F. Iacona, G. Franzó, A. Irrera, A. M. Piro, C. Bongiorno, and F. Priolo, “Efficient luminescence and energy transfer in erbium silicate thin Films,” Adv. Mater. 19(12), 1582–1588 (2007). [CrossRef]
X. J. Wang, T. Nakajima, H. Isshiki, and T. Kimura, “Fabrication and characterization of Er silicates on SiO2 /Si substrates,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(4), 041906 (2009). [CrossRef]
K. Suh, H. J. Shin, S.-J. Seo, and B.-S Bae, “Er3+ luminescence and cooperative upconversion in ErxY2−xSiO5 nanocrystal aggregates fabricated using Si nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 121910 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. P. Hehlen, N. J. Cockroft, T. R. Gosnell, A. J. Bruce, G. Nykolak, and J. Shmulovich, “Uniform upconversion in high-concentration Er(3+)-doped soda lime silicate and aluminosilicate glasses,” Opt. Lett. 22(11), 772–774 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
JCPDS powder diffraction file: #52–1809 (Er2SiO5), #52–1810 (Y2SiO5).
D. E. McCumber, “Einstein relations connecting broadband emission and absorption spectra,” Phys. Rev. 136(4A), A-954–A957 (1964). [CrossRef]
E. Hecht, Optics 4th ed. (Addison Wesley, 2002). [PubMed]
P. G. Kik and A. Polman, “Cooperative upconversion as the gain-limiting factor in Er doped miniature Al2O3 optical waveguide amplifiers,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(9), 5008 (2003). [CrossRef]
G. N. van den Hoven, E. Snoeks, A. Polman, C. van Dam, J. W. van Uffelen, and M. K. Smit, “Upconversion in Er-implanted Al2O3 waveguides,” J. Appl. Phys. 79(3), 1258 (1996). [CrossRef]
Y. C. Yan, A. J. Faber, H. de Waal, P. G. Kik, and A. Polman, “Erbium-doped phosphate glass waveguide on silicon with 4.1 dB/cm gain at 1.535 μm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(20), 2922 (1997). [CrossRef]
R. Lo Savio, M. Miritello, F. Iacona, A. M. Piro, M. G. Grimaldi, and F. Priolo, “Thermal evolution of Er silicate thin films grown by rf magnetron sputtering,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20(45), 454218 (2008). [CrossRef]

Adv. Mater.

M. Miritello, R. Lo Savio, F. Iacona, G. Franzó, A. Irrera, A. M. Piro, C. Bongiorno, and F. Priolo, “Efficient luminescence and energy transfer in erbium silicate thin Films,” Adv. Mater. 19(12), 1582–1588 (2007). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

X. J. Wang, T. Nakajima, H. Isshiki, and T. Kimura, “Fabrication and characterization of Er silicates on SiO2 /Si substrates,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(4), 041906 (2009). [CrossRef]
K. Suh, H. J. Shin, S.-J. Seo, and B.-S Bae, “Er3+ luminescence and cooperative upconversion in ErxY2−xSiO5 nanocrystal aggregates fabricated using Si nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 121910 (2008). [CrossRef]
Y. C. Yan, A. J. Faber, H. de Waal, P. G. Kik, and A. Polman, “Erbium-doped phosphate glass waveguide on silicon with 4.1 dB/cm gain at 1.535 μm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(20), 2922 (1997). [CrossRef]
K. Suh, J. H. Shin, S.-J. Seo, and B.-S. Bae, “Large-scale fabrication of single-phase Er2SiO5 nanocrystal aggregates using Si nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(22), 223102 (2006). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

P. G. Kik and A. Polman, “Cooperative upconversion as the gain-limiting factor in Er doped miniature Al2O3 optical waveguide amplifiers,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(9), 5008 (2003). [CrossRef]
G. N. van den Hoven, E. Snoeks, A. Polman, C. van Dam, J. W. van Uffelen, and M. K. Smit, “Upconversion in Er-implanted Al2O3 waveguides,” J. Appl. Phys. 79(3), 1258 (1996). [CrossRef]
A. Polman, D. C. Jacobson, D. J. Eaglesham, R. C. Kistler, and J. M. Poate, “Optical doping of waveguide materials by MeV Er implantation,” J. Appl. Phys. 70(7), 3778 (1991). [CrossRef]
A. Polman, “Erbium implanted thin film photonic materials,” J. Appl. Phys. 82(1), 1 (1997). [CrossRef]

J. Lightwave Technol.

W. J. Miniscalco, “Er-doped glasses for fiber amplifiers at 1500 nm,” J. Lightwave Technol. 9(2), 234–250 (1991). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Condens. Matter

R. Lo Savio, M. Miritello, F. Iacona, A. M. Piro, M. G. Grimaldi, and F. Priolo, “Thermal evolution of Er silicate thin films grown by rf magnetron sputtering,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20(45), 454218 (2008). [CrossRef]

Nature

L. Pavesi, L. Dal Negro, C. Mazzoleni, G. Franzò, and F. Priolo, “Optical gain in silicon nanocrystals,” Nature 408(6811), 440–444 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

A. W. Fang, H. Park, O. Cohen, R. Jones, M. J. Paniccia, and J. E. Bowers, “Electrically pumped hybrid AlGaInAs-silicon evanescent laser,” Opt. Express 14(20), 9203–9210 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

M. P. Hehlen, N. J. Cockroft, T. R. Gosnell, A. J. Bruce, G. Nykolak, and J. Shmulovich, “Uniform upconversion in high-concentration Er(3+)-doped soda lime silicate and aluminosilicate glasses,” Opt. Lett. 22(11), 772–774 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev.

D. E. McCumber, “Einstein relations connecting broadband emission and absorption spectra,” Phys. Rev. 136(4A), A-954–A957 (1964). [CrossRef]

Other

E. Hecht, Optics 4th ed. (Addison Wesley, 2002). [PubMed]
JCPDS powder diffraction file: #52–1809 (Er2SiO5), #52–1810 (Y2SiO5).
See, for example, S. Photonics, Topics in Applied Physics (Springer, Berlin, 2004) Vol. 94.

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