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Electric field-induced coherent control in GaAs: polarization dependence and electrical measurement [Invited]J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, S. B. Choi, J. E. Sipe, and S. T. Cundiff »View Author Affiliations
J. K. Wahlstrand,1,3
H. Zhang,1,2
S. B. Choi,1
J. E. Sipe,1,4
and S. T. Cundiff1,2
1JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0425, USA 3Current address: Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA 4Permanent address: Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A7, Canada *Corresponding author: cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 23, pp. 22563-22574 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.022563
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Abstract
A static electric field enables coherent control of the photoexcited carrier density in a semiconductor through the interference of one- and two-photon absorption. An experiment using optical detection is described. The polarization dependence of the signal is consistent with a calculation using a 14-band k · p model for GaAs. We also describe an electrical measurement. A strong enhancement of the phase-dependent photocurrent through a metal-semiconductor-metal structure is observed when a bias of a few volts is applied. The dependence of the signal on bias and laser spot position is studied. The field-induced enhancement of the signal could increase the sensitivity of semiconductor-based carrier-envelope phase detectors, useful in stabilizing mode-locked lasers for use in frequency combs.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(120.5050) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Phase measurement
(190.5970) Nonlinear optics : Semiconductor nonlinear optics including MQW
(270.4180) Quantum optics : Multiphoton processes
ToC Category:
Nonlinear Absorption and Dispersion
History
Original Manuscript: September 6, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: September 15, 2011
Published: October 25, 2011
Virtual Issues
Nonlinear Optics (2011) Optical Materials Express
Citation
J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, S. B. Choi, J. E. Sipe, and S. T. Cundiff, "Electric field-induced coherent control in GaAs: polarization dependence and electrical measurement [Invited]," Opt. Express 19, 22563-22574 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-23-22563
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References
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- H. Zhang, J. K. Wahlstrand, S. B. Choi, and S. T. Cundiff, “Contactless photoconductive terahertz generation,” Opt. Lett.36, 223–225 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. S. Kim and D. S. Citrin, “Efficient terahertz generation using trap-enhanced fields in semi-insulating photo-conductors by spatially broadened excitation,” J. Appl. Phys.101, 053105 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- P. Roos, Q. Quraishi, S. Cundiff, R. Bhat, and J. Sipe, “Characterization of quantum interference control of injected currents in LT-GaAs for carrier-envelope phase measurements,” Opt. Express11, 2081–2090 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. K. Wahlstrand, S. T. Cundiff, and J. E. Sipe, “Polarization dependence of the two-photon Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. B83, 233201 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, and S. T. Cundiff, “Uniform-field transverse electroreflectance using a mode-locked laser and a radio-frequency bias,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 101104 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. L. Snider, J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, R. P. Mirin, and S. T. Cundiff, “Quantum interference control of photocurrent injection in Er-doped GaAs,” Appl. Phys. B98, 333–336 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. P. Smith, P. A. Roos, J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, M. B. Rivas, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical frequency metrology of an iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser using the frequency comb of a quantum-interference-stabilized mode-locked laser,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.112, 289–296 (2007).
- J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, P. A. Roos, S. T. Cundiff, and R. P. Smith, “Electrical measurement of carrier population modulation by two-color coherent control,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89, 241115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Roos, X. Li, R. P. Smith, J. A. Pipis, T. M. Fortier, and S. T. Cundiff, “Solid-state carrier-envelope phase stabilization via quantum interference control of injected photocurrents,” Opt. Lett.30, 735–737 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. A. Roos, X. Li, J. A. Pipis, T. M. Fortier, S. T. Cundiff, R. D. R. Bhat, and J. E. Sipe, “Characterization of carrier-envelope phase-sensitive photocurrent injection in a semiconductor,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B22, 362–368 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. M. Fortier, P. A. Roos, D. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, R. D. R. Bhat, and J. E. Sipe, “Carrier-envelope phase-controlled quantum interference of injected photocurrents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 147403 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Ruff, D. Streb, S. U. Dankowski, S. Tautz, P. Kiesel, B. Knupfer, M. Kneissl, N. Linder, G. H. Dohler, and U. D. Keil, “Polarization dependence of the electroabsorption in low-temperature grown GaAs for above band-gap energies,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68, 2968–2970 (1996). [CrossRef]
- G. Klatt, F. Hilser, W. Qiao, M. Beck, R. Gebs, A. Bartels, K. Huska, U. Lemmer, G. Bastian, M. Johnston, M. Fischer, J. Faist, and T. Dekorsy, “Terahertz emission from lateral photo-Dember currents,” Opt. Express18, 4939–4947 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Dreyhaupt, S. Winnerl, M. Helm, and T. Dekorsy, “Optimum excitation conditions for the generation of high-electric-field terahertz radiation from an oscillator-driven photoconductive device,” Opt. Lett.31, 1546–1548 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Dember, “Über eine photoelektronische Kraft in Kupferoxydul-Kristallen,” Z. Phys.32, 554 (1931).
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, S. B. Choi, S. Kannan, D. S. Dessau, J. E. Sipe, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical coherent control induced by an electric field in a semiconductor: a new manifestation of the Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 247404 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Ruff, D. Streb, S. U. Dankowski, S. Tautz, P. Kiesel, B. Knupfer, M. Kneissl, N. Linder, G. H. Dohler, and U. D. Keil, “Polarization dependence of the electroabsorption in low-temperature grown GaAs for above band-gap energies,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68, 2968–2970 (1996). [CrossRef]
- E. Dupont, P. B. Corkum, H. C. Liu, M. Buchanan, and Z. R. Wasilewski, “Phase-controlled currents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.74, 3596–3599 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Shen and M. Dutta, “Franz–Keldysh oscillations in modulation spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys.78, 2151–2176 (1995). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Roos, X. Li, J. A. Pipis, T. M. Fortier, S. T. Cundiff, R. D. R. Bhat, and J. E. Sipe, “Characterization of carrier-envelope phase-sensitive photocurrent injection in a semiconductor,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B22, 362–368 (2005). [CrossRef]
- P. A. Roos, X. Li, R. P. Smith, J. A. Pipis, T. M. Fortier, and S. T. Cundiff, “Solid-state carrier-envelope phase stabilization via quantum interference control of injected photocurrents,” Opt. Lett.30, 735–737 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Fortier, P. A. Roos, D. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, R. D. R. Bhat, and J. E. Sipe, “Carrier-envelope phase-controlled quantum interference of injected photocurrents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 147403 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Gupta, M. Y. Frankel, J. A. Valdmanis, J. F. Whitaker, G. A. Mourou, F. W. Smith, and A. R. Calawa, “Subpi-cosecond carrier lifetime in GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.59, 3276–3278 (1991). [CrossRef]
- J. M. Fraser and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of free-carrier density in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. B68, 085208 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. M. Fraser, A. I. Shkrebtii, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference in electron-hole generation in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83, 4192–4195 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Y. H. Lee, A. Chavez-Pirson, S. W. Koch, H. M. Gibbs, S. H. Park, J. Morhange, A. Jeffery, N. Peyghambarian, L. Banyai, A. C. Gossard, and W. Wiegmann, “Room-temperature optical nonlinearities in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 2446 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. H. Lee, A. Chavez-Pirson, S. W. Koch, H. M. Gibbs, S. H. Park, J. Morhange, A. Jeffery, N. Peyghambarian, L. Banyai, A. C. Gossard, and W. Wiegmann, “Room-temperature optical nonlinearities in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 2446 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, P. A. Roos, S. T. Cundiff, and R. P. Smith, “Electrical measurement of carrier population modulation by two-color coherent control,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89, 241115 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- M. J. Stevens, R. D. R. Bhat, X. Y. Pan, H. M. van Driel, J. E. Sipe, and A. L. Smirl, “Enhanced coherent control of carrier and spin density in a zinc-blende semiconductor by cascaded second-harmonic generation,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 093709 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. M. Fraser and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of free-carrier density in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. B68, 085208 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. J. Stevens, R. D. R. Bhat, J. E. Sipe, H. M. van Driel, and A. L. Smirl, “Coherent control of carrier population and spin in (111)-GaAs,” Phys. Status Solidi B238, 568–574 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. J. Stevens, A. L. Smirl, R. D. R. Bhat, A. Najmaie, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of ballistic pure spin currents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.90, 136603 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Fraser, A. I. Shkrebtii, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference in electron-hole generation in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83, 4192–4195 (1999). [CrossRef]
- N. Laman, A. I. Shkrebtii, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of currents in CdSe with a single optical beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett.75, 2581–2583 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Haché, Y. Kostoulas, R. Atanasov, J. L. P. Hughes, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Observation of coherently controlled photocurrent in unbiased, bulk GaAs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.78, 306–309 (1997). [CrossRef]
- R. Atanasov, A. Haché, J. L. P. Hughes, H. M. van Driel, and J. E. Sipe, “Coherent control of photocurrent generation in bulk semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.76, 1703–1706 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, S. B. Choi, S. Kannan, D. S. Dessau, J. E. Sipe, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical coherent control induced by an electric field in a semiconductor: a new manifestation of the Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 247404 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, S. T. Cundiff, and J. E. Sipe, “Polarization dependence of the two-photon Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. B83, 233201 (2011). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhang, J. K. Wahlstrand, S. B. Choi, and S. T. Cundiff, “Contactless photoconductive terahertz generation,” Opt. Lett.36, 223–225 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. K. Wahlstrand and J. E. Sipe, “Independent-particle theory of the Franz-Keldysh effect including interband coupling: Application to calculation of electroabsorption in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. B82, 075206 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. L. Snider, J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, R. P. Mirin, and S. T. Cundiff, “Quantum interference control of photocurrent injection in Er-doped GaAs,” Appl. Phys. B98, 333–336 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, and S. T. Cundiff, “Uniform-field transverse electroreflectance using a mode-locked laser and a radio-frequency bias,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 101104 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. P. Smith, P. A. Roos, J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, M. B. Rivas, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical frequency metrology of an iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser using the frequency comb of a quantum-interference-stabilized mode-locked laser,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.112, 289–296 (2007).
- J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, P. A. Roos, S. T. Cundiff, and R. P. Smith, “Electrical measurement of carrier population modulation by two-color coherent control,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89, 241115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- E. Dupont, P. B. Corkum, H. C. Liu, M. Buchanan, and Z. R. Wasilewski, “Phase-controlled currents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.74, 3596–3599 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Werner, K. Ploog, and H. J. Queisser, “Interface-state measurements at Schottky contacts: a new admittance technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 1080–1083 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Gupta, M. Y. Frankel, J. A. Valdmanis, J. F. Whitaker, G. A. Mourou, F. W. Smith, and A. R. Calawa, “Subpi-cosecond carrier lifetime in GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.59, 3276–3278 (1991). [CrossRef]
- Y. H. Lee, A. Chavez-Pirson, S. W. Koch, H. M. Gibbs, S. H. Park, J. Morhange, A. Jeffery, N. Peyghambarian, L. Banyai, A. C. Gossard, and W. Wiegmann, “Room-temperature optical nonlinearities in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 2446 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Pfeffer and W. Zawadzki, “Five-level k · p model for the conduction and valence bands of GaAs and InP,” Phys. Rev. B53, 12813–12828 (1996). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, S. B. Choi, S. Kannan, D. S. Dessau, J. E. Sipe, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical coherent control induced by an electric field in a semiconductor: a new manifestation of the Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 247404 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Zhang, J. K. Wahlstrand, S. B. Choi, and S. T. Cundiff, “Contactless photoconductive terahertz generation,” Opt. Lett.36, 223–225 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, and S. T. Cundiff, “Uniform-field transverse electroreflectance using a mode-locked laser and a radio-frequency bias,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 101104 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. L. Snider, J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, R. P. Mirin, and S. T. Cundiff, “Quantum interference control of photocurrent injection in Er-doped GaAs,” Appl. Phys. B98, 333–336 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhao, E. J. Loren, A. L. Smirl, and H. M. van Driel, “Dynamics of charge currents ballistically injected in GaAs by quantum interference,” J. Appl. Phys.103, 053510 (2008). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- R. L. Snider, J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, R. P. Mirin, and S. T. Cundiff, “Quantum interference control of photocurrent injection in Er-doped GaAs,” Appl. Phys. B98, 333–336 (2010). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- S. Gupta, M. Y. Frankel, J. A. Valdmanis, J. F. Whitaker, G. A. Mourou, F. W. Smith, and A. R. Calawa, “Subpi-cosecond carrier lifetime in GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.59, 3276–3278 (1991). [CrossRef]
- M. Ruff, D. Streb, S. U. Dankowski, S. Tautz, P. Kiesel, B. Knupfer, M. Kneissl, N. Linder, G. H. Dohler, and U. D. Keil, “Polarization dependence of the electroabsorption in low-temperature grown GaAs for above band-gap energies,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68, 2968–2970 (1996). [CrossRef]
- S. Gupta, S. Sethi, and P. K. Bhattacharya, “Picosecond carrier lifetime in erbium-doped-GaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62, 1128–1130 (1993). [CrossRef]
- N. Laman, A. I. Shkrebtii, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of currents in CdSe with a single optical beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett.75, 2581–2583 (1999). [CrossRef]
- S. E. Ralph and D. Grischkowsky, “Trap-enhanced electric fields in semi-insulators: the role of electrical and optical carrier injection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.59, 1972–1974 (1991). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, and S. T. Cundiff, “Uniform-field transverse electroreflectance using a mode-locked laser and a radio-frequency bias,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 101104 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, P. A. Roos, S. T. Cundiff, and R. P. Smith, “Electrical measurement of carrier population modulation by two-color coherent control,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89, 241115 (2006). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- A. Haché, J. Sipe, and H. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of electrical currents in GaAs,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.34, 1144–1154 (1998). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- M. J. Stevens, R. D. R. Bhat, X. Y. Pan, H. M. van Driel, J. E. Sipe, and A. L. Smirl, “Enhanced coherent control of carrier and spin density in a zinc-blende semiconductor by cascaded second-harmonic generation,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 093709 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. S. Kim and D. S. Citrin, “Efficient terahertz generation using trap-enhanced fields in semi-insulating photo-conductors by spatially broadened excitation,” J. Appl. Phys.101, 053105 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Shen and M. Dutta, “Franz–Keldysh oscillations in modulation spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys.78, 2151–2176 (1995). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhao, E. J. Loren, A. L. Smirl, and H. M. van Driel, “Dynamics of charge currents ballistically injected in GaAs by quantum interference,” J. Appl. Phys.103, 053510 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
- P. A. Roos, X. Li, J. A. Pipis, T. M. Fortier, S. T. Cundiff, R. D. R. Bhat, and J. E. Sipe, “Characterization of carrier-envelope phase-sensitive photocurrent injection in a semiconductor,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B22, 362–368 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.
- R. P. Smith, P. A. Roos, J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, M. B. Rivas, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical frequency metrology of an iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser using the frequency comb of a quantum-interference-stabilized mode-locked laser,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.112, 289–296 (2007).
Nat. Phys.
- L. Costa, M. Betz, M. Spasenovic, A. D. Bristow, and H. M. van Driel, “All-optical injection of ballistic electrical currents in unbiased silicon,” Nat. Phys.3, 632–635 (2007). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- P. Roos, X. Li, J. Pipis, and S. Cundiff, “Solid-state carrier-envelope-phase noise measurements with intrinsically balanced detection,” Opt. Express12, 4255–4260 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Roos, Q. Quraishi, S. Cundiff, R. Bhat, and J. Sipe, “Characterization of quantum interference control of injected currents in LT-GaAs for carrier-envelope phase measurements,” Opt. Express11, 2081–2090 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Klatt, F. Hilser, W. Qiao, M. Beck, R. Gebs, A. Bartels, K. Huska, U. Lemmer, G. Bastian, M. Johnston, M. Fischer, J. Faist, and T. Dekorsy, “Terahertz emission from lateral photo-Dember currents,” Opt. Express18, 4939–4947 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- J. H. Kim, A. Polley, and S. E. Ralph, “Efficient photoconductive terahertz source using line excitation,” Opt. Lett.30, 2490–2492 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Dreyhaupt, S. Winnerl, M. Helm, and T. Dekorsy, “Optimum excitation conditions for the generation of high-electric-field terahertz radiation from an oscillator-driven photoconductive device,” Opt. Lett.31, 1546–1548 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Zhang, J. K. Wahlstrand, S. B. Choi, and S. T. Cundiff, “Contactless photoconductive terahertz generation,” Opt. Lett.36, 223–225 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. A. Roos, X. Li, R. P. Smith, J. A. Pipis, T. M. Fortier, and S. T. Cundiff, “Solid-state carrier-envelope phase stabilization via quantum interference control of injected photocurrents,” Opt. Lett.30, 735–737 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev.
- D. E. Aspnes, “Electric field effects on the dielectric constant of solids,” Phys. Rev.153, 972–982 (1967). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. B
- P. Pfeffer and W. Zawadzki, “Five-level k · p model for the conduction and valence bands of GaAs and InP,” Phys. Rev. B53, 12813–12828 (1996). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, S. T. Cundiff, and J. E. Sipe, “Polarization dependence of the two-photon Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. B83, 233201 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand and J. E. Sipe, “Independent-particle theory of the Franz-Keldysh effect including interband coupling: Application to calculation of electroabsorption in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. B82, 075206 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kerachian, P. A. Marsden, H. M. van Driel, and A. L. Smirl, “Dynamics of charge current gratings generated in GaAs by ultrafast quantum interference control,” Phys. Rev. B75, 125205 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. D. R. Bhat and J. E. Sipe, “Excitonic effects on the two-color coherent control of interband transitions in bulk semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B72, 075205 (2005). [CrossRef]
- C. Sames, J. Menard, M. Betz, A. L. Smirl, and H. M. van Driel, “All-optical coherently controlled terahertz ac charge currents from excitons in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B79, 045208 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. M. Fraser and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of free-carrier density in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. B68, 085208 (2003). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- C. H. Lee, R. K. Chang, and N. Bloembergen, “Nonlinear electroreflectance in silicon and silver,” Phys. Rev. Lett.18, 167–170 (1967). [CrossRef]
- Y. H. Lee, A. Chavez-Pirson, S. W. Koch, H. M. Gibbs, S. H. Park, J. Morhange, A. Jeffery, N. Peyghambarian, L. Banyai, A. C. Gossard, and W. Wiegmann, “Room-temperature optical nonlinearities in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 2446 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Dupont, P. B. Corkum, H. C. Liu, M. Buchanan, and Z. R. Wasilewski, “Phase-controlled currents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.74, 3596–3599 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Atanasov, A. Haché, J. L. P. Hughes, H. M. van Driel, and J. E. Sipe, “Coherent control of photocurrent generation in bulk semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.76, 1703–1706 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Haché, Y. Kostoulas, R. Atanasov, J. L. P. Hughes, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Observation of coherently controlled photocurrent in unbiased, bulk GaAs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.78, 306–309 (1997). [CrossRef]
- M. J. Stevens, A. L. Smirl, R. D. R. Bhat, A. Najmaie, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of ballistic pure spin currents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.90, 136603 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Fortier, P. A. Roos, D. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, R. D. R. Bhat, and J. E. Sipe, “Carrier-envelope phase-controlled quantum interference of injected photocurrents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 147403 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, S. B. Choi, S. Kannan, D. S. Dessau, J. E. Sipe, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical coherent control induced by an electric field in a semiconductor: a new manifestation of the Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 247404 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Fraser, A. I. Shkrebtii, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference in electron-hole generation in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83, 4192–4195 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. Werner, K. Ploog, and H. J. Queisser, “Interface-state measurements at Schottky contacts: a new admittance technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 1080–1083 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Status Solidi B
- M. J. Stevens, R. D. R. Bhat, J. E. Sipe, H. M. van Driel, and A. L. Smirl, “Coherent control of carrier population and spin in (111)-GaAs,” Phys. Status Solidi B238, 568–574 (2003). [CrossRef]
Z. Phys.
- H. Dember, “Über eine photoelektronische Kraft in Kupferoxydul-Kristallen,” Z. Phys.32, 554 (1931).
Other
- R. D. R. Bhat and J. E. Sipe, “Calculations of two-color interband optical injection and control of carrier population, spin, current, and spin current in bulk semiconductors,” arXiv:cond-mat/0601277 (unpublished).
2011, Wahlstrand, Phys. Rev. Lett.
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, S. B. Choi, S. Kannan, D. S. Dessau, J. E. Sipe, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical coherent control induced by an electric field in a semiconductor: a new manifestation of the Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 247404 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, S. T. Cundiff, and J. E. Sipe, “Polarization dependence of the two-photon Franz-Keldysh effect,” Phys. Rev. B83, 233201 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, and S. T. Cundiff, “Uniform-field transverse electroreflectance using a mode-locked laser and a radio-frequency bias,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96, 101104 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. L. Snider, J. K. Wahlstrand, H. Zhang, R. P. Mirin, and S. T. Cundiff, “Quantum interference control of photocurrent injection in Er-doped GaAs,” Appl. Phys. B98, 333–336 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand and J. E. Sipe, “Independent-particle theory of the Franz-Keldysh effect including interband coupling: Application to calculation of electroabsorption in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. B82, 075206 (2010). [CrossRef]
- C. Sames, J. Menard, M. Betz, A. L. Smirl, and H. M. van Driel, “All-optical coherently controlled terahertz ac charge currents from excitons in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B79, 045208 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhao, E. J. Loren, A. L. Smirl, and H. M. van Driel, “Dynamics of charge currents ballistically injected in GaAs by quantum interference,” J. Appl. Phys.103, 053510 (2008). [CrossRef]
- L. Costa, M. Betz, M. Spasenovic, A. D. Bristow, and H. M. van Driel, “All-optical injection of ballistic electrical currents in unbiased silicon,” Nat. Phys.3, 632–635 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kerachian, P. A. Marsden, H. M. van Driel, and A. L. Smirl, “Dynamics of charge current gratings generated in GaAs by ultrafast quantum interference control,” Phys. Rev. B75, 125205 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. P. Smith, P. A. Roos, J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, M. B. Rivas, and S. T. Cundiff, “Optical frequency metrology of an iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser using the frequency comb of a quantum-interference-stabilized mode-locked laser,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.112, 289–296 (2007).
- D. S. Kim and D. S. Citrin, “Efficient terahertz generation using trap-enhanced fields in semi-insulating photo-conductors by spatially broadened excitation,” J. Appl. Phys.101, 053105 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Wahlstrand, J. A. Pipis, P. A. Roos, S. T. Cundiff, and R. P. Smith, “Electrical measurement of carrier population modulation by two-color coherent control,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89, 241115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. D. R. Bhat and J. E. Sipe, “Excitonic effects on the two-color coherent control of interband transitions in bulk semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B72, 075205 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. J. Stevens, R. D. R. Bhat, X. Y. Pan, H. M. van Driel, J. E. Sipe, and A. L. Smirl, “Enhanced coherent control of carrier and spin density in a zinc-blende semiconductor by cascaded second-harmonic generation,” J. Appl. Phys.97, 093709 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. M. Fortier, P. A. Roos, D. J. Jones, S. T. Cundiff, R. D. R. Bhat, and J. E. Sipe, “Carrier-envelope phase-controlled quantum interference of injected photocurrents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.92, 147403 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. J. Stevens, A. L. Smirl, R. D. R. Bhat, A. Najmaie, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of ballistic pure spin currents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.90, 136603 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Fraser and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of free-carrier density in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. B68, 085208 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. J. Stevens, R. D. R. Bhat, J. E. Sipe, H. M. van Driel, and A. L. Smirl, “Coherent control of carrier population and spin in (111)-GaAs,” Phys. Status Solidi B238, 568–574 (2003). [CrossRef]
- N. Laman, A. I. Shkrebtii, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of currents in CdSe with a single optical beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett.75, 2581–2583 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. M. Fraser, A. I. Shkrebtii, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Quantum interference in electron-hole generation in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83, 4192–4195 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Haché, J. Sipe, and H. van Driel, “Quantum interference control of electrical currents in GaAs,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.34, 1144–1154 (1998). [CrossRef]
- A. Haché, Y. Kostoulas, R. Atanasov, J. L. P. Hughes, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. van Driel, “Observation of coherently controlled photocurrent in unbiased, bulk GaAs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.78, 306–309 (1997). [CrossRef]
- R. Atanasov, A. Haché, J. L. P. Hughes, H. M. van Driel, and J. E. Sipe, “Coherent control of photocurrent generation in bulk semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.76, 1703–1706 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Ruff, D. Streb, S. U. Dankowski, S. Tautz, P. Kiesel, B. Knupfer, M. Kneissl, N. Linder, G. H. Dohler, and U. D. Keil, “Polarization dependence of the electroabsorption in low-temperature grown GaAs for above band-gap energies,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68, 2968–2970 (1996). [CrossRef]
- P. Pfeffer and W. Zawadzki, “Five-level k · p model for the conduction and valence bands of GaAs and InP,” Phys. Rev. B53, 12813–12828 (1996). [CrossRef]
- H. Shen and M. Dutta, “Franz–Keldysh oscillations in modulation spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys.78, 2151–2176 (1995). [CrossRef]
- E. Dupont, P. B. Corkum, H. C. Liu, M. Buchanan, and Z. R. Wasilewski, “Phase-controlled currents in semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett.74, 3596–3599 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Gupta, S. Sethi, and P. K. Bhattacharya, “Picosecond carrier lifetime in erbium-doped-GaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62, 1128–1130 (1993). [CrossRef]
- S. E. Ralph and D. Grischkowsky, “Trap-enhanced electric fields in semi-insulators: the role of electrical and optical carrier injection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.59, 1972–1974 (1991). [CrossRef]
- S. Gupta, M. Y. Frankel, J. A. Valdmanis, J. F. Whitaker, G. A. Mourou, F. W. Smith, and A. R. Calawa, “Subpi-cosecond carrier lifetime in GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low temperatures,” Appl. Phys. Lett.59, 3276–3278 (1991). [CrossRef]
- Y. H. Lee, A. Chavez-Pirson, S. W. Koch, H. M. Gibbs, S. H. Park, J. Morhange, A. Jeffery, N. Peyghambarian, L. Banyai, A. C. Gossard, and W. Wiegmann, “Room-temperature optical nonlinearities in GaAs,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 2446 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Werner, K. Ploog, and H. J. Queisser, “Interface-state measurements at Schottky contacts: a new admittance technique,” Phys. Rev. Lett.57, 1080–1083 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. H. Lee, R. K. Chang, and N. Bloembergen, “Nonlinear electroreflectance in silicon and silver,” Phys. Rev. Lett.18, 167–170 (1967). [CrossRef]
- D. E. Aspnes, “Electric field effects on the dielectric constant of solids,” Phys. Rev.153, 972–982 (1967). [CrossRef]
- H. Dember, “Über eine photoelektronische Kraft in Kupferoxydul-Kristallen,” Z. Phys.32, 554 (1931).
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