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Attosecond dispersion control by extreme ultraviolet multilayer mirrorsMichael Hofstetter, Martin Schultze, Markus Fieß, Benjamin Dennhardt, Alexander Guggenmos, Justin Gagnon, Vladislav S. Yakovlev, Eleftherios Goulielmakis, Reinhard Kienberger, Eric M. Gullikson, Ferenc Krausz, and Ulf Kleineberg »View Author Affiliations
Michael Hofstetter,1,2,*
Martin Schultze,1,2
Markus Fieß,2
Benjamin Dennhardt,2,3
Alexander Guggenmos,1,2
Justin Gagnon,1,2
Vladislav S. Yakovlev,1,2
Eleftherios Goulielmakis,2
Reinhard Kienberger,2,3
Eric M. Gullikson,4
Ferenc Krausz,1,2
and Ulf Kleineberg1,2
1Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany 2Max Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany 3Technische Universität München, Physik Department E11, James-Franck-Straße, D-85748 Garching, Germany 4Center for X-Ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 2-400, Berkeley, California 94720 USA *Corresponding author: michael.hofstetter@mpq.mpg.de |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 3, pp. 1767-1776 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.001767
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Abstract
We report the first experimental demonstration of a-periodic multilayer mirrors controlling the frequency sweep (chirp) of isolated attosecond XUV pulses. The concept was proven with about 200-attosecond pulses in the photon energy range of 100-130 eV measured via photoelectron streaking in neon. The demonstrated attosecond dispersion control is engineerable in a wide range of XUV photon energies and bandwidths. The resultant tailor-made attosecond pulses with highly enhanced photon flux are expected to significantly advance attosecond metrology and spectroscopy and broaden their range of applications.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(320.0320) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast optics
(320.1590) Ultrafast optics : Chirping
(320.5540) Ultrafast optics : Pulse shaping
(340.7480) X-ray optics : X-rays, soft x-rays, extreme ultraviolet (EUV)
(310.4165) Thin films : Multilayer design
ToC Category:
Ultrafast Optics
History
Original Manuscript: November 23, 2010
Revised Manuscript: December 31, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: January 3, 2011
Published: January 14, 2011
Citation
Michael Hofstetter, Martin Schultze, Markus Fieß, Benjamin Dennhardt, Alexander Guggenmos, Justin Gagnon, Vladislav S. Yakovlev, Eleftherios Goulielmakis, Reinhard Kienberger, Eric M. Gullikson, Ferenc Krausz, and Ulf Kleineberg, "Attosecond dispersion control by extreme ultraviolet multilayer mirrors," Opt. Express 19, 1767-1776 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-3-1767
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References
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- M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullikson, and J. C. Davis, “X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E=50-30000 eV, Z=1-92,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54(2), 181–342 (1993). [CrossRef]
- Y. Mairesse, A. de Bohan, L. J. Frasinski, H. Merdji, L. C. Dinu, P. Monchicourt, P. Breger, M. Kovačev, R. Taïeb, B. Carré, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and P. Salières, “Attosecond synchronization of high-harmonic soft x-rays,” Science 302(5650), 1540–1543 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ménesguen, S. de Rossi, E. Meltchakov, and F. Delmotte, “Aperiodic multilayer mirrors for efficient broadband reflection in the extreme ultraviolet,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 98(2), 305–309 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ménesguen, S. de Rossi, E. Meltchakov, and F. Delmotte, “Aperiodic multilayer mirrors for efficient broadband reflection in the extreme ultraviolet,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 98(2), 305–309 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Trebino, K. W. DeLong, D. N. Fittinghoff, J. N. Sweetser, M. A. Krumbügel, B. A. Richman, and D. J. Kane, “Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68(9), 3277 (1997). [CrossRef]
- M. Fieß, M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, B. Dennhardt, J. Gagnon, M. Hofstetter, R. Kienberger, and F. Krausz, “Versatile apparatus for attosecond metrology and spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 1 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- R. Kienberger, M. Hentschel, M. Uiberacker, Ch. Spielmann, M. Kitzler, A. Scrinzi, M. Wieland, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Steering attosecond electron wave packets with light,” Science 297(5584), 1144–1148 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, M. Hentschel, M. Uiberacker, Ch. Spielmann, M. Kitzler, A. Scrinzi, M. Wieland, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Steering attosecond electron wave packets with light,” Science 297(5584), 1144–1148 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, Z. H. Loh, A. Wirth, R. Santra, N. Rohringer, V. S. Yakovlev, S. Zherebtsov, T. Pfeifer, A. M. Azzeer, M. F. Kling, S. R. Leone, and F. Krausz, “Real-time observation of valence electron motion,” Nature 466(7307), 739–743 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Wonisch, U. Neuhäusler, N. M. Kabachnik, T. Uphues, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, F. Krausz, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, and U. Heinzmann, “Design, fabrication, and analysis of chirped multilayer mirrors for reflection of extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses,” Appl. Opt. 45(17), 4147–4156 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Uiberacker, Th. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H.-G. Muller, M. J. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Wonisch, U. Neuhäusler, N. M. Kabachnik, T. Uphues, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, F. Krausz, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, and U. Heinzmann, “Design, fabrication, and analysis of chirped multilayer mirrors for reflection of extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses,” Appl. Opt. 45(17), 4147–4156 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, Z. H. Loh, A. Wirth, R. Santra, N. Rohringer, V. S. Yakovlev, S. Zherebtsov, T. Pfeifer, A. M. Azzeer, M. F. Kling, S. R. Leone, and F. Krausz, “Real-time observation of valence electron motion,” Nature 466(7307), 739–743 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Schultze, M. Fieß, N. Karpowicz, J. Gagnon, M. Korbman, M. Hofstetter, S. Neppl, A. L. Cavalieri, Y. Komninos, Th. Mercouris, C. A. Nicolaides, R. Pazourek, S. Nagele, J. Feist, J. Burgdörfer, A. M. Azzeer, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, and V. S. Yakovlev, “Delay in photoemission,” Science 328(5986), 1658–1662 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Gagnon and V. S. Yakovlev, “The robustness of attosecond streaking measurements,” Opt. Express 17(20), 17678–17693 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008). [CrossRef]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, M. Uiberacker, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Single-cycle nonlinear optics,” Science 320(5883), 1614–1617 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuška, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, Z. H. Loh, A. Wirth, R. Santra, N. Rohringer, V. S. Yakovlev, S. Zherebtsov, T. Pfeifer, A. M. Azzeer, M. F. Kling, S. R. Leone, and F. Krausz, “Real-time observation of valence electron motion,” Nature 466(7307), 739–743 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
- A. Wonisch, U. Neuhäusler, N. M. Kabachnik, T. Uphues, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, F. Krausz, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, and U. Heinzmann, “Design, fabrication, and analysis of chirped multilayer mirrors for reflection of extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses,” Appl. Opt. 45(17), 4147–4156 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, and G. W. DeBell, “Optical coating design approaches based on the needle optimization technique,” Appl. Opt. 46(5), 704–710 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Phys. B
- J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008). [CrossRef]
- V. Pervak, A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, S. Naumov, F. Krausz, and A. Apolonski, “1.5-octave chirped mirror for pulse compression down to sub-3 fs,” Appl. Phys. B 87(1), 5–12 (2007). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.
- Y. Ménesguen, S. de Rossi, E. Meltchakov, and F. Delmotte, “Aperiodic multilayer mirrors for efficient broadband reflection in the extreme ultraviolet,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 98(2), 305–309 (2010). [CrossRef]
At. Data Nucl. Data Tables
- B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullikson, and J. C. Davis, “X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E=50-30000 eV, Z=1-92,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54(2), 181–342 (1993). [CrossRef]
J. XRay Sci. Technol.
- E. M. Gullikson, J. H. Underwood, P. Batson, and V. Nikitin, “A soft x-ray/EUV reflectometer based on a laser produced plasma source,” J. XRay Sci. Technol. 3(4), 283–299 (1992). [PubMed]
N. J. Phys.
- M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, M. Hofstetter, J. Kim, D. Kim, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Powerful 170-attosecond XUV pulses generated with few-cycle laser pulses and broadband multilayer optics,” N. J. Phys. 9(7), 243 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nature
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuška, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Uiberacker, Th. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H.-G. Muller, M. J. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, Z. H. Loh, A. Wirth, R. Santra, N. Rohringer, V. S. Yakovlev, S. Zherebtsov, T. Pfeifer, A. M. Azzeer, M. F. Kling, S. R. Leone, and F. Krausz, “Real-time observation of valence electron motion,” Nature 466(7307), 739–743 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
NIM A
- Y. Li, J. Lewellen, Z. Huang, V. Sajaev, and S. V. Milton, “Time-resolved measurement of a self-amplified free-electron laser,” NIM A 507(1-2), 413–416 (2003). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- J. Gagnon and V. S. Yakovlev, “The robustness of attosecond streaking measurements,” Opt. Express 17(20), 17678–17693 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Suman, G. Monaco, M.-G. Pelizzo, D. L. Windt, and P. Nicolosi, “Realization and characterization of an XUV multilayer coating for attosecond pulses,” Opt. Express 17(10), 7922–7932 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- E. Gustafsson, T. Ruchon, M. Swoboda, T. Remetter, E. Pourtal, R. López-Martens, Ph. Balcou, and A. L’Huillier, “Broadband attosecond pulse shaping,” Opt. Lett. 32(11), 1353–1355 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A.-S. Morlens, P. Balcou, P. Zeitoun, C. Valentin, V. Laude, and S. Kazamias, “Compression of attosecond harmonic pulses by extreme-ultraviolet chirped mirrors,” Opt. Lett. 30(12), 1554–1556 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Aquila, F. Salmassi, and E. Gullikson, “Metrologies for the phase characterization of attosecond extreme ultraviolet optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(5), 455–457 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. A
- L. Y. Peng, F. Tan, Q. Gong, E. A. Pronin, and A. F. Starace, “Few-cycle attosecond pulse chirp effects on asymmetries in ionized electron momentum distributions,” Phys. Rev. A 80(1), 013407 (2009). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Kitzler, N. Milosevic, A. Scrinzi, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, “Quantum theory of attosecond XUV pulse measurement by laser dressed photoionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(17), 173904 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-Harmonic Generation of Attosecond Pulses in the “Single-Cycle” Regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997). [CrossRef]
- R. López-Martens, K. Varjú, P. Johnsson, J. Mauritsson, Y. Mairesse, P. Salières, M. B. Gaarde, K. J. Schafer, A. Persson, S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström, and A. L’huillier, “Amplitude and phase control of attosecond light pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(3), 033001 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Rev. Mod. Phys.
- F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009). [CrossRef]
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- M. Fieß, M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, B. Dennhardt, J. Gagnon, M. Hofstetter, R. Kienberger, and F. Krausz, “Versatile apparatus for attosecond metrology and spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 1 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Trebino, K. W. DeLong, D. N. Fittinghoff, J. N. Sweetser, M. A. Krumbügel, B. A. Richman, and D. J. Kane, “Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68(9), 3277 (1997). [CrossRef]
Science
- R. Kienberger, M. Hentschel, M. Uiberacker, Ch. Spielmann, M. Kitzler, A. Scrinzi, M. Wieland, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Steering attosecond electron wave packets with light,” Science 297(5584), 1144–1148 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Mairesse, A. de Bohan, L. J. Frasinski, H. Merdji, L. C. Dinu, P. Monchicourt, P. Breger, M. Kovačev, R. Taïeb, B. Carré, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and P. Salières, “Attosecond synchronization of high-harmonic soft x-rays,” Science 302(5650), 1540–1543 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, M. Uiberacker, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Single-cycle nonlinear optics,” Science 320(5883), 1614–1617 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, G. Tempea, C. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, P. B. Corkum, and F. Krausz, “X-ray pulses approaching the attosecond frontier,” Science 291(5510), 1923–1927 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Schultze, M. Fieß, N. Karpowicz, J. Gagnon, M. Korbman, M. Hofstetter, S. Neppl, A. L. Cavalieri, Y. Komninos, Th. Mercouris, C. A. Nicolaides, R. Pazourek, S. Nagele, J. Feist, J. Burgdörfer, A. M. Azzeer, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, and V. S. Yakovlev, “Delay in photoemission,” Science 328(5986), 1658–1662 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- M. Hofstetter, M. Schultze, M. Fieß, A. Guggenmos, J. Gagnon, E. Magerl, E. Botschafter, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, E. M. Gullikson, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “First attosecond pulse control by multilayer mirrors above 100 eV photon energy,“ in Ultrafast Phenomena XVII, 11.17, M. Chergui, D. Jonas, E. Riedle, B. Schönlein, A. Taylor (Oxford University Press, New York, 2010).
- A download link of the program can be found at http://www.attoworld.de/Home/ourResearch/Downloads/index.html
2010, Schultze, Science
- M. Schultze, M. Fieß, N. Karpowicz, J. Gagnon, M. Korbman, M. Hofstetter, S. Neppl, A. L. Cavalieri, Y. Komninos, Th. Mercouris, C. A. Nicolaides, R. Pazourek, S. Nagele, J. Feist, J. Burgdörfer, A. M. Azzeer, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, and V. S. Yakovlev, “Delay in photoemission,” Science 328(5986), 1658–1662 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, Z. H. Loh, A. Wirth, R. Santra, N. Rohringer, V. S. Yakovlev, S. Zherebtsov, T. Pfeifer, A. M. Azzeer, M. F. Kling, S. R. Leone, and F. Krausz, “Real-time observation of valence electron motion,” Nature 466(7307), 739–743 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ménesguen, S. de Rossi, E. Meltchakov, and F. Delmotte, “Aperiodic multilayer mirrors for efficient broadband reflection in the extreme ultraviolet,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 98(2), 305–309 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Fieß, M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, B. Dennhardt, J. Gagnon, M. Hofstetter, R. Kienberger, and F. Krausz, “Versatile apparatus for attosecond metrology and spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 1 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, N. Karpowicz, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond streaking enables the measurement of quantum phase,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(7), 073001 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Y. Peng, F. Tan, Q. Gong, E. A. Pronin, and A. F. Starace, “Few-cycle attosecond pulse chirp effects on asymmetries in ionized electron momentum distributions,” Phys. Rev. A 80(1), 013407 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81(1), 163–234 (2009). [CrossRef]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, M. Uiberacker, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Single-cycle nonlinear optics,” Science 320(5883), 1614–1617 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Gagnon, E. Goulielmakis, and V. S. Yakovlev, “The accurate FROG characterization of attosecond pulses from streaking measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 92(1), 25–32 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Schultze, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, M. Hofstetter, J. Kim, D. Kim, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Powerful 170-attosecond XUV pulses generated with few-cycle laser pulses and broadband multilayer optics,” N. J. Phys. 9(7), 243 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Pervak, A. V. Tikhonravov, M. K. Trubetskov, S. Naumov, F. Krausz, and A. Apolonski, “1.5-octave chirped mirror for pulse compression down to sub-3 fs,” Appl. Phys. B 87(1), 5–12 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuška, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Uiberacker, Th. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H.-G. Muller, M. J. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Wonisch, U. Neuhäusler, N. M. Kabachnik, T. Uphues, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, F. Krausz, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, and U. Heinzmann, “Design, fabrication, and analysis of chirped multilayer mirrors for reflection of extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses,” Appl. Opt. 45(17), 4147–4156 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. López-Martens, K. Varjú, P. Johnsson, J. Mauritsson, Y. Mairesse, P. Salières, M. B. Gaarde, K. J. Schafer, A. Persson, S. Svanberg, C.-G. Wahlström, and A. L’huillier, “Amplitude and phase control of attosecond light pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(3), 033001 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuška, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Mairesse, A. de Bohan, L. J. Frasinski, H. Merdji, L. C. Dinu, P. Monchicourt, P. Breger, M. Kovačev, R. Taïeb, B. Carré, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and P. Salières, “Attosecond synchronization of high-harmonic soft x-rays,” Science 302(5650), 1540–1543 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Li, J. Lewellen, Z. Huang, V. Sajaev, and S. V. Milton, “Time-resolved measurement of a self-amplified free-electron laser,” NIM A 507(1-2), 413–416 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Kitzler, N. Milosevic, A. Scrinzi, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, “Quantum theory of attosecond XUV pulse measurement by laser dressed photoionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(17), 173904 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, M. Hentschel, M. Uiberacker, Ch. Spielmann, M. Kitzler, A. Scrinzi, M. Wieland, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Steering attosecond electron wave packets with light,” Science 297(5584), 1144–1148 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, G. Tempea, C. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, P. B. Corkum, and F. Krausz, “X-ray pulses approaching the attosecond frontier,” Science 291(5510), 1923–1927 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-Harmonic Generation of Attosecond Pulses in the “Single-Cycle” Regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997). [CrossRef]
- R. Trebino, K. W. DeLong, D. N. Fittinghoff, J. N. Sweetser, M. A. Krumbügel, B. A. Richman, and D. J. Kane, “Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68(9), 3277 (1997). [CrossRef]
- B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullikson, and J. C. Davis, “X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E=50-30000 eV, Z=1-92,” At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54(2), 181–342 (1993). [CrossRef]
- E. M. Gullikson, J. H. Underwood, P. Batson, and V. Nikitin, “A soft x-ray/EUV reflectometer based on a laser produced plasma source,” J. XRay Sci. Technol. 3(4), 283–299 (1992). [PubMed]
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