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Silicon-polymer hybrid slot waveguide ring-resonator modulatorMichael Gould, Tom Baehr-Jones, Ran Ding, Su Huang, Jingdong Luo, Alex K.-Y. Jen, Jean-Marc Fedeli, Maryse Fournier, and Michael Hochberg »View Author Affiliations
Michael Gould,1,*
Tom Baehr-Jones,1
Ran Ding,1
Su Huang,2
Jingdong Luo,2
Alex K.-Y. Jen,2
Jean-Marc Fedeli,3
Maryse Fournier,3
and Michael Hochberg1
1Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Campus Box 352500, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Campus Box 352120, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA 3CEA LETI, Minatec 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France *Corresponding author: michael.gould@mail.mcgill.ca |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 5, pp. 3952-3961 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.003952
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Abstract
We demonstrate a ring-resonator modulator based on a silicon-polymer hybrid slot waveguide with a tunability of 12.7 pm/V at RF speeds and a bandwidth of 1 GHz, for optical wavelengths near 1550 nm. Our slot waveguides were fabricated with 193 nm optical lithography, as opposed to the electron beam lithography used for previous results. The tunability is comparable to some of the best ring-based modulators making use of the plasma dispersion effect. The speed is likely limited only by resistance in the strip-loading section, and it should be possible to realize significant improvement with improved processing.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(130.0130) Integrated optics : Integrated optics
(130.2790) Integrated optics : Guided waves
(160.5470) Materials : Polymers
(230.2090) Optical devices : Electro-optical devices
(130.4110) Integrated optics : Modulators
ToC Category:
Integrated Optics
History
Original Manuscript: January 4, 2011
Revised Manuscript: February 6, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: February 9, 2011
Published: February 14, 2011
Citation
Michael Gould, Tom Baehr-Jones, Ran Ding, Su Huang, Jingdong Luo, Alex K.-Y. Jen, Jean-Marc Fedeli, Maryse Fournier, and Michael Hochberg, "Silicon-polymer hybrid slot waveguide ring-resonator modulator," Opt. Express 19, 3952-3961 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-5-3952
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References
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- R. Ding, T. Baehr-Jones, W. J. Kim, X. Xiong, R. Bojko, J. M. Fedeli, M. Fournier, and M. Hochberg, “Low-loss strip-loaded slot waveguides in silicon-on-insulator,” Opt. Express 18(24), 25061–25067 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, S. Liao, H. Liang, N. N. Feng, D. Feng, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Wavelength-tunable silicon microring modulator,” Opt. Express 18(11), 10941–10946 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- B. Bortnik, Y.-C. Hung, H. Tazawa, B.-J. Seo, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, W. H. Steier, and H. R. Fetterman, “Electrooptic polymer ring resonator modulation up to 165 GHz,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(1), 104–110 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- F. Y. Gardes, A. Brimont, P. Sanchis, G. Rasigade, D. Marris-Morini, L. O’Faolain, F. Dong, J. M. Fedeli, P. Dumon, L. Vivien, T. F. Krauss, G. T. Reed, and J. Martí, “High-speed modulation of a compact silicon ring resonator based on a reverse-biased pn diode,” Opt. Express 17(24), 21986–21991 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Gill, M. Rasras, K. Tu, Y. Chen, A. E. White, S. S. Patel, D. Carothers, A. Pomerene, R. Kamocsai, C. Hill, and J. Beattie, “Internal bandwidth equalization in a CMOS-compatible Si-ring modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(4), 200–202 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. Gill, M. Rasras, K. Tu, Y. Chen, A. E. White, S. S. Patel, D. Carothers, A. Pomerene, R. Kamocsai, C. Hill, and J. Beattie, “Internal bandwidth equalization in a CMOS-compatible Si-ring modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(4), 200–202 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Witzens, T. Baehr-Jones, and M. Hochberg, “Design of transmission line driven slot waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometers and application to analog optical links,” Opt. Express 18(16), 16902–16928 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Ding, T. Baehr-Jones, W. J. Kim, X. Xiong, R. Bojko, J. M. Fedeli, M. Fournier, and M. Hochberg, “Low-loss strip-loaded slot waveguides in silicon-on-insulator,” Opt. Express 18(24), 25061–25067 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, G. Wang, J. Huang, P. Sullivan, L. Dalton, and A. Scherer, “Towards a millivolt optical modulator with nano-slot waveguides,” Opt. Express 15(13), 8401–8410 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Baehr-Jones, M. Hochberg, G. Wang, R. Lawson, Y. Liao, P. A. Sullivan, L. Dalton, A. K.-Y. Jen, and A. Scherer, “Optical modulation and detection in slotted Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 13(14), 5216–5226 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. L. Hope, “Theory of optical grating couplers,” Opt. Commun. 5(3), 175–182 (2010).
- B. Bortnik, Y.-C. Hung, H. Tazawa, B.-J. Seo, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, W. H. Steier, and H. R. Fetterman, “Electrooptic polymer ring resonator modulation up to 165 GHz,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(1), 104–110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. Luo, X.-H. Zhou, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials,” J. Mater. Chem. 19(40), 7410–7424 (2009). [CrossRef]
- B. A. Block, T. R. Younkin, P. S. Davids, M. R. Reshotko, P. Chang, B. M. Polishak, S. Huang, J. Luo, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Electro-optic polymer cladding ring resonator modulators,” Opt. Express 16(22), 18326–18333 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Bortnik, Y.-C. Hung, H. Tazawa, B.-J. Seo, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, W. H. Steier, and H. R. Fetterman, “Electrooptic polymer ring resonator modulation up to 165 GHz,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(1), 104–110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Baehr-Jones, M. Hochberg, G. Wang, R. Lawson, Y. Liao, P. A. Sullivan, L. Dalton, A. K.-Y. Jen, and A. Scherer, “Optical modulation and detection in slotted Silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express 13(14), 5216–5226 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. Gill, M. Rasras, K. Tu, Y. Chen, A. E. White, S. S. Patel, D. Carothers, A. Pomerene, R. Kamocsai, C. Hill, and J. Beattie, “Internal bandwidth equalization in a CMOS-compatible Si-ring modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(4), 200–202 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
- F. Y. Gardes, A. Brimont, P. Sanchis, G. Rasigade, D. Marris-Morini, L. O’Faolain, F. Dong, J. M. Fedeli, P. Dumon, L. Vivien, T. F. Krauss, G. T. Reed, and J. Martí, “High-speed modulation of a compact silicon ring resonator based on a reverse-biased pn diode,” Opt. Express 17(24), 21986–21991 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, S. Liao, H. Liang, N. N. Feng, D. Feng, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Wavelength-tunable silicon microring modulator,” Opt. Express 18(11), 10941–10946 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Dong, S. Liao, D. Feng, H. Liang, D. Zheng, R. Shafiiha, C. C. Kung, W. Qian, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Low Vpp, ultralow-energy, compact, high-speed silicon electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22484–22490 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, S. Liao, H. Liang, N. N. Feng, D. Feng, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Wavelength-tunable silicon microring modulator,” Opt. Express 18(11), 10941–10946 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Dong, S. Liao, D. Feng, H. Liang, D. Zheng, R. Shafiiha, C. C. Kung, W. Qian, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Low Vpp, ultralow-energy, compact, high-speed silicon electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22484–22490 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, S. Liao, H. Liang, N. N. Feng, D. Feng, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Wavelength-tunable silicon microring modulator,” Opt. Express 18(11), 10941–10946 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Dong, S. Liao, D. Feng, H. Liang, D. Zheng, R. Shafiiha, C. C. Kung, W. Qian, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Low Vpp, ultralow-energy, compact, high-speed silicon electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22484–22490 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, S. Liao, H. Liang, N. N. Feng, D. Feng, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Wavelength-tunable silicon microring modulator,” Opt. Express 18(11), 10941–10946 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Dong, S. Liao, D. Feng, H. Liang, D. Zheng, R. Shafiiha, C. C. Kung, W. Qian, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Low Vpp, ultralow-energy, compact, high-speed silicon electro-optic modulator,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22484–22490 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Manipatruni, K. Preston, L. Chen, and M. Lipson, “Ultra-low voltage, ultra-small mode volume silicon microring modulator,” Opt. Express 18(17), 18235–18242 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. L. R. Lira, S. Manipatruni, and M. Lipson, “Broadband hitless silicon electro-optic switch for on-chip optical networks,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22271–22280 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature 435(7040), 325–327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Luo, X.-H. Zhou, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials,” J. Mater. Chem. 19(40), 7410–7424 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Manipatruni, K. Preston, L. Chen, and M. Lipson, “Ultra-low voltage, ultra-small mode volume silicon microring modulator,” Opt. Express 18(17), 18235–18242 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. L. R. Lira, S. Manipatruni, and M. Lipson, “Broadband hitless silicon electro-optic switch for on-chip optical networks,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22271–22280 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Y. Gardes, A. Brimont, P. Sanchis, G. Rasigade, D. Marris-Morini, L. O’Faolain, F. Dong, J. M. Fedeli, P. Dumon, L. Vivien, T. F. Krauss, G. T. Reed, and J. Martí, “High-speed modulation of a compact silicon ring resonator based on a reverse-biased pn diode,” Opt. Express 17(24), 21986–21991 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Y. Gardes, A. Brimont, P. Sanchis, G. Rasigade, D. Marris-Morini, L. O’Faolain, F. Dong, J. M. Fedeli, P. Dumon, L. Vivien, T. F. Krauss, G. T. Reed, and J. Martí, “High-speed modulation of a compact silicon ring resonator based on a reverse-biased pn diode,” Opt. Express 17(24), 21986–21991 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. T. Reed, G. Mashanovich, F. T. Gardes, and D. J. Thomson, “Silicon optical modulators,” Nat. Photonics 4(8), 518–526 (2010). [CrossRef]
- F. Y. Gardes, A. Brimont, P. Sanchis, G. Rasigade, D. Marris-Morini, L. O’Faolain, F. Dong, J. M. Fedeli, P. Dumon, L. Vivien, T. F. Krauss, G. T. Reed, and J. Martí, “High-speed modulation of a compact silicon ring resonator based on a reverse-biased pn diode,” Opt. Express 17(24), 21986–21991 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. L. Espinola, M.-C. Tsai, J. T. Yardley, and R. M. Osgood, “Fast and low-power thermooptic switch on thin silicon-on-insulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15(10), 1366–1368 (2003). [CrossRef]
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- D. Gill, M. Rasras, K. Tu, Y. Chen, A. E. White, S. S. Patel, D. Carothers, A. Pomerene, R. Kamocsai, C. Hill, and J. Beattie, “Internal bandwidth equalization in a CMOS-compatible Si-ring modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(4), 200–202 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature 435(7040), 325–327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Rabiei and W. H. Steier, “Tunable polymer double micro-ring filters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15(9), 1255–1257 (2003). [CrossRef]
- F. Y. Gardes, A. Brimont, P. Sanchis, G. Rasigade, D. Marris-Morini, L. O’Faolain, F. Dong, J. M. Fedeli, P. Dumon, L. Vivien, T. F. Krauss, G. T. Reed, and J. Martí, “High-speed modulation of a compact silicon ring resonator based on a reverse-biased pn diode,” Opt. Express 17(24), 21986–21991 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Gill, M. Rasras, K. Tu, Y. Chen, A. E. White, S. S. Patel, D. Carothers, A. Pomerene, R. Kamocsai, C. Hill, and J. Beattie, “Internal bandwidth equalization in a CMOS-compatible Si-ring modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(4), 200–202 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature 435(7040), 325–327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Bortnik, Y.-C. Hung, H. Tazawa, B.-J. Seo, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, W. H. Steier, and H. R. Fetterman, “Electrooptic polymer ring resonator modulation up to 165 GHz,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(1), 104–110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, S. Liao, H. Liang, N. N. Feng, D. Feng, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Wavelength-tunable silicon microring modulator,” Opt. Express 18(11), 10941–10946 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- P. Rabiei and W. H. Steier, “Tunable polymer double micro-ring filters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15(9), 1255–1257 (2003). [CrossRef]
- B. Bortnik, Y.-C. Hung, H. Tazawa, B.-J. Seo, J. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, W. H. Steier, and H. R. Fetterman, “Electrooptic polymer ring resonator modulation up to 165 GHz,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(1), 104–110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Mashanovich, F. T. Gardes, and D. J. Thomson, “Silicon optical modulators,” Nat. Photonics 4(8), 518–526 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- D. Gill, M. Rasras, K. Tu, Y. Chen, A. E. White, S. S. Patel, D. Carothers, A. Pomerene, R. Kamocsai, C. Hill, and J. Beattie, “Internal bandwidth equalization in a CMOS-compatible Si-ring modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(4), 200–202 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Kim, J. Luo, J. Ka, S. Hau, Y. Tian, Z. Shi, N. M. Tucker, S. Jang, J. Kang, and A. K.-Y. Jen, “Ultralarge and thermally stable electro‐optic activities from Diels–Alder crosslinkable polymers containing binary chromophore systems,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(22), 3038–3042 (2006). [CrossRef]
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Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)
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Electron. Lett.
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IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
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IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
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- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature 435(7040), 325–327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Rabiei and W. H. Steier, “Tunable polymer double micro-ring filters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15(9), 1255–1257 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. L. Espinola, M.-C. Tsai, J. T. Yardley, and R. M. Osgood, “Fast and low-power thermooptic switch on thin silicon-on-insulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15(10), 1366–1368 (2003). [CrossRef]
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