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Enhancement of the power conversion efficiency by expanding the absorption spectrum with fluorescence layersFei Wang, Zhijian Chen, Lixin Xiao, Bo Qu, and Qihuang Gong »View Author Affiliations
Fei Wang,
Zhijian Chen,*
Lixin Xiao,
Bo Qu,
and Qihuang Gong
State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China *Corresponding author: zjchen@pku.edu.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue S3, pp. A361-A368 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.00A361
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Abstract
The spectral response of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61 (PCBM) heterojunction film is between 350 nm and 650 nm, meaning that a lot of the sunlight is lost at ultraviolet and infrared regions. We fabricated solar cells by the attachment of a fluorescence layer which absorbs UV light, and emit visible light which will be re-used by P3HT, and thus the absorption spectrum is expanded. Since N,N’-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N’-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (TPD) has high reflectance in the visible range, the usage of UV light will not manifest; when LiF is added as an antireflection layer, PCE was enhanced from 2.50% to 2.68%.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(040.5350) Detectors : Photovoltaic
(160.2540) Materials : Fluorescent and luminescent materials
(160.5470) Materials : Polymers
(300.1030) Spectroscopy : Absorption
ToC Category:
Photovoltaics
History
Original Manuscript: March 22, 2011
Revised Manuscript: April 17, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: May 4, 2011
Published: May 6, 2011
Citation
Fei Wang, Zhijian Chen, Lixin Xiao, Bo Qu, and Qihuang Gong, "Enhancement of the power conversion efficiency by expanding the absorption spectrum with fluorescence layers," Opt. Express 19, A361-A368 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-S3-A361
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References
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- S. H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beaupre, S. Cho, N. Coates, J. S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger, “Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 297–302 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Li, R. Mastria, K. Li, A. Fiore, Y. Wang, R. Cingolani, L. Manna, and G. Gigli, “Improved photovoltaic performance of bilayer heterojunction photovoltaic cells by triplet materials and tetrapod-shaped colloidal nanocrystals doping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(4), 043101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beaupre, S. Cho, N. Coates, J. S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger, “Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 297–302 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T. Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, and A. J. Heeger, “Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing,” Science 317(5835), 222–225 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T. Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, and A. J. Heeger, “Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing,” Science 317(5835), 222–225 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Boland, K. Lee, J. Dean, and G. Namkoong, “Design of organic tandem solar cells using low- and high-bandgap polymer:fullerene composites,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94(12), 2170–2175 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. C. Scharber, D. Mühlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldauf, A. J. Heeger, and C. J. Brabec, “Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells-towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(6), 789–794 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Koppe, H.-J. Egelhaaf, G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, C. J. Brabec, P. Schilinsky, and C. N. Hoth, “Near IR sensitization of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: towards optimization of the spectral response of organic solar cells,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(2), 338–346 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, and C. J. Brabec, “Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 21(13), 1323–1338 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Koppe, H.-J. Egelhaaf, G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, C. J. Brabec, P. Schilinsky, and C. N. Hoth, “Near IR sensitization of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: towards optimization of the spectral response of organic solar cells,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(2), 338–346 (2010). [CrossRef]
- W. G. Van Sark, K. W. Barnham, L. H. Slooff, A. J. Chatten, A. Büchtemann, A. Meyer, S. J. Mc.Cormack, R. Koole, D. J. Farrell, R. Bose, E. E. Bende, A. R. Burgers, T. Budel, J. Quilitz, M. Kennedy, T. Meyer, S. H. Wadman, G. P. van Klink, G. van Koten, A. Meijerink, and D. Vanmaekelbergh, “Luminescent Solar Concentrators – a review of recent results,” Opt. Express 16(26), 21773 –21792 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Li, R. Mastria, K. Li, A. Fiore, Y. Wang, R. Cingolani, L. Manna, and G. Gigli, “Improved photovoltaic performance of bilayer heterojunction photovoltaic cells by triplet materials and tetrapod-shaped colloidal nanocrystals doping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(4), 043101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. Soci, I.-W. Hwang, D. Moses, Z. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana, C. J. Brabec, and A. J. Heeger, “Photoconductivity of a low-bandgap conjugated polymer,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(4), 632–636 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Li, R. Mastria, K. Li, A. Fiore, Y. Wang, R. Cingolani, L. Manna, and G. Gigli, “Improved photovoltaic performance of bilayer heterojunction photovoltaic cells by triplet materials and tetrapod-shaped colloidal nanocrystals doping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(4), 043101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Shalav, B. S. Richards, and M. A. Green, “Luminescent layers for enhanced silicon solar cell performance: Up-conversion,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91(9), 829–842 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Guo, Y. Liang, J. Szarko, B. Lee, H. J. Son, B. S. Rolczynski, L. Yu, and L. X. Chen, “Structure, dynamics, and power conversion efficiency correlations in a new low bandgap polymer: PCBM solar cell,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(2), 742–748 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beaupre, S. Cho, N. Coates, J. S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger, “Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 297–302 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T. Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, and A. J. Heeger, “Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing,” Science 317(5835), 222–225 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Soci, I.-W. Hwang, D. Moses, Z. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana, C. J. Brabec, and A. J. Heeger, “Photoconductivity of a low-bandgap conjugated polymer,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(4), 632–636 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. C. Scharber, D. Mühlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldauf, A. J. Heeger, and C. J. Brabec, “Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells-towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(6), 789–794 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. F. Burkhard, E. T. Hoke, S. R. Scully, and M. D. McGehee, “Incomplete exciton harvesting from fullerenes in bulk heterojunction solar cells,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4037–4041 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Holzer, A. Penzkofer, and H. H. Hörhold, “Travelling-wave lasing of TPD solutions and neat films,” Synth. Met. 113(3), 281–287 (2000). [CrossRef]
- W. Holzer, A. Penzkofer, and H. H. Hörhold, “Travelling-wave lasing of TPD solutions and neat films,” Synth. Met. 113(3), 281–287 (2000). [CrossRef]
- M. Koppe, H.-J. Egelhaaf, G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, C. J. Brabec, P. Schilinsky, and C. N. Hoth, “Near IR sensitization of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: towards optimization of the spectral response of organic solar cells,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(2), 338–346 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Chen, J. Hou, S. Zhang, Y. Liang, G. Yang, Y. Yang, L. Yu, Y. Wu, and G. Li, “Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency,” Nat. Photonics 3(11), 649–653 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. Soci, I.-W. Hwang, D. Moses, Z. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana, C. J. Brabec, and A. J. Heeger, “Photoconductivity of a low-bandgap conjugated polymer,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(4), 632–636 (2007). [CrossRef]
- N. Yamada, L. Nguyen Anh, and T. Kambayashi, “Escaping losses of diffuse light emitted by luminescent dyes doped in micro/nanostructured solar cell systems,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94(3), 413–419 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. D. Kelzenberg, S. W. Boettcher, J. A. Petykiewicz, D. B. Turner-Evans, M. C. Putnam, E. L. Warren, J. M. Spurgeon, R. M. Briggs, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced absorption and carrier collection in Si wire arrays for photovoltaic applications,” Nat. Mater. 9(3), 239–244 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. G. Van Sark, K. W. Barnham, L. H. Slooff, A. J. Chatten, A. Büchtemann, A. Meyer, S. J. Mc.Cormack, R. Koole, D. J. Farrell, R. Bose, E. E. Bende, A. R. Burgers, T. Budel, J. Quilitz, M. Kennedy, T. Meyer, S. H. Wadman, G. P. van Klink, G. van Koten, A. Meijerink, and D. Vanmaekelbergh, “Luminescent Solar Concentrators – a review of recent results,” Opt. Express 16(26), 21773 –21792 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T. Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, and A. J. Heeger, “Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing,” Science 317(5835), 222–225 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. G. Van Sark, K. W. Barnham, L. H. Slooff, A. J. Chatten, A. Büchtemann, A. Meyer, S. J. Mc.Cormack, R. Koole, D. J. Farrell, R. Bose, E. E. Bende, A. R. Burgers, T. Budel, J. Quilitz, M. Kennedy, T. Meyer, S. H. Wadman, G. P. van Klink, G. van Koten, A. Meijerink, and D. Vanmaekelbergh, “Luminescent Solar Concentrators – a review of recent results,” Opt. Express 16(26), 21773 –21792 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Koppe, H.-J. Egelhaaf, G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, C. J. Brabec, P. Schilinsky, and C. N. Hoth, “Near IR sensitization of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: towards optimization of the spectral response of organic solar cells,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(2), 338–346 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- H. Chen, J. Hou, S. Zhang, Y. Liang, G. Yang, Y. Yang, L. Yu, Y. Wu, and G. Li, “Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency,” Nat. Photonics 3(11), 649–653 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Chen, J. Hou, S. Zhang, Y. Liang, G. Yang, Y. Yang, L. Yu, Y. Wu, and G. Li, “Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency,” Nat. Photonics 3(11), 649–653 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Guo, Y. Liang, J. Szarko, B. Lee, H. J. Son, B. S. Rolczynski, L. Yu, and L. X. Chen, “Structure, dynamics, and power conversion efficiency correlations in a new low bandgap polymer: PCBM solar cell,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(2), 742–748 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Chen, J. Hou, S. Zhang, Y. Liang, G. Yang, Y. Yang, L. Yu, Y. Wu, and G. Li, “Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency,” Nat. Photonics 3(11), 649–653 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Chen, J. Hou, S. Zhang, Y. Liang, G. Yang, Y. Yang, L. Yu, Y. Wu, and G. Li, “Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency,” Nat. Photonics 3(11), 649–653 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. Soci, I.-W. Hwang, D. Moses, Z. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana, C. J. Brabec, and A. J. Heeger, “Photoconductivity of a low-bandgap conjugated polymer,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(4), 632–636 (2007). [CrossRef]
Adv. Funct. Mater.
- C. Soci, I.-W. Hwang, D. Moses, Z. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana, C. J. Brabec, and A. J. Heeger, “Photoconductivity of a low-bandgap conjugated polymer,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(4), 632–636 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Koppe, H.-J. Egelhaaf, G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, C. J. Brabec, P. Schilinsky, and C. N. Hoth, “Near IR sensitization of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: towards optimization of the spectral response of organic solar cells,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(2), 338–346 (2010). [CrossRef]
Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.)
- G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, and C. J. Brabec, “Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 21(13), 1323–1338 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. C. Scharber, D. Mühlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldauf, A. J. Heeger, and C. J. Brabec, “Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells-towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(6), 789–794 (2006). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- T. Tsuboi, H. Murayama, and A. Penzkofer, “Energy transfer in a thin film of TPD fluorescent molecules doped with PtOEP and Ir(ppy)3 phosphorescent molecules,” Appl. Phys. B 81(1), 93–99 (2005). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- Y. Li, R. Mastria, K. Li, A. Fiore, Y. Wang, R. Cingolani, L. Manna, and G. Gigli, “Improved photovoltaic performance of bilayer heterojunction photovoltaic cells by triplet materials and tetrapod-shaped colloidal nanocrystals doping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(4), 043101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- K. Okumoto and Y. Shirota, “Development of high-performance blue-violet-emitting organic electroluminescent devices,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(9), 1231–1233 (2001). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- T. Markvart, “Detailed balance method for ideal single-stage fluorescent collectors,” J. Appl. Phys. 99(2), 026101 (2006). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. Chem. B
- J. Guo, Y. Liang, J. Szarko, B. Lee, H. J. Son, B. S. Rolczynski, L. Yu, and L. X. Chen, “Structure, dynamics, and power conversion efficiency correlations in a new low bandgap polymer: PCBM solar cell,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(2), 742–748 (2010). [CrossRef]
Macromol. Symp.
- M. G. Maglione, C. Minarini, R. Miscioscia, G. Nenna, E. Romanelli, and P. Tassini, “Efficiency and aging comparison between N,N’-Bis (3-methylphenyl)-N,N’-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) and N,N’-Di-[(1-naphthalenyl)-N,N’-diphenyl]-1,1’-biphenyl-4,4’-diamine (NPD) based OLED devices,” Macromol. Symp. 247(1), 311–317 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nano Lett.
- G. F. Burkhard, E. T. Hoke, S. R. Scully, and M. D. McGehee, “Incomplete exciton harvesting from fullerenes in bulk heterojunction solar cells,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4037–4041 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Mater.
- M. D. Kelzenberg, S. W. Boettcher, J. A. Petykiewicz, D. B. Turner-Evans, M. C. Putnam, E. L. Warren, J. M. Spurgeon, R. M. Briggs, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced absorption and carrier collection in Si wire arrays for photovoltaic applications,” Nat. Mater. 9(3), 239–244 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Photonics
- S. H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beaupre, S. Cho, N. Coates, J. S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger, “Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 297–302 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Chen, J. Hou, S. Zhang, Y. Liang, G. Yang, Y. Yang, L. Yu, Y. Wu, and G. Li, “Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency,” Nat. Photonics 3(11), 649–653 (2009). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- B. Park and M. Y. Han, “Photovoltaic characteristics of polymer solar cells fabricated by pre-metered coating process,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13830–13840 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. G. Van Sark, K. W. Barnham, L. H. Slooff, A. J. Chatten, A. Büchtemann, A. Meyer, S. J. Mc.Cormack, R. Koole, D. J. Farrell, R. Bose, E. E. Bende, A. R. Burgers, T. Budel, J. Quilitz, M. Kennedy, T. Meyer, S. H. Wadman, G. P. van Klink, G. van Koten, A. Meijerink, and D. Vanmaekelbergh, “Luminescent Solar Concentrators – a review of recent results,” Opt. Express 16(26), 21773 –21792 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Mater.
- G. Baldacchini and R. M. Montereali, “New perspectives of coloured LiF for optoelectronic devices,” Opt. Mater. 16(1-2), 53–61 (2001). [CrossRef]
Science
- J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T. Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, and A. J. Heeger, “Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing,” Science 317(5835), 222–225 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
- P. Boland, K. Lee, J. Dean, and G. Namkoong, “Design of organic tandem solar cells using low- and high-bandgap polymer:fullerene composites,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94(12), 2170–2175 (2010). [CrossRef]
- N. Yamada, L. Nguyen Anh, and T. Kambayashi, “Escaping losses of diffuse light emitted by luminescent dyes doped in micro/nanostructured solar cell systems,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94(3), 413–419 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Shalav, B. S. Richards, and M. A. Green, “Luminescent layers for enhanced silicon solar cell performance: Up-conversion,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91(9), 829–842 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Richards, “Luminescent layers for enhanced silicon solar cell performance: Down-conversion,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90(9), 1189–1207 (2006). [CrossRef]
Synth. Met.
- W. Holzer, A. Penzkofer, and H. H. Hörhold, “Travelling-wave lasing of TPD solutions and neat films,” Synth. Met. 113(3), 281–287 (2000). [CrossRef]
Thin Solid Films
- T. Tsuboi, A. K. Bansal, and A. Penzkofer, “Fluorescence and phosphorescence behavior of TPD doped and TPD neat films,” Thin Solid Films 518(2), 835–838 (2009). [CrossRef]
2010, Kelzenberg, Nat. Mater.
- M. D. Kelzenberg, S. W. Boettcher, J. A. Petykiewicz, D. B. Turner-Evans, M. C. Putnam, E. L. Warren, J. M. Spurgeon, R. M. Briggs, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced absorption and carrier collection in Si wire arrays for photovoltaic applications,” Nat. Mater. 9(3), 239–244 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Guo, Y. Liang, J. Szarko, B. Lee, H. J. Son, B. S. Rolczynski, L. Yu, and L. X. Chen, “Structure, dynamics, and power conversion efficiency correlations in a new low bandgap polymer: PCBM solar cell,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114(2), 742–748 (2010). [CrossRef]
- P. Boland, K. Lee, J. Dean, and G. Namkoong, “Design of organic tandem solar cells using low- and high-bandgap polymer:fullerene composites,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94(12), 2170–2175 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Koppe, H.-J. Egelhaaf, G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, C. J. Brabec, P. Schilinsky, and C. N. Hoth, “Near IR sensitization of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: towards optimization of the spectral response of organic solar cells,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(2), 338–346 (2010). [CrossRef]
- N. Yamada, L. Nguyen Anh, and T. Kambayashi, “Escaping losses of diffuse light emitted by luminescent dyes doped in micro/nanostructured solar cell systems,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94(3), 413–419 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Dennler, M. C. Scharber, and C. J. Brabec, “Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 21(13), 1323–1338 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. H. Park, A. Roy, S. Beaupre, S. Cho, N. Coates, J. S. Moon, D. Moses, M. Leclerc, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger, “Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 297–302 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Chen, J. Hou, S. Zhang, Y. Liang, G. Yang, Y. Yang, L. Yu, Y. Wu, and G. Li, “Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency,” Nat. Photonics 3(11), 649–653 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Tsuboi, A. K. Bansal, and A. Penzkofer, “Fluorescence and phosphorescence behavior of TPD doped and TPD neat films,” Thin Solid Films 518(2), 835–838 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. F. Burkhard, E. T. Hoke, S. R. Scully, and M. D. McGehee, “Incomplete exciton harvesting from fullerenes in bulk heterojunction solar cells,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4037–4041 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Li, R. Mastria, K. Li, A. Fiore, Y. Wang, R. Cingolani, L. Manna, and G. Gigli, “Improved photovoltaic performance of bilayer heterojunction photovoltaic cells by triplet materials and tetrapod-shaped colloidal nanocrystals doping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(4), 043101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. G. Van Sark, K. W. Barnham, L. H. Slooff, A. J. Chatten, A. Büchtemann, A. Meyer, S. J. Mc.Cormack, R. Koole, D. J. Farrell, R. Bose, E. E. Bende, A. R. Burgers, T. Budel, J. Quilitz, M. Kennedy, T. Meyer, S. H. Wadman, G. P. van Klink, G. van Koten, A. Meijerink, and D. Vanmaekelbergh, “Luminescent Solar Concentrators – a review of recent results,” Opt. Express 16(26), 21773 –21792 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Shalav, B. S. Richards, and M. A. Green, “Luminescent layers for enhanced silicon solar cell performance: Up-conversion,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91(9), 829–842 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Soci, I.-W. Hwang, D. Moses, Z. Zhu, D. Waller, R. Gaudiana, C. J. Brabec, and A. J. Heeger, “Photoconductivity of a low-bandgap conjugated polymer,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(4), 632–636 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T. Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, and A. J. Heeger, “Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing,” Science 317(5835), 222–225 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. G. Maglione, C. Minarini, R. Miscioscia, G. Nenna, E. Romanelli, and P. Tassini, “Efficiency and aging comparison between N,N’-Bis (3-methylphenyl)-N,N’-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) and N,N’-Di-[(1-naphthalenyl)-N,N’-diphenyl]-1,1’-biphenyl-4,4’-diamine (NPD) based OLED devices,” Macromol. Symp. 247(1), 311–317 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. C. Scharber, D. Mühlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldauf, A. J. Heeger, and C. J. Brabec, “Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells-towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 18(6), 789–794 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Richards, “Luminescent layers for enhanced silicon solar cell performance: Down-conversion,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90(9), 1189–1207 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Markvart, “Detailed balance method for ideal single-stage fluorescent collectors,” J. Appl. Phys. 99(2), 026101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Tsuboi, H. Murayama, and A. Penzkofer, “Energy transfer in a thin film of TPD fluorescent molecules doped with PtOEP and Ir(ppy)3 phosphorescent molecules,” Appl. Phys. B 81(1), 93–99 (2005). [CrossRef]
- K. Okumoto and Y. Shirota, “Development of high-performance blue-violet-emitting organic electroluminescent devices,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(9), 1231–1233 (2001). [CrossRef]
- G. Baldacchini and R. M. Montereali, “New perspectives of coloured LiF for optoelectronic devices,” Opt. Mater. 16(1-2), 53–61 (2001). [CrossRef]
- W. Holzer, A. Penzkofer, and H. H. Hörhold, “Travelling-wave lasing of TPD solutions and neat films,” Synth. Met. 113(3), 281–287 (2000). [CrossRef]
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