Stability of high bit rate quantum key distribution on installed fiber

doi:10.1364/OE.20.016339

Stability of high bit rate quantum key distribution on installed fiber

J. F. Dynes, I. Choi, A. W. Sharpe, A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, M. Fujiwara, M. Sasaki, and A. J. Shields »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 15, pp. 16339-16347 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.016339

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Abstract

We present a study of the effects of ambient fluctuations on the bit rate stability of a quantum key distribution (QKD) link operating on installed fiber. Secure quantum keys were distributed continuously for 60 hours over 45km of installed fiber. A total of 6.33 × 10¹⁰ bits were exchanged during this period, the largest volume of secure keys distributed on installed fiber in a single continuous session to date. We report a record bit-rate distance product for QKD of 13.2 × 10⁶ (bits/s)-km.

OCIS Codes
(270.0270) Quantum optics : Quantum optics
(270.5565) Quantum optics : Quantum communications
(270.5568) Quantum optics : Quantum cryptography

ToC Category:
Quantum Optics

History
Original Manuscript: April 16, 2012
Revised Manuscript: May 31, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: June 19, 2012
Published: July 3, 2012

Citation
J. F. Dynes, I. Choi, A. W. Sharpe, A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, M. Fujiwara, M. Sasaki, and A. J. Shields, "Stability of high bit rate quantum key distribution on installed fiber," Opt. Express 20, 16339-16347 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-15-16339

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References

C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, “Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers Systems and Signal Processing, Bangalore India, 175–179 (1984).
N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys.74(1), 145–195 (2002). [CrossRef]
V. Scarani, H. Bechmann-Pasquinucci, N. J. Cerf, M. Dušek, N. N. Lütkenhaus, and M. Peev, “The security of practical quantum key distribution,” Rev. Mod. Phys.81(3), 1301–1350 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. Stucki, M. Legre, F. Buntschu, B. Clausen, N. Felber, N. Gisin, L. Henzen, P. Junod, G. Litzistorf, P. Monbaron, L. Monat, J.-B. Page, D. Perroud, G. Ribordy, A. Rochas, S. Robyr, J. Tavares, R. Thew, P. Trinkler, S. Ventura, R. Voirol, N. Walenta, and H. Zbinden, “Long-term performance of the SwissQuantum quantum key distribution network in a field environment,” New J. Phys.13(12), 123001 (2011). [CrossRef]
P. Jouguet, S. Kunz-Jacques, T. Debuisschert, S. Fossier, E. Diamanti, R. Alléaume, R. Tualle-Brouri, P. Grangier, A. Leverrier, P. Pache, and P. Painchault, “Field test of classical symmetric encryption with continuous variable quantum key distribution,” arXiv:quant-ph/1201.3744v2 (unpublished).
M. Sasaki, M. Fujiwara, H. Ishizuka, W. Klaus, K. Wakui, M. Takeoka, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, Z. Wang, A. Tanaka, K. Yoshino, Y. Nambu, S. Takahashi, A. Tajima, A. Tomita, T. Domeki, T. Hasegawa, Y. Sakai, H. Kobayashi, T. Asai, K. Shimizu, T. Tokura, T. Tsurumaru, M. Matsui, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, H. Takesue, Y. Tokura, J. F. Dynes, A. R. Dixon, A. W. Sharpe, Z. L. Yuan, A. J. Shields, S. Uchikoga, M. Legré, S. Robyr, P. Trinkler, L. Monat, J. B. Page, G. Ribordy, A. Poppe, A. Allacher, O. Maurhart, T. Länger, M. Peev, and A. Zeilinger, “Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network,” Opt. Express19(11), 10387–10409 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Gigahertz decoy quantum key distribution with 1 Mbit/s secure key rate,” Opt. Express16(23), 18790–18797 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Continuous operation of high bit rate quantum key distribution,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(16), 1611021 (2010). [CrossRef]
N. Namekata, H. Takesue, T. Honjo, Y. Tokura, and S. Inoue, “High-rate quantum key distribution over 100 km using ultra-low-noise, 2-GHz sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes,” Opt. Express19(11), 10632–10639 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. Choi, R. J. Young, and P. D. Townsend, “Quantum information to the home,” New J. Phys.13(6), 063039 (2011). [CrossRef]
C. Elliott, A. Colvin, D. Pearson, O. Pikalo, J. Schlafer, and H. Yeh, “Current status of the DARPA quantum network,” in Quantum Information and Computation III, E. J. Donkor, A. R. Pirich, and H. E. Brandt, eds., Proc. SPIE 5815, 138–149 (2005); arXiv:quant-ph/0503058v2.
T. E. Chapuran, P. Toliver, N. A. Peters, J. Jackel, M. S. Goodman, R. J. Runser, S. R. McNown, N. Dallmann, R. J. Hughes, K. P. McCabe, J. E. Nordholt, C. G. Peterson, K. T. Tyagi, L. Mercer, and H. Dardy, “Optical networking for quantum key distribution and quantum communications,” New J. Phys.11(10), 105001 (2009). [CrossRef]
M. Peev, C. Pacher, R. Alléaume, C. Barreiro, J. Bouda, W. Boxleitner, T. Debuisschert, E. Diamanti, M. Dianati, J. F. Dynes, S. Fasel, S. Fossier, M. Fürst, J.-D. Gautier, O. Gay, N. Gisin, P. Grangier, A. Happe, Y. Hasani, M. Hentschel, H. Hübel, G. Humer, T. Länger, M. Legré, R. Lieger, J. Lodewyck, T. Lorünser, N. Lütkenhaus, A. Marhold, T. Matyus, O. Maurhart, L. Monat, S. Nauerth, J.-B. Page, A. Poppe, E. Querasser, G. Ribordy, S. Robyr, L. Salvail, A. W. Sharpe, A. J. Shields, D. Stucki, M. Suda, C. Tamas, T. Themel, R. T. Thew, Y. Thoma, A. Treiber, P. Trinkler, R. Tualle-Brouri, F. Vannel, N. Walenta, H. Weier, H. Weinfurter, I. Wimberger, Z. L. Yuan, H. Zbinden, and A. Zeilinger, “The SECOQC quantum key distribution network in Vienna,” New J. Phys.11(7), 075001 (2009). [CrossRef]
I. Choi, R. J. Young, and P. D. Townsend, “Quantum key distribution on a 10Gb/s WDM-PON,” Opt. Express18(9), 9600–9612 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Tanaka, M. Fujiwara, K. Yoshino, S. Takahashi, Y. Nambu, A. Tomita, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, Z. Wang, M. Sasaki, and A. Tajima, “High-speed quantum key distribution system for 1-Mbps real-time key generation,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.48(4), 542–550 (2012). [CrossRef]
M. Fujiwara, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, Z. Wang, and M. Sasaki, “Photon level crosstalk between parallel fibers installed in urban area,” Opt. Express18(21), 22199–22207 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Z. L. Yuan, B. E. Kardynal, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “High speed single photon detection in the near infrared,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(4), 041114 (2007). [CrossRef]
G. Brassard and L. Salvail, “Secret-key reconciliation by public discussion,” Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.765, 410–423 (1994). [CrossRef]
C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crepeau, and U. M. Maurer, “Generalized privacy amplification,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory41(6), 1915–1923 (1995). [CrossRef]
G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 3rd. ed. (John Wiley & Sons, 2002).

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[1] C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard, “Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers Systems and Signal Processing, Bangalore India, 175–179 (1984).

[2] N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys.74(1), 145–195 (2002). [CrossRef]

[3] V. Scarani, H. Bechmann-Pasquinucci, N. J. Cerf, M. Dušek, N. N. Lütkenhaus, and M. Peev, “The security of practical quantum key distribution,” Rev. Mod. Phys.81(3), 1301–1350 (2009). [CrossRef]

[4] D. Stucki, M. Legre, F. Buntschu, B. Clausen, N. Felber, N. Gisin, L. Henzen, P. Junod, G. Litzistorf, P. Monbaron, L. Monat, J.-B. Page, D. Perroud, G. Ribordy, A. Rochas, S. Robyr, J. Tavares, R. Thew, P. Trinkler, S. Ventura, R. Voirol, N. Walenta, and H. Zbinden, “Long-term performance of the SwissQuantum quantum key distribution network in a field environment,” New J. Phys.13(12), 123001 (2011). [CrossRef]

[5] P. Jouguet, S. Kunz-Jacques, T. Debuisschert, S. Fossier, E. Diamanti, R. Alléaume, R. Tualle-Brouri, P. Grangier, A. Leverrier, P. Pache, and P. Painchault, “Field test of classical symmetric encryption with continuous variable quantum key distribution,” arXiv:quant-ph/1201.3744v2 (unpublished).

[6] M. Sasaki, M. Fujiwara, H. Ishizuka, W. Klaus, K. Wakui, M. Takeoka, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, Z. Wang, A. Tanaka, K. Yoshino, Y. Nambu, S. Takahashi, A. Tajima, A. Tomita, T. Domeki, T. Hasegawa, Y. Sakai, H. Kobayashi, T. Asai, K. Shimizu, T. Tokura, T. Tsurumaru, M. Matsui, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, H. Takesue, Y. Tokura, J. F. Dynes, A. R. Dixon, A. W. Sharpe, Z. L. Yuan, A. J. Shields, S. Uchikoga, M. Legré, S. Robyr, P. Trinkler, L. Monat, J. B. Page, G. Ribordy, A. Poppe, A. Allacher, O. Maurhart, T. Länger, M. Peev, and A. Zeilinger, “Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network,” Opt. Express19(11), 10387–10409 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Gigahertz decoy quantum key distribution with 1 Mbit/s secure key rate,” Opt. Express16(23), 18790–18797 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Continuous operation of high bit rate quantum key distribution,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(16), 1611021 (2010). [CrossRef]

[9] N. Namekata, H. Takesue, T. Honjo, Y. Tokura, and S. Inoue, “High-rate quantum key distribution over 100 km using ultra-low-noise, 2-GHz sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes,” Opt. Express19(11), 10632–10639 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] I. Choi, R. J. Young, and P. D. Townsend, “Quantum information to the home,” New J. Phys.13(6), 063039 (2011). [CrossRef]

[11] C. Elliott, A. Colvin, D. Pearson, O. Pikalo, J. Schlafer, and H. Yeh, “Current status of the DARPA quantum network,” in Quantum Information and Computation III, E. J. Donkor, A. R. Pirich, and H. E. Brandt, eds., Proc. SPIE 5815, 138–149 (2005); arXiv:quant-ph/0503058v2.

[12] T. E. Chapuran, P. Toliver, N. A. Peters, J. Jackel, M. S. Goodman, R. J. Runser, S. R. McNown, N. Dallmann, R. J. Hughes, K. P. McCabe, J. E. Nordholt, C. G. Peterson, K. T. Tyagi, L. Mercer, and H. Dardy, “Optical networking for quantum key distribution and quantum communications,” New J. Phys.11(10), 105001 (2009). [CrossRef]

[13] M. Peev, C. Pacher, R. Alléaume, C. Barreiro, J. Bouda, W. Boxleitner, T. Debuisschert, E. Diamanti, M. Dianati, J. F. Dynes, S. Fasel, S. Fossier, M. Fürst, J.-D. Gautier, O. Gay, N. Gisin, P. Grangier, A. Happe, Y. Hasani, M. Hentschel, H. Hübel, G. Humer, T. Länger, M. Legré, R. Lieger, J. Lodewyck, T. Lorünser, N. Lütkenhaus, A. Marhold, T. Matyus, O. Maurhart, L. Monat, S. Nauerth, J.-B. Page, A. Poppe, E. Querasser, G. Ribordy, S. Robyr, L. Salvail, A. W. Sharpe, A. J. Shields, D. Stucki, M. Suda, C. Tamas, T. Themel, R. T. Thew, Y. Thoma, A. Treiber, P. Trinkler, R. Tualle-Brouri, F. Vannel, N. Walenta, H. Weier, H. Weinfurter, I. Wimberger, Z. L. Yuan, H. Zbinden, and A. Zeilinger, “The SECOQC quantum key distribution network in Vienna,” New J. Phys.11(7), 075001 (2009). [CrossRef]

[14] I. Choi, R. J. Young, and P. D. Townsend, “Quantum key distribution on a 10Gb/s WDM-PON,” Opt. Express18(9), 9600–9612 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] A. Tanaka, M. Fujiwara, K. Yoshino, S. Takahashi, Y. Nambu, A. Tomita, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, Z. Wang, M. Sasaki, and A. Tajima, “High-speed quantum key distribution system for 1-Mbps real-time key generation,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.48(4), 542–550 (2012). [CrossRef]

[16] M. Fujiwara, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, Z. Wang, and M. Sasaki, “Photon level crosstalk between parallel fibers installed in urban area,” Opt. Express18(21), 22199–22207 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] Z. L. Yuan, B. E. Kardynal, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “High speed single photon detection in the near infrared,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(4), 041114 (2007). [CrossRef]

[18] G. Brassard and L. Salvail, “Secret-key reconciliation by public discussion,” Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.765, 410–423 (1994). [CrossRef]

[19] C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crepeau, and U. M. Maurer, “Generalized privacy amplification,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory41(6), 1915–1923 (1995). [CrossRef]

[20] G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 3rd. ed. (John Wiley & Sons, 2002).

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Stability of high bit rate quantum key distribution on installed fiber