A new bound on excess frequency noise in second harmonic generation in PPKTP at the 10<sup>−19</sup> level

doi:10.1364/OE.20.021019

A new bound on excess frequency noise in second harmonic generation in PPKTP at the 10⁻¹⁹ level

D. Yeaton-Massey and R. X. Adhikari »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 19, pp. 21019-21024 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.021019

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Abstract

We report a bound on the relative frequency fluctuations in nonlinear second harmonic generation. A 1064nm Nd:YAG laser is used to read out the phase of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer while PPKTP, a nonlinear crystal, is placed in each arm to generate second harmonic light. By comparing the arm length difference of the Mach Zehnder as read out by the fundamental 1064 nm light, and its second harmonic at 532 nm, we can bound the excess frequency noise introduced in the harmonic generation process. We report an amplitude spectral density of frequency noise with total RMS frequency deviation of 3mHz and a minimum value of 20 μHz/Hz^1/2 over 250 seconds with a measurement bandwidth of 128 Hz, corresponding to an Allan deviation of 10⁻¹⁹ at 20 seconds.

OCIS Codes
(120.2920) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Homodyning
(120.3180) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Interferometry
(190.2620) Nonlinear optics : Harmonic generation and mixing

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: June 29, 2012
Revised Manuscript: August 21, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: August 23, 2012
Published: August 29, 2012

Citation
D. Yeaton-Massey and R. X. Adhikari, "A new bound on excess frequency noise in second harmonic generation in PPKTP at the 10⁻¹⁹ level," Opt. Express 20, 21019-21024 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-19-21019

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References

J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, “Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric,” Phys. Rev.127, 1918–1939 (1962). [CrossRef]
J. Stenger, H. Schnatz, C. Tamm, and H. R. Telle, “Ultraprecise measurement of optical frequency ratios,” Phys. Rev. Lett.88, 073601 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. J. Zang, J. P. Cao, Y. Li, C. Y. Li, Y. K. Deng, and C. Q. Gao, “Realization of four-pass I2 absorption cell in 532-nm optical frequency standard,” IEEE Trans. Instrumen. Meas.56, 673–676 (2007). [CrossRef]
G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fibre-based femtosecond lasers,” Euro. Phys. J. D.48, 27–33 (2008). [CrossRef]
I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, L. Lorini, J. C. Bergquist, Y. Le Coq, C. W. Oates, Q. Quraishi, K. S. Feder, J. W. Nicholson, P. S. Westbrook, S. A. Diddams, and N. R. Newbury, “Coherent optical link over hundreds of metres and hundreds of terahertz with subfemtosecond timing jitter,” Nat. Photonics1, 283–287 (2007). [CrossRef]
T. Rosenband, D. B. Hume, P. O. Schmidt, C. W. Chou, A. Brusch, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, R. E. Drullinger, T. M. Fortier, J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist, “Frequency ratio of Al+ and Hg+ single-ion optical clocks; metrology at the 17th decimal place,” Science319, 1808–1812 (2008). [CrossRef]
T. M. Fortier, N. Ashby, J. C. Bergquist, M. J. Delaney, S. A. Diddams, T. P. Heavner, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, S. R. Jefferts, K. Kim, F. Levi, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, T. E. Parker, J. Shirley, and J. E. Stalnaker, “Precision atomic spectroscopy for improved limits on variation of the fine structure constant and local position invariance,” Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 070801 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “LIGO: the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory,” Rep. Prog. Phys.72, 076901 (2009).
A. J. Mullavey, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. Miller, M. Evans, P. Fritschel, D. Sigg, S. J. Waldman, D. A. Shaddock, and D. E. McClelland, “Arm-length stabilisation for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors using frequency-doubled auxiliary lasers,” Opt. Express20, 81–89 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Izumi, K. Arai, B. Barr, J. Betzwieser, A. Brooks, K. Dahl, S. Doravari, J. C. Driggers, W. Z. Korth, H. Miao, J. Rollins, S. Vass, D. Yeaton-Massey, and R. X. Adhikari, “Multi-wavelength cavity metrology,” arXiv:1205.1257 (2012)
F. Khalili, S. Danilishin, H. Müller-Ebhardt, H. Miao, Y. Chen, and C. Zhao, “Negative optical inertia for enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D83, 062003 (2011). [CrossRef]
B. Willke, N. Uehara, E. K. Gustafson, R. L. Byer, P. J. King, S. U. Seel, and J. R. L. Savage, “Spatial and temporal filtering of a 10-w nd:yag laser with a fabry–perot ring-cavity premode cleaner,” Opt. Lett.23, 1704– 1706 (1998). [CrossRef]
V. Leonhardt and J. B. Camp, “Space interferometry application of laser frequency stabilization with molecular iodine,” Appl. Opt.45, 4142–4146 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Levin, “Fluctuation–dissipation theorem for thermo-refractive noise,” Phys. Lett. A372, 1941–1944 (2007). [CrossRef]
D. Heinert, A. G. Gurkovsky, R. Nawrodt, S. P. Vyatchanin, and K. Yamamoto, “Thermorefractive noise of finite-sized cylindrical test masses,” Phys. Rev. D84, 062001 (2011). [CrossRef]
L.-S. Ma, Z. Bi, A. Bartels, L. Robertsson, M. Zucco, R. S. Windeler, G. Wilpers, C. Oates, L. Hollberg, and S. A. Diddams, “Optical Frequency Synthesis and Comparison with Uncertainty at the 10−19 Level,” Science303, 1843–1845 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Robertsson, “International comparison of 127I2-stabilized frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers between the BIPM, the NRLM and the BNM-INM,” Metrologia38 (2001).
J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, T. M. Fortier, K. Kim, L. Hollberg, J. C. Bergquist, W. M. Itano, M. J. Delany, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, T. P. Heavner, S. R. Jefferts, F. Levi, T. E. Parker, and J. Shirley, “Optical-to-microwave frequency comparison with fractional uncertainty of 10−15,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.89, 167–176 (2007). [CrossRef]
Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators (Cambridge University Press, 2008). [CrossRef]
I. R. C. Committee, “Characterization of Frequency and Phase Noise,” Report (1986).
O. Terra, G. Grosche, K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, T. Legero, U. Sterr, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Phase-coherent comparison of two optical frequency standards over 146 km using a telecommunication fiber link,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.97, 541–551 (2009). 10.1007/s00340-009-3653-2. [CrossRef]

Adhikari, R. X.
Arai, K.
Armstrong, J. A.
Ashby, N.
Barr, B.
Bartels, A.
Bergquist, J. C.
Betzwieser, J.
Bi, Z.
Bloembergen, N.
Brooks, A.
Brusch, A.
Byer, R. L.
Camp, J. B.
Cao, J. P.
Chen, Y.
Chou, C. W.
Coddington, I.
Dahl, K.
Danilishin, S.
Delaney, M. J.
Delany, M. J.
Deng, Y. K.
Diddams, S. A.
Doravari, S.
Driggers, J. C.
Drullinger, R. E.
Ducuing, J.
Evans, M.
Feder, K. S.
Fortier, T. M.
Fritschel, P.
Gao, C. Q.
Grosche, G.
Gurkovsky, A. G.
Gustafson, E. K.
Heavner, T. P.
Heinert, D.
Hollberg, L.
Holzwarth, R.
Hume, D. B.
Itano, W. M.
Izumi, K.
Jefferts, S. R.
Khalili, F.
Kim, K.
King, P. J.
Korth, W. Z.
Le Coq, Y.
Legero, T.
Leonhardt, V.
Levi, F.
Levin, Y.
Li, C. Y.
Li, Y.
Lipphardt, B.
Lorini, L.
Ma, L.-S.
McClelland, D. E.
Miao, H.
Miller, J.
Mullavey, A. J.
Müller-Ebhardt, H.
Nawrodt, R.
Newbury, N. R.
Nicholson, J. W.
Oates, C.
Oates, C. W.
Oskay, W. H.
Parker, T. E.
Pershan, P. S.
Predehl, K.
Quraishi, Q.
Robertsson, L.
Rollins, J.
Rosenband, T.
Rubiola,
Savage, J. R. L.
Schmidt, P. O.
Schnatz, H.
Seel, S. U.
Shaddock, D. A.
Shirley, J.
Sigg, D.
Slagmolen, B. J. J.
Stalnaker, J. E.
Stenger, J.
Sterr, U.
Swann, W. C.
Tamm, C.
Telle, H. R.
Terra, O.
Uehara, N.
Vass, S.
Vyatchanin, S. P.
Waldman, S. J.
Westbrook, P. S.
Willke, B.
Wilpers, G.
Windeler, R. S.
Wineland, D. J.
Yamamoto, K.
Yeaton-Massey, D.
Zang, E. J.
Zhao, C.
Zucco, M.

Appl. Opt.

V. Leonhardt and J. B. Camp, “Space interferometry application of laser frequency stabilization with molecular iodine,” Appl. Opt.45, 4142–4146 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.

J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, T. M. Fortier, K. Kim, L. Hollberg, J. C. Bergquist, W. M. Itano, M. J. Delany, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, T. P. Heavner, S. R. Jefferts, F. Levi, T. E. Parker, and J. Shirley, “Optical-to-microwave frequency comparison with fractional uncertainty of 10−15,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.89, 167–176 (2007). [CrossRef]
O. Terra, G. Grosche, K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, T. Legero, U. Sterr, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Phase-coherent comparison of two optical frequency standards over 146 km using a telecommunication fiber link,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.97, 541–551 (2009). 10.1007/s00340-009-3653-2. [CrossRef]

Euro. Phys. J. D.

G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fibre-based femtosecond lasers,” Euro. Phys. J. D.48, 27–33 (2008). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. Instrumen. Meas.

E. J. Zang, J. P. Cao, Y. Li, C. Y. Li, Y. K. Deng, and C. Q. Gao, “Realization of four-pass I2 absorption cell in 532-nm optical frequency standard,” IEEE Trans. Instrumen. Meas.56, 673–676 (2007). [CrossRef]

Metrologia

L. Robertsson, “International comparison of 127I2-stabilized frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers between the BIPM, the NRLM and the BNM-INM,” Metrologia38 (2001).

Nat. Photonics

I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, L. Lorini, J. C. Bergquist, Y. Le Coq, C. W. Oates, Q. Quraishi, K. S. Feder, J. W. Nicholson, P. S. Westbrook, S. A. Diddams, and N. R. Newbury, “Coherent optical link over hundreds of metres and hundreds of terahertz with subfemtosecond timing jitter,” Nat. Photonics1, 283–287 (2007). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

A. J. Mullavey, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. Miller, M. Evans, P. Fritschel, D. Sigg, S. J. Waldman, D. A. Shaddock, and D. E. McClelland, “Arm-length stabilisation for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors using frequency-doubled auxiliary lasers,” Opt. Express20, 81–89 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

B. Willke, N. Uehara, E. K. Gustafson, R. L. Byer, P. J. King, S. U. Seel, and J. R. L. Savage, “Spatial and temporal filtering of a 10-w nd:yag laser with a fabry–perot ring-cavity premode cleaner,” Opt. Lett.23, 1704– 1706 (1998). [CrossRef]

Phys. Lett. A

Y. Levin, “Fluctuation–dissipation theorem for thermo-refractive noise,” Phys. Lett. A372, 1941–1944 (2007). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev.

J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, “Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric,” Phys. Rev.127, 1918–1939 (1962). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. D

D. Heinert, A. G. Gurkovsky, R. Nawrodt, S. P. Vyatchanin, and K. Yamamoto, “Thermorefractive noise of finite-sized cylindrical test masses,” Phys. Rev. D84, 062001 (2011). [CrossRef]
F. Khalili, S. Danilishin, H. Müller-Ebhardt, H. Miao, Y. Chen, and C. Zhao, “Negative optical inertia for enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D83, 062003 (2011). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

J. Stenger, H. Schnatz, C. Tamm, and H. R. Telle, “Ultraprecise measurement of optical frequency ratios,” Phys. Rev. Lett.88, 073601 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. M. Fortier, N. Ashby, J. C. Bergquist, M. J. Delaney, S. A. Diddams, T. P. Heavner, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, S. R. Jefferts, K. Kim, F. Levi, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, T. E. Parker, J. Shirley, and J. E. Stalnaker, “Precision atomic spectroscopy for improved limits on variation of the fine structure constant and local position invariance,” Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 070801 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Rep. Prog. Phys.

LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “LIGO: the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory,” Rep. Prog. Phys.72, 076901 (2009).

Science

T. Rosenband, D. B. Hume, P. O. Schmidt, C. W. Chou, A. Brusch, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, R. E. Drullinger, T. M. Fortier, J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist, “Frequency ratio of Al+ and Hg+ single-ion optical clocks; metrology at the 17th decimal place,” Science319, 1808–1812 (2008). [CrossRef]
L.-S. Ma, Z. Bi, A. Bartels, L. Robertsson, M. Zucco, R. S. Windeler, G. Wilpers, C. Oates, L. Hollberg, and S. A. Diddams, “Optical Frequency Synthesis and Comparison with Uncertainty at the 10−19 Level,” Science303, 1843–1845 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

K. Izumi, K. Arai, B. Barr, J. Betzwieser, A. Brooks, K. Dahl, S. Doravari, J. C. Driggers, W. Z. Korth, H. Miao, J. Rollins, S. Vass, D. Yeaton-Massey, and R. X. Adhikari, “Multi-wavelength cavity metrology,” arXiv:1205.1257 (2012)
Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators (Cambridge University Press, 2008). [CrossRef]
I. R. C. Committee, “Characterization of Frequency and Phase Noise,” Report (1986).

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[1] J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, “Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric,” Phys. Rev.127, 1918–1939 (1962). [CrossRef]

[2] J. Stenger, H. Schnatz, C. Tamm, and H. R. Telle, “Ultraprecise measurement of optical frequency ratios,” Phys. Rev. Lett.88, 073601 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] E. J. Zang, J. P. Cao, Y. Li, C. Y. Li, Y. K. Deng, and C. Q. Gao, “Realization of four-pass I2 absorption cell in 532-nm optical frequency standard,” IEEE Trans. Instrumen. Meas.56, 673–676 (2007). [CrossRef]

[4] G. Grosche, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Optical frequency synthesis and measurement using fibre-based femtosecond lasers,” Euro. Phys. J. D.48, 27–33 (2008). [CrossRef]

[5] I. Coddington, W. C. Swann, L. Lorini, J. C. Bergquist, Y. Le Coq, C. W. Oates, Q. Quraishi, K. S. Feder, J. W. Nicholson, P. S. Westbrook, S. A. Diddams, and N. R. Newbury, “Coherent optical link over hundreds of metres and hundreds of terahertz with subfemtosecond timing jitter,” Nat. Photonics1, 283–287 (2007). [CrossRef]

[6] T. Rosenband, D. B. Hume, P. O. Schmidt, C. W. Chou, A. Brusch, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, R. E. Drullinger, T. M. Fortier, J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist, “Frequency ratio of Al+ and Hg+ single-ion optical clocks; metrology at the 17th decimal place,” Science319, 1808–1812 (2008). [CrossRef]

[7] T. M. Fortier, N. Ashby, J. C. Bergquist, M. J. Delaney, S. A. Diddams, T. P. Heavner, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, S. R. Jefferts, K. Kim, F. Levi, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, T. E. Parker, J. Shirley, and J. E. Stalnaker, “Precision atomic spectroscopy for improved limits on variation of the fine structure constant and local position invariance,” Phys. Rev. Lett.98, 070801 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] LIGO Scientific Collaboration, “LIGO: the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory,” Rep. Prog. Phys.72, 076901 (2009).

[9] A. J. Mullavey, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. Miller, M. Evans, P. Fritschel, D. Sigg, S. J. Waldman, D. A. Shaddock, and D. E. McClelland, “Arm-length stabilisation for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors using frequency-doubled auxiliary lasers,” Opt. Express20, 81–89 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] K. Izumi, K. Arai, B. Barr, J. Betzwieser, A. Brooks, K. Dahl, S. Doravari, J. C. Driggers, W. Z. Korth, H. Miao, J. Rollins, S. Vass, D. Yeaton-Massey, and R. X. Adhikari, “Multi-wavelength cavity metrology,” arXiv:1205.1257 (2012)

[11] F. Khalili, S. Danilishin, H. Müller-Ebhardt, H. Miao, Y. Chen, and C. Zhao, “Negative optical inertia for enhancing the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors,” Phys. Rev. D83, 062003 (2011). [CrossRef]

[12] B. Willke, N. Uehara, E. K. Gustafson, R. L. Byer, P. J. King, S. U. Seel, and J. R. L. Savage, “Spatial and temporal filtering of a 10-w nd:yag laser with a fabry–perot ring-cavity premode cleaner,” Opt. Lett.23, 1704– 1706 (1998). [CrossRef]

[13] V. Leonhardt and J. B. Camp, “Space interferometry application of laser frequency stabilization with molecular iodine,” Appl. Opt.45, 4142–4146 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] Y. Levin, “Fluctuation–dissipation theorem for thermo-refractive noise,” Phys. Lett. A372, 1941–1944 (2007). [CrossRef]

[15] D. Heinert, A. G. Gurkovsky, R. Nawrodt, S. P. Vyatchanin, and K. Yamamoto, “Thermorefractive noise of finite-sized cylindrical test masses,” Phys. Rev. D84, 062001 (2011). [CrossRef]

[16] L.-S. Ma, Z. Bi, A. Bartels, L. Robertsson, M. Zucco, R. S. Windeler, G. Wilpers, C. Oates, L. Hollberg, and S. A. Diddams, “Optical Frequency Synthesis and Comparison with Uncertainty at the 10−19 Level,” Science303, 1843–1845 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] L. Robertsson, “International comparison of 127I2-stabilized frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers between the BIPM, the NRLM and the BNM-INM,” Metrologia38 (2001).

[18] J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, T. M. Fortier, K. Kim, L. Hollberg, J. C. Bergquist, W. M. Itano, M. J. Delany, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, T. P. Heavner, S. R. Jefferts, F. Levi, T. E. Parker, and J. Shirley, “Optical-to-microwave frequency comparison with fractional uncertainty of 10−15,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.89, 167–176 (2007). [CrossRef]

[19] Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators (Cambridge University Press, 2008). [CrossRef]

[20] I. R. C. Committee, “Characterization of Frequency and Phase Noise,” Report (1986).

[21] O. Terra, G. Grosche, K. Predehl, R. Holzwarth, T. Legero, U. Sterr, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz, “Phase-coherent comparison of two optical frequency standards over 146 km using a telecommunication fiber link,” Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.97, 541–551 (2009). 10.1007/s00340-009-3653-2. [CrossRef]

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A new bound on excess frequency noise in second harmonic generation in PPKTP at the 10−19 level