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Cascaded modulator architecture for WDM applicationsKapil Debnath, Liam O’Faolain, Frederic Y. Gardes, Andreas G. Steffan, Graham T. Reed, and Thomas F. Krauss »View Author Affiliations
Kapil Debnath,1
Liam O’Faolain,1,4,*
Frederic Y. Gardes,2
Andreas G. Steffan,3
Graham T. Reed,2
and Thomas F. Krauss1
1School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK 2Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK 3ut Photonics AG, Berlin, Reuchlinstrasse 10-11, 10533 Berlin, Germany 4Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 450 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4088, USA *Corresponding author: jww1@st-andrews.ac.uk |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 25, pp. 27420-27428 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.027420
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Abstract
Integration density, channel scalability, low switching energy and low insertion loss are the major prerequisites for on-chip WDM systems. A number of device geometries have already been demonstrated that fulfill these criteria, at least in part, but combining all of the requirements is still a difficult challenge. Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel architecture consisting of an array of photonic crystal modulators connected by a dielectric bus waveguide. The device architecture features very high scalability and the modulators operate with an AC energy consumption of less than 1fJ/bit. Furthermore, we demonstrate cascadeability and multichannel operation by using a comb laser as the source that simultaneously drives 5 channels.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(130.3120) Integrated optics : Integrated optics devices
(230.2090) Optical devices : Electro-optical devices
(250.5300) Optoelectronics : Photonic integrated circuits
(350.4238) Other areas of optics : Nanophotonics and photonic crystals
ToC Category:
Integrated Optics
History
Original Manuscript: September 18, 2012
Revised Manuscript: November 10, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: November 14, 2012
Published: November 26, 2012
Citation
Kapil Debnath, Liam O’Faolain, Frederic Y. Gardes, Andreas G. Steffan, Graham T. Reed, and Thomas F. Krauss, "Cascaded modulator architecture for WDM applications," Opt. Express 20, 27420-27428 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-25-27420
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References
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- W. Bogaerts, S. K. Selvaraja, P. Dumon, J. Brouckaert, K. De Vos, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon-on-insulator spectral filters fabricated with CMOS technology,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.16(1), 33–44 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. J. Thomson, F. Y. Gardes, J.-M. Fedeli, S. Zlatanovic, Y. Hu, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, N. Alic, S. Radic, G. Z. Mashanovich, and G. T. Reed, “50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(4), 234–236 (2012). [CrossRef]
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- K. Welna, S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Novel Dispersion Adapted Photonic Crystal Cavity with Improved Disorder Stability,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.48(9), 1177–1183 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, M. Belotti, L. C. Andreani, T. F. Krauss, and L. O'Faolain, “Deliberate versus intrinsic disorder in photonic crystal nanocavities investigated by resonant light scattering,” Phys. Rev. B84(4), 045423 (2011). [CrossRef]
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- K. Debnath, L. O'Faolain, F. Y. Gardes, D. Thomson, G. Reed, and T. F. Krauss, “Low insertion loss modulator based on a vertically coupled photonic crystal resonator,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.8267, 826701 (2011) (SPIE).
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
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- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- S. Ren, Y. Rong, S. A. Claussen, R. K. Schaevitz, T. I. Kamins, J. S. Harris, and D. A. B. Miller, “Ge/SiGe quantum well waveguide modulator monolithically integrated with SOI waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(6), 461–463 (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. Biberman, K. Preston, G. Hendry, N. Sherwood-Droz, J. Chan, J. S. Levy, M. Lipson, and K. Bergman, “Photonic network-on-chip architectures using multilayer deposited silicon materials for high-performance chip multiprocessors,” J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst.7(2), 7:1–7, 25 (2011). [CrossRef]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- D. J. Thomson, F. Y. Gardes, J.-M. Fedeli, S. Zlatanovic, Y. Hu, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, N. Alic, S. Radic, G. Z. Mashanovich, and G. T. Reed, “50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(4), 234–236 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. Ren, Y. Rong, S. A. Claussen, R. K. Schaevitz, T. I. Kamins, J. S. Harris, and D. A. B. Miller, “Ge/SiGe quantum well waveguide modulator monolithically integrated with SOI waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(6), 461–463 (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- K. Welna, S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Novel Dispersion Adapted Photonic Crystal Cavity with Improved Disorder Stability,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.48(9), 1177–1183 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, M. Belotti, L. C. Andreani, T. F. Krauss, and L. O'Faolain, “Deliberate versus intrinsic disorder in photonic crystal nanocavities investigated by resonant light scattering,” Phys. Rev. B84(4), 045423 (2011). [CrossRef]
- P. Cardile, G. Franzò, R. Lo Savio, M. Galli, T. F. Krauss, F. Priolo, and L. O’ Faolain, “Electrical conduction and optical properties of doped silicon-on-insulator photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(20), 203506 (2011). [CrossRef]
- K. Debnath, L. O'Faolain, F. Y. Gardes, D. Thomson, G. Reed, and T. F. Krauss, “Low insertion loss modulator based on a vertically coupled photonic crystal resonator,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.8267, 826701 (2011) (SPIE).
- M. Grande, L. O’Faolain, T. P. White, M. Spurny, A. D’Orazio, and T. F. Krauss, “Optical filter with very large stopband (approximately 300 nm) based on a photonic-crystal vertical-directional coupler,” Opt. Lett.34(21), 3292–3294 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. P. White, L. O’Faolain, J. Li, L. C. Andreani, and T. F. Krauss, “Silica-embedded silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express16(21), 17076–17081 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. P. Reardon, I. H. Rey, K. Welna, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Fabrication and characterisation of both photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities,” J. Vis. Exp.in press.
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- J. F. Buckwalter, X. Zheng, G. Li, K. Raj, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “A monolithic 25-Gb/s transceiver with photonic ring modulators and Ge detectors in a 130-nm CMOS SOI process,” IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits47(6), 1309–1322 (2012). [CrossRef]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- P. Dong, W. Qian, H. Liang, R. Shafiiha, N.-N. Feng, D. Feng, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Low power and compact reconfigurable multiplexing devices based on silicon microring resonators,” Opt. Express18(10), 9852–9858 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. J. Thomson, F. Y. Gardes, J.-M. Fedeli, S. Zlatanovic, Y. Hu, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, N. Alic, S. Radic, G. Z. Mashanovich, and G. T. Reed, “50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(4), 234–236 (2012). [CrossRef]
- T. Tanabe, K. Nishiguchi, E. Kuramochi, and M. Notomi, “Low power and fast electro-optic silicon modulator with lateral p-i-n embedded photonic crystal nanocavity,” Opt. Express17(25), 22505–22513 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(4), 041112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. J. Chen, J. Zheng, T. Gu, J. F. McMillan, M. Yu, G.-Q. Lo, D.-L. Kwong, and C. W. Wong, “Selective tuning of high-Q silicon photonic crystal nanocavities via laser-assisted local oxidation,” Opt. Express19(13), 12480–12489 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Fang, T.-Y. Liow, J. F. Song, K. W. Ang, M. B. Yu, G. Q. Lo, and D.-L. Kwong, “WDM multi-channel silicon photonic receiver with 320 Gbps data transmission capability,” Opt. Express18(5), 5106–5113 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Biberman, K. Preston, G. Hendry, N. Sherwood-Droz, J. Chan, J. S. Levy, M. Lipson, and K. Bergman, “Photonic network-on-chip architectures using multilayer deposited silicon materials for high-performance chip multiprocessors,” J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst.7(2), 7:1–7, 25 (2011). [CrossRef]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- J. F. Buckwalter, X. Zheng, G. Li, K. Raj, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “A monolithic 25-Gb/s transceiver with photonic ring modulators and Ge detectors in a 130-nm CMOS SOI process,” IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits47(6), 1309–1322 (2012). [CrossRef]
- L. Chen, C. R. Doerr, Y.-K. Chen, and T.-Y. Liow, “Low-loss and broadband cantilever couplers between standard cleaved fibers and high-index-contrast Si3N4 or Si waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(23), 1744–1746 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Q. Fang, T.-Y. Liow, J. F. Song, K. W. Ang, M. B. Yu, G. Q. Lo, and D.-L. Kwong, “WDM multi-channel silicon photonic receiver with 320 Gbps data transmission capability,” Opt. Express18(5), 5106–5113 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Biberman, K. Preston, G. Hendry, N. Sherwood-Droz, J. Chan, J. S. Levy, M. Lipson, and K. Bergman, “Photonic network-on-chip architectures using multilayer deposited silicon materials for high-performance chip multiprocessors,” J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst.7(2), 7:1–7, 25 (2011). [CrossRef]
- N. Sherwood-Droz and M. Lipson, “Scalable 3D dense integration of photonics on bulk silicon,” Opt. Express19(18), 17758–17765 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Chen, K. Preston, S. Manipatruni, and M. Lipson, “Integrated GHz silicon photonic interconnect with micrometer-scale modulators and detectors,” Opt. Express17(17), 15248–15256 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, J. Shakya, and M. Lipson, “Cascaded silicon micro-ring modulators for WDM optical interconnection,” Opt. Express14(20), 9431–9435 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature435(7040), 325–327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- P. Cardile, G. Franzò, R. Lo Savio, M. Galli, T. F. Krauss, F. Priolo, and L. O’ Faolain, “Electrical conduction and optical properties of doped silicon-on-insulator photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(20), 203506 (2011). [CrossRef]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- D. J. Thomson, F. Y. Gardes, J.-M. Fedeli, S. Zlatanovic, Y. Hu, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, N. Alic, S. Radic, G. Z. Mashanovich, and G. T. Reed, “50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(4), 234–236 (2012). [CrossRef]
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- D. Miller, “Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips,” Proc. IEEE97(7), 1166–1185 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- D. A. B. Miller, “Energy consumption in optical modulators for interconnects,” Opt. Express20(S2Suppl 2), A293–A308 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(4), 041112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. J. Thomson, F. Y. Gardes, J.-M. Fedeli, S. Zlatanovic, Y. Hu, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, N. Alic, S. Radic, G. Z. Mashanovich, and G. T. Reed, “50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(4), 234–236 (2012). [CrossRef]
- B.-S. Song, T. Nagashima, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Resonant-wavelength control of nanocavities by nanometer-scaled adjustment of two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structures,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.20(7), 532–534 (2008). [CrossRef]
- B.-S. Song, T. Nagashima, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Resonant-wavelength control of nanocavities by nanometer-scaled adjustment of two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structures,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.20(7), 532–534 (2008). [CrossRef]
- B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nat. Mater.4(3), 207–210 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Notomi, “Manipulating light with strongly modulated photonic crystals,” Rep. Prog. Phys.73(9), 096501 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Tanabe, K. Nishiguchi, E. Kuramochi, and M. Notomi, “Low power and fast electro-optic silicon modulator with lateral p-i-n embedded photonic crystal nanocavity,” Opt. Express17(25), 22505–22513 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(4), 041112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. Cardile, G. Franzò, R. Lo Savio, M. Galli, T. F. Krauss, F. Priolo, and L. O’ Faolain, “Electrical conduction and optical properties of doped silicon-on-insulator photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(20), 203506 (2011). [CrossRef]
- K. Welna, S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Novel Dispersion Adapted Photonic Crystal Cavity with Improved Disorder Stability,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.48(9), 1177–1183 (2012). [CrossRef]
- M. Grande, L. O’Faolain, T. P. White, M. Spurny, A. D’Orazio, and T. F. Krauss, “Optical filter with very large stopband (approximately 300 nm) based on a photonic-crystal vertical-directional coupler,” Opt. Lett.34(21), 3292–3294 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. P. White, L. O’Faolain, J. Li, L. C. Andreani, and T. F. Krauss, “Silica-embedded silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express16(21), 17076–17081 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. P. Reardon, I. H. Rey, K. Welna, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Fabrication and characterisation of both photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities,” J. Vis. Exp.in press.
- S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, M. Belotti, L. C. Andreani, T. F. Krauss, and L. O'Faolain, “Deliberate versus intrinsic disorder in photonic crystal nanocavities investigated by resonant light scattering,” Phys. Rev. B84(4), 045423 (2011). [CrossRef]
- K. Debnath, L. O'Faolain, F. Y. Gardes, D. Thomson, G. Reed, and T. F. Krauss, “Low insertion loss modulator based on a vertically coupled photonic crystal resonator,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.8267, 826701 (2011) (SPIE).
- K. Welna, S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Novel Dispersion Adapted Photonic Crystal Cavity with Improved Disorder Stability,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.48(9), 1177–1183 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, M. Belotti, L. C. Andreani, T. F. Krauss, and L. O'Faolain, “Deliberate versus intrinsic disorder in photonic crystal nanocavities investigated by resonant light scattering,” Phys. Rev. B84(4), 045423 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature435(7040), 325–327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Biberman, K. Preston, G. Hendry, N. Sherwood-Droz, J. Chan, J. S. Levy, M. Lipson, and K. Bergman, “Photonic network-on-chip architectures using multilayer deposited silicon materials for high-performance chip multiprocessors,” J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst.7(2), 7:1–7, 25 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. Chen, K. Preston, S. Manipatruni, and M. Lipson, “Integrated GHz silicon photonic interconnect with micrometer-scale modulators and detectors,” Opt. Express17(17), 15248–15256 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Cardile, G. Franzò, R. Lo Savio, M. Galli, T. F. Krauss, F. Priolo, and L. O’ Faolain, “Electrical conduction and optical properties of doped silicon-on-insulator photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(20), 203506 (2011). [CrossRef]
- D. J. Thomson, F. Y. Gardes, J.-M. Fedeli, S. Zlatanovic, Y. Hu, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, N. Alic, S. Radic, G. Z. Mashanovich, and G. T. Reed, “50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(4), 234–236 (2012). [CrossRef]
- J. F. Buckwalter, X. Zheng, G. Li, K. Raj, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “A monolithic 25-Gb/s transceiver with photonic ring modulators and Ge detectors in a 130-nm CMOS SOI process,” IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits47(6), 1309–1322 (2012). [CrossRef]
- C. P. Reardon, I. H. Rey, K. Welna, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Fabrication and characterisation of both photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities,” J. Vis. Exp.in press.
- K. Debnath, L. O'Faolain, F. Y. Gardes, D. Thomson, G. Reed, and T. F. Krauss, “Low insertion loss modulator based on a vertically coupled photonic crystal resonator,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.8267, 826701 (2011) (SPIE).
- D. J. Thomson, F. Y. Gardes, J.-M. Fedeli, S. Zlatanovic, Y. Hu, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, N. Alic, S. Radic, G. Z. Mashanovich, and G. T. Reed, “50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(4), 234–236 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. Ren, Y. Rong, S. A. Claussen, R. K. Schaevitz, T. I. Kamins, J. S. Harris, and D. A. B. Miller, “Ge/SiGe quantum well waveguide modulator monolithically integrated with SOI waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(6), 461–463 (2012). [CrossRef]
- C. P. Reardon, I. H. Rey, K. Welna, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Fabrication and characterisation of both photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities,” J. Vis. Exp.in press.
- S. Ren, Y. Rong, S. A. Claussen, R. K. Schaevitz, T. I. Kamins, J. S. Harris, and D. A. B. Miller, “Ge/SiGe quantum well waveguide modulator monolithically integrated with SOI waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(6), 461–463 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. Ren, Y. Rong, S. A. Claussen, R. K. Schaevitz, T. I. Kamins, J. S. Harris, and D. A. B. Miller, “Ge/SiGe quantum well waveguide modulator monolithically integrated with SOI waveguides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(6), 461–463 (2012). [CrossRef]
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, J. Shakya, and M. Lipson, “Cascaded silicon micro-ring modulators for WDM optical interconnection,” Opt. Express14(20), 9431–9435 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature435(7040), 325–327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Bogaerts, S. K. Selvaraja, P. Dumon, J. Brouckaert, K. De Vos, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon-on-insulator spectral filters fabricated with CMOS technology,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.16(1), 33–44 (2010). [CrossRef]
- N. Sherwood-Droz and M. Lipson, “Scalable 3D dense integration of photonics on bulk silicon,” Opt. Express19(18), 17758–17765 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Biberman, K. Preston, G. Hendry, N. Sherwood-Droz, J. Chan, J. S. Levy, M. Lipson, and K. Bergman, “Photonic network-on-chip architectures using multilayer deposited silicon materials for high-performance chip multiprocessors,” J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst.7(2), 7:1–7, 25 (2011). [CrossRef]
- E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(4), 041112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- B.-S. Song, T. Nagashima, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Resonant-wavelength control of nanocavities by nanometer-scaled adjustment of two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structures,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.20(7), 532–534 (2008). [CrossRef]
- B.-S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nat. Mater.4(3), 207–210 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. Tanabe, K. Nishiguchi, E. Kuramochi, and M. Notomi, “Low power and fast electro-optic silicon modulator with lateral p-i-n embedded photonic crystal nanocavity,” Opt. Express17(25), 22505–22513 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(4), 041112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- K. Debnath, L. O'Faolain, F. Y. Gardes, D. Thomson, G. Reed, and T. F. Krauss, “Low insertion loss modulator based on a vertically coupled photonic crystal resonator,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.8267, 826701 (2011) (SPIE).
- D. J. Thomson, F. Y. Gardes, J.-M. Fedeli, S. Zlatanovic, Y. Hu, B. P. P. Kuo, E. Myslivets, N. Alic, S. Radic, G. Z. Mashanovich, and G. T. Reed, “50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24(4), 234–236 (2012). [CrossRef]
- W. Bogaerts, S. K. Selvaraja, P. Dumon, J. Brouckaert, K. De Vos, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon-on-insulator spectral filters fabricated with CMOS technology,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.16(1), 33–44 (2010). [CrossRef]
- E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(4), 041112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- K. Welna, S. L. Portalupi, M. Galli, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Novel Dispersion Adapted Photonic Crystal Cavity with Improved Disorder Stability,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.48(9), 1177–1183 (2012). [CrossRef]
- C. P. Reardon, I. H. Rey, K. Welna, L. O’Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Fabrication and characterisation of both photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities,” J. Vis. Exp.in press.
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- M. Grande, L. O’Faolain, T. P. White, M. Spurny, A. D’Orazio, and T. F. Krauss, “Optical filter with very large stopband (approximately 300 nm) based on a photonic-crystal vertical-directional coupler,” Opt. Lett.34(21), 3292–3294 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. P. White, L. O’Faolain, J. Li, L. C. Andreani, and T. F. Krauss, “Silica-embedded silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express16(21), 17076–17081 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, J. Shakya, and M. Lipson, “Cascaded silicon micro-ring modulators for WDM optical interconnection,” Opt. Express14(20), 9431–9435 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature435(7040), 325–327 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
- J. F. Buckwalter, X. Zheng, G. Li, K. Raj, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “A monolithic 25-Gb/s transceiver with photonic ring modulators and Ge detectors in a 130-nm CMOS SOI process,” IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits47(6), 1309–1322 (2012). [CrossRef]
- X. Zheng, Y. Luo, J. Lexau, J. Liu, F. Guoliang Li, H. D. Thacker, I. Shubin, J. Yao, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “2-pJ/bit (On-Chip) 10-Gb/s digital CMOS silicon photonic link,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.24, 1260–1262 (2012).
- P. Dong, W. Qian, H. Liang, R. Shafiiha, N.-N. Feng, D. Feng, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari, “Low power and compact reconfigurable multiplexing devices based on silicon microring resonators,” Opt. Express18(10), 9852–9858 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Kovsh, A. Gubenko, I. Krestnikov, D. Livshits, S. Mikhrin, J. Weimert, L. West, G. Wojcik, D. Yin, C. Bornholdt, N. Grote, M. V. Maximov, and A. Zhukov, “Quantum dot comb-laser as efficient light source for silicon photonics,” Proc. Soc. Photo Opt. Instrum. Eng.7230, 72300M (2009).
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Appl. Phys. Lett.
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