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Discrete mode tuning in terahertz quantum cascade lasersSubhasish Chakraborty, Owen Marshall, Chen Wei Hsin, Md. Khairuzzaman, Harvey Beere, and David Ritchie »View Author Affiliations
Subhasish Chakraborty,1,*
Owen Marshall,1
Chen Wei Hsin,1
Md. Khairuzzaman,1
Harvey Beere,2
and David Ritchie2
1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, UK 2Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, UK *Corresponding author: s.chakraborty@manchester.ac.uk |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 26, pp. B306-B314 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.00B306
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Abstract
A holographically designed, aperiodic distributed feedback grating is used as a multi-resonance filter and embedded within an existing Fabry-Pérot (FP) terahertz (THz) quantum cascade laser (QCL) cavity. Balancing the feedback strengths of the filter resonances and the FP cavity creates a system capable of a high degree of single-mode selectivity, which is sensitive to changes in driving current. Multi-moded QCLs operating around 2.9 THz are thus modified to achieve purely electronic discrete tuning spanning over 160 GHz with an average tuning resolution of 30 GHz. Applying the same multi-resonance filter to QCLs with gain peaks around 2.65 and 2.9 THz leads to dual-mode lasing with an electrically controlled frequency separation of between 190 and 267 GHz. A phase sensitive mode selection mechanism is experimentally confirmed by the observation of divergent fine-tuning of the lasing modes.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.3070) Lasers and laser optics : Infrared and far-infrared lasers
(140.3490) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, distributed-feedback
(140.3600) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, tunable
(130.5296) Integrated optics : Photonic crystal waveguides
(250.5403) Optoelectronics : Plasmonics
(140.5965) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade
ToC Category:
Waveguide and Optoelectronic Devices
History
Original Manuscript: October 1, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: November 8, 2012
Published: November 29, 2012
Virtual Issues
European Conference on Optical Communication 2012 (2012) Optics Express
Citation
Subhasish Chakraborty, Owen Marshall, Chen Wei Hsin, Md. Khairuzzaman, Harvey Beere, and David Ritchie, "Discrete mode tuning in terahertz quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 20, B306-B314 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-26-B306
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References
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- S. Chakraborty, T. Chakraborty, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, J. Fowler, C. H. Worrall, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Spectral engineering of terahertz quantum cascade lasers using focused ion beam etched photonic lattices,” Electron. Lett.42(7), 404–405 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Chakraborty, M. C. Parker, and R. J. Mears, “A Fourier (k-) space design approach for controllable photonic band and localization states in aperiodic lattices,” Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl.3(2-3), 139–147 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- R. Blanchard, S. Menzel, C. Pflűgl, L. Diehl, C. Wang, Y. Huang, J.-H. Ryou, R. D. Dupuis, L. Dal Negro, and F. Capasso, “Gratings with an aperiodic basis: single-mode emission in multi-wavelength lasers,” New J. Phys.13(11), 113023 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, K. Unterrainer, S. S. Dhillon, C. Sirtori, X. Marcadet, and M. Calligaro, “Longitudinal spatial hole burning in terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(16), 161108 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. P. Khanna, M. Salih, P. Dean, A. G. Davies, and E. H. Linfield, “Electrically tunable terahertz quantum-cascade laser with a heterogeneous active region,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(18), 181101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Chakraborty, T. Chakraborty, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, J. Fowler, C. H. Worrall, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Spectral engineering of terahertz quantum cascade lasers using focused ion beam etched photonic lattices,” Electron. Lett.42(7), 404–405 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, “Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser,” Nature417, 156–159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Ajili, J. Faist, H. Beere, D. Ritchie, G. Davies, and E. Linfield, “Loss-coupled distributed feedback far-infrared quantum cascade lasers,” Electron. Lett.41(7), 419–421 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. P. Khanna, M. Salih, P. Dean, A. G. Davies, and E. H. Linfield, “Electrically tunable terahertz quantum-cascade laser with a heterogeneous active region,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(18), 181101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Freeman, J. Madéo, A. Brewer, S. Dhillon, O. P. Marshall, N. Jukam, D. Oustinov, J. Tignon, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Dual wavelength emission from a terahertz quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(5), 051120 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Freeman, A. Brewer, J. Madéo, P. Cavalié, S. S. Dhillon, J. Tignon, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Broad gain in a bound-to-continuum quantum cascade laser with heterogeneous active region,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(24), 241108 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, K. Unterrainer, S. S. Dhillon, C. Sirtori, X. Marcadet, and M. Calligaro, “Longitudinal spatial hole burning in terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(16), 161108 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Blanchard, S. Menzel, C. Pflűgl, L. Diehl, C. Wang, Y. Huang, J.-H. Ryou, R. D. Dupuis, L. Dal Negro, and F. Capasso, “Gratings with an aperiodic basis: single-mode emission in multi-wavelength lasers,” New J. Phys.13(11), 113023 (2011). [CrossRef]
- R. Blanchard, S. Menzel, C. Pflűgl, L. Diehl, C. Wang, Y. Huang, J.-H. Ryou, R. D. Dupuis, L. Dal Negro, and F. Capasso, “Gratings with an aperiodic basis: single-mode emission in multi-wavelength lasers,” New J. Phys.13(11), 113023 (2011). [CrossRef]
- G. Scalari, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. Beere, and D. Ritchie, “Electrically switchable, two-color quantum cascade laser emitting at 1.39 and 2.3 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(14), 141102 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. Ajili, J. Faist, H. Beere, D. Ritchie, G. Davies, and E. Linfield, “Loss-coupled distributed feedback far-infrared quantum cascade lasers,” Electron. Lett.41(7), 419–421 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicuccia, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(12), 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. Fuchs, J. Seufert, J. Koeth, J. Semmel, S. Höfling, L. Worschech, and A. Forchel, “Widely tunable quantum cascade lasers with coupled cavities for gas detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(18), 181111 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Chakraborty, T. Chakraborty, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, J. Fowler, C. H. Worrall, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Spectral engineering of terahertz quantum cascade lasers using focused ion beam etched photonic lattices,” Electron. Lett.42(7), 404–405 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Barbieri, J. Alton, H. E. Beere, J. Fowler, E. H. Linfield, and D. A. Ritchie, “2.9 THz quantum cascade lasers operating up to 70 K in continuous wave,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(10), 1674–1676 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Freeman, A. Brewer, J. Madéo, P. Cavalié, S. S. Dhillon, J. Tignon, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Broad gain in a bound-to-continuum quantum cascade laser with heterogeneous active region,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(24), 241108 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Freeman, J. Madéo, A. Brewer, S. Dhillon, O. P. Marshall, N. Jukam, D. Oustinov, J. Tignon, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Dual wavelength emission from a terahertz quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(5), 051120 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Freeman, C. Worrall, V. Apostolopoulos, J. Alton, H. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Frequency manipulation of THz bound-to-continuum quantum-cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.20(4), 303–305 (2008). [CrossRef]
- P. Fuchs, J. Seufert, J. Koeth, J. Semmel, S. Höfling, L. Worschech, and A. Forchel, “Widely tunable quantum cascade lasers with coupled cavities for gas detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(18), 181111 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- G. Scalari, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. Beere, and D. Ritchie, “Electrically switchable, two-color quantum cascade laser emitting at 1.39 and 2.3 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(14), 141102 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- P. Fuchs, J. Seufert, J. Koeth, J. Semmel, S. Höfling, L. Worschech, and A. Forchel, “Widely tunable quantum cascade lasers with coupled cavities for gas detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(18), 181111 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, K. Unterrainer, S. S. Dhillon, C. Sirtori, X. Marcadet, and M. Calligaro, “Longitudinal spatial hole burning in terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(16), 161108 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- J. R. Freeman, A. Brewer, J. Madéo, P. Cavalié, S. S. Dhillon, J. Tignon, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Broad gain in a bound-to-continuum quantum cascade laser with heterogeneous active region,” Appl. Phys. Lett.99(24), 241108 (2011). [CrossRef]
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- S. Slivken, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Tsao, S. Nida, Y. Bai, Q. Y. Lu, and M. Razeghi, “Sampled grating, distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers with broad tunability and continuous operation at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett.100(26), 261112 (2012). [CrossRef]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, K. Unterrainer, S. S. Dhillon, C. Sirtori, X. Marcadet, and M. Calligaro, “Longitudinal spatial hole burning in terahertz quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(16), 161108 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Vitiello and A. Tredicucci, “Tunable emission in THz quantum cascade lasers,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Tech.1(1), 76–84 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. C. Parker, R. J. Mears, and S. D. Walker, “A Fourier transform theory for photon localization and evanescence in photonic bandgap structures,” J. Opt. A.: Pure Appl. Opt.3(6), S171–S183 (2001). [CrossRef]
- G. Scalari, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. Beere, and D. Ritchie, “Electrically switchable, two-color quantum cascade laser emitting at 1.39 and 2.3 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(14), 141102 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Blanchard, S. Menzel, C. Pflűgl, L. Diehl, C. Wang, Y. Huang, J.-H. Ryou, R. D. Dupuis, L. Dal Negro, and F. Capasso, “Gratings with an aperiodic basis: single-mode emission in multi-wavelength lasers,” New J. Phys.13(11), 113023 (2011). [CrossRef]
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- Q. Qin, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, J. L. Reno, and Q. Hu, “Tuning a terahertz wire laser,” Nat. Photonics3(12), 732–737 (2009). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, “Distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers with laterally corrugated metal waveguides,” Opt. Lett.30(21), 2909–2911 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. A. Wood, R. G. S. Plumb, D. J. Robbins, N. D. Whitbread, and P. J. Williams, “Time domain modelling of sampled grating tunable lasers,” IEE Proc., Optoelectron.147(1), 43–48 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. A. Wood, R. G. S. Plumb, D. J. Robbins, N. D. Whitbread, and P. J. Williams, “Time domain modelling of sampled grating tunable lasers,” IEE Proc., Optoelectron.147(1), 43–48 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Freeman, C. Worrall, V. Apostolopoulos, J. Alton, H. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Frequency manipulation of THz bound-to-continuum quantum-cascade lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.20(4), 303–305 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- P. Fuchs, J. Seufert, J. Koeth, J. Semmel, S. Höfling, L. Worschech, and A. Forchel, “Widely tunable quantum cascade lasers with coupled cavities for gas detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(18), 181111 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, J. M. Hensley, D. B. Fenner, R. P. Green, L. Mahler, A. Tredicuccia, M. G. Allen, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91(12), 121104 (2007). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
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- G. Scalari, C. Walther, J. Faist, H. Beere, and D. Ritchie, “Electrically switchable, two-color quantum cascade laser emitting at 1.39 and 2.3 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(14), 141102 (2006). [CrossRef]
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