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Molecular beacons immobilized within suspended core optical fiber for specific DNA detectionLinh Viet Nguyen, Stephen C. Warren-Smith, Alan Cooper, and Tanya M. Monro »View Author Affiliations
Linh Viet Nguyen,1,*
Stephen C. Warren-Smith,1
Alan Cooper,1,2
and Tanya M. Monro1
1Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia 2Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia *Corresponding author: linh.nguyen01@adelaide.edu.au |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 28, pp. 29378-29385 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.029378
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Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new class of sensor for specific DNA sequences based on molecular beacons (MB) immobilized on the internal surfaces of suspended core optical fibers (SCF). MBs, a type of hairpin structured DNA probe, are attached on the surface of the SCF core using a fuzzy nanoassembly process used in conjunction with a biotin-streptavidin-biotin surface attachment strategy. The proposed DNA sensor detects complementary DNA sequences (cDNA) while discriminating sequences differing from the target by just one base. This enables the detection of DNA in unprecedentedly small sample volumes (nL scale) and is, to the best of our knowledge, the first specific DNA detection using a DNA probe immobilized within a microstructured optical fiber.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(060.2370) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics sensors
(280.1415) Remote sensing and sensors : Biological sensing and sensors
(060.4005) Fiber optics and optical communications : Microstructured fibers
ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
History
Original Manuscript: November 1, 2012
Revised Manuscript: December 3, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: December 3, 2012
Published: December 18, 2012
Virtual Issues
Vol. 8, Iss. 1 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Linh Viet Nguyen, Stephen C. Warren-Smith, Alan Cooper, and Tanya M. Monro, "Molecular beacons immobilized within suspended core optical fiber for specific DNA detection," Opt. Express 20, 29378-29385 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-28-29378
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- S. Tyagi and F. R. Kramer, “Molecular Beacons: Probes that Fluoresce upon Hybridization,” Nat. Biotechnol.14(3), 303–308 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Liu, W. Farmerie, S. Schuster, and W. Tan, “Molecular beacons for DNA biosensors with Micrometer to Submicrometer dimensions,” Anal. Biochem.283(1), 56–63 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Liu and W. Tan, “A Fiber-Optic Evanescent Wave DNA Biosensor Based on Novel Molecular Beacons,” Anal. Chem.71(22), 5054–5059 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Coscelli, M. Sozzi, F. Poli, D. Passaro, A. Cucinotta, S. Selleri, R. Corradini, and R. Marchelli, “Toward A Highly Specific DNA Biosensor: PNA-Modified Suspended-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers,” IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron.16(4), 967–972 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Sforza, R. Corradini, T. Tedeschi, and R. Marchelli, “Food analysis and food authentication by peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based technologies,” Chem. Soc. Rev.40(1), 221–232 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. C. Warren-Smith, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, A. D. Abell, and T. M. Monro, “Fluorescence-based aluminum ion sensing using a surface-functionalized microstructured optical fiber,” Langmuir27(9), 5680–5685 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. C. Warren-Smith, E. Sinchenko, P. R. Stoddart, and T. M. Monro, “Distributed fluorescence sensing using exposed-core microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1385–1387 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. François, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ruan, T. C. Foo, S. C. Warren-Smith, P. Hoffmann, R. C. Moore, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and T. M. Monro, “Antibody immobilization within glass microstructured fibers: a route to sensitive and selective biosensors,” Opt. Express16(22), 18514–18523 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Coscelli, M. Sozzi, F. Poli, D. Passaro, A. Cucinotta, S. Selleri, R. Corradini, and R. Marchelli, “Toward A Highly Specific DNA Biosensor: PNA-Modified Suspended-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers,” IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron.16(4), 967–972 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Coscelli, M. Sozzi, F. Poli, D. Passaro, A. Cucinotta, S. Selleri, R. Corradini, and R. Marchelli, “Toward A Highly Specific DNA Biosensor: PNA-Modified Suspended-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers,” IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron.16(4), 967–972 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science282(5393), 1476–1478 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. François, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
- X. Liu, W. Farmerie, S. Schuster, and W. Tan, “Molecular beacons for DNA biosensors with Micrometer to Submicrometer dimensions,” Anal. Biochem.283(1), 56–63 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Coscelli, M. Sozzi, F. Poli, D. Passaro, A. Cucinotta, S. Selleri, R. Corradini, and R. Marchelli, “Toward A Highly Specific DNA Biosensor: PNA-Modified Suspended-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers,” IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron.16(4), 967–972 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Sforza, R. Corradini, T. Tedeschi, and R. Marchelli, “Food analysis and food authentication by peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based technologies,” Chem. Soc. Rev.40(1), 221–232 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. C. Warren-Smith, E. Sinchenko, P. R. Stoddart, and T. M. Monro, “Distributed fluorescence sensing using exposed-core microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1385–1387 (2010). [CrossRef]
- E. Coscelli, M. Sozzi, F. Poli, D. Passaro, A. Cucinotta, S. Selleri, R. Corradini, and R. Marchelli, “Toward A Highly Specific DNA Biosensor: PNA-Modified Suspended-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers,” IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron.16(4), 967–972 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. C. Warren-Smith, E. Sinchenko, P. R. Stoddart, and T. M. Monro, “Distributed fluorescence sensing using exposed-core microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1385–1387 (2010). [CrossRef]
- X. Liu, W. Farmerie, S. Schuster, and W. Tan, “Molecular beacons for DNA biosensors with Micrometer to Submicrometer dimensions,” Anal. Biochem.283(1), 56–63 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Liu and W. Tan, “A Fiber-Optic Evanescent Wave DNA Biosensor Based on Novel Molecular Beacons,” Anal. Chem.71(22), 5054–5059 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Sforza, R. Corradini, T. Tedeschi, and R. Marchelli, “Food analysis and food authentication by peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based technologies,” Chem. Soc. Rev.40(1), 221–232 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- S. C. Warren-Smith, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, A. D. Abell, and T. M. Monro, “Fluorescence-based aluminum ion sensing using a surface-functionalized microstructured optical fiber,” Langmuir27(9), 5680–5685 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. François, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. C. Warren-Smith, E. Sinchenko, P. R. Stoddart, and T. M. Monro, “Distributed fluorescence sensing using exposed-core microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1385–1387 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ruan, T. C. Foo, S. C. Warren-Smith, P. Hoffmann, R. C. Moore, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and T. M. Monro, “Antibody immobilization within glass microstructured fibers: a route to sensitive and selective biosensors,” Opt. Express16(22), 18514–18523 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Anal. Biochem.
- X. Liu, W. Farmerie, S. Schuster, and W. Tan, “Molecular beacons for DNA biosensors with Micrometer to Submicrometer dimensions,” Anal. Biochem.283(1), 56–63 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Anal. Chem.
- O. S. Wolfbeis, “Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors,” Anal. Chem.78(12), 3859–3874 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Chem. Soc. Rev.
- D. R. Walt, “Fibre Optic Microarrays,” Chem. Soc. Rev.39(1), 38–50 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- S. C. Warren-Smith, E. Sinchenko, P. R. Stoddart, and T. M. Monro, “Distributed fluorescence sensing using exposed-core microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1385–1387 (2010). [CrossRef]
IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron.
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Langmuir
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Nat. Biotechnol.
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Opt. Express
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Opt. Fiber Technol.
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Opt. Lett.
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Science
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Other
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2012, Grabka, Opt. Express
- S. C. Warren-Smith, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, A. D. Abell, and T. M. Monro, “Fluorescence-based aluminum ion sensing using a surface-functionalized microstructured optical fiber,” Langmuir27(9), 5680–5685 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. C. Warren-Smith, E. Sinchenko, P. R. Stoddart, and T. M. Monro, “Distributed fluorescence sensing using exposed-core microstructured optical fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1385–1387 (2010). [CrossRef]
- E. Coscelli, M. Sozzi, F. Poli, D. Passaro, A. Cucinotta, S. Selleri, R. Corradini, and R. Marchelli, “Toward A Highly Specific DNA Biosensor: PNA-Modified Suspended-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers,” IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron.16(4), 967–972 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. M. Monro, S. C. Warren-Smith, E. P. Schartner, A. François, S. Heng, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and S. Afshar, “Sensing with suspended-core optical fibers,” Opt. Fiber Technol.16(6), 343–356 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Sforza, R. Corradini, T. Tedeschi, and R. Marchelli, “Food analysis and food authentication by peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based technologies,” Chem. Soc. Rev.40(1), 221–232 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. R. Walt, “Fibre Optic Microarrays,” Chem. Soc. Rev.39(1), 38–50 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O. S. Wolfbeis, “Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors,” Anal. Chem.78(12), 3859–3874 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Liu, W. Farmerie, S. Schuster, and W. Tan, “Molecular beacons for DNA biosensors with Micrometer to Submicrometer dimensions,” Anal. Biochem.283(1), 56–63 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Liu and W. Tan, “A Fiber-Optic Evanescent Wave DNA Biosensor Based on Novel Molecular Beacons,” Anal. Chem.71(22), 5054–5059 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. C. Knight, J. Broeng, T. A. Birks, and P. S. J. Russell, “Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers,” Science282(5393), 1476–1478 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. G. Wang, J. B. Fan, C. J. Siao, A. Berno, P. Young, R. Sapolsky, G. Ghandour, N. Perkins, E. Winchester, J. Spencer, L. Kruglyak, L. Stein, L. Hsie, T. Topaloglou, E. Hubbell, E. Robinson, M. Mittmann, M. S. Morris, N. Shen, D. Kilburn, J. Rioux, C. Nusbaum, S. Rozen, T. J. Hudson, R. Lipshutz, M. Chee, and E. S. Lander, “Large-scale Identification, Mapping, and Genotyping of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome,” Science280(5366), 1077–1082 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Decher, “Fuzzy Nanoassemblies: Toward layered polymeric multicomposites,” Science277(5330), 1232–1237 (1997). [CrossRef]
- S. Tyagi and F. R. Kramer, “Molecular Beacons: Probes that Fluoresce upon Hybridization,” Nat. Biotechnol.14(3), 303–308 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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