A combined method of modified oblique-angle deposition and hydrothermal growth was adopted to grow an optically anisotropic nanomaterial based on single crystalline ZnO nanowire arrays (NWAs) with highly oblique angles (75°–85°), exhibiting giant in-plane birefringence and optical polarization degree in emission. The in-plane birefringence of oblique-aligned ZnO NWAs is almost one order of magnitude higher than that of natural quartz. The strong optical anisotropy in emission due to the optical confinement was observed. The oblique-aligned NWAs not only allow important technological applications in passive photonic components but also benefit the development of the optoelectronic devices in polarized light sensing and emission.

© 2012 OSA

1. P. J. Li, Z. M. Liao, X. Z. Zhang, X. J. Zhang, H. C. Zhu, J. Y. Gao, K. Laurent, Y. Leprince-Wang, N. Wang, and D. P. Yu, “Electrical and photoresponse properties of an intramolecular p-n homojunction in single phosphorus-doped ZnO nanowires,” Nano Lett.9(7), 2513–2518 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. J. H. He, S. T. Ho, T. B. Wu, L. J. Chen, and Z. L. Wang, “Electrical and Photoelectrical Performances of Nano-Photodiode Based on ZnO Nanowires,” Chem. Phys. Lett.435(1-3), 119–122 (2007). [CrossRef]
3. M. W. Chen, C. Y. Chen, D. H. Lien, Y. Ding, and J. H. He, “Photoconductive enhancement of single ZnO nanowire through localized Schottky effects,” Opt. Express18(14), 14836–14841 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. J. Zhou, Y. D. Gu, Y. F. Hu, W. J. Mai, P. H. Yeh, G. Bao, A. K. Sood, D. L. Polla, and Z. L. Wang, “Gigantic enhancement in response and reset time of ZnO UV nanosensor by utilizing Schottky contact and surface functionalization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(19), 191103 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. C. Soci, A. Zhang, B. Xiang, S. A. Dayeh, D. P. R. Aplin, J. Park, X. Y. Bao, Y. H. Lo, and D. Wang, “ZnO nanowire UV photodetectors with high internal gain,” Nano Lett.7(4), 1003–1009 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. J. H. He, P. H. Chang, C. Y. Chen, and K. T. Tsai, “Electrical and optoelectronic characterization of a ZnO nanowire contacted by focused-ion-beam-deposited Pt,” Nanotechnology20(13), 135701 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. T. Y. Zhai, X. S. Fang, M. Y. Liao, X. J. Xu, H. Zeng, B. Yoshio, and D. Golberg, “A comprehensive review of one-dimensional metal-oxide nanostructure photodetectors,” Sensors (Basel Switzerland)9(8), 6504–6529 (2009). [CrossRef]
8. A. L. Briseno, T. W. Holcombe, A. I. Boukai, E. C. Garnett, S. W. Shelton, J. J. Fréchet, and P. Yang, “Oligo- and polythiophene/ZnO hybrid nanowire solar cells,” Nano Lett.10(1), 334–340 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. L. K. Yeh, K. Y. Lai, G. J. Lin, P. H. Fu, H. C. Chang, C. A. Lin, and J. H. He, “Giant Efficiency Enhancement of GaAs Solar Cells with Graded Antireflection Layers Based on Syringelike ZnO Nanorod Arrays,” Adv. Energy Mater.1(4), 506–510 (2011). [CrossRef]
10. M. H. Huang, S. Mao, H. Feick, H. Yan, Y. Wu, H. Kind, E. Weber, R. Russo, and P. Yang, “Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers,” Science292(5523), 1897–1899 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Y. Q. Bie, Z. M. Liao, P. W. Wang, Y. B. Zhou, X. B. Han, Y. Ye, Q. Zhao, X. S. Wu, L. Dai, J. Xu, L. W. Sang, J. J. Deng, K. Laurent, Y. Leprince-Wang, and D. P. Yu, “Single ZnO nanowire/p-type GaN heterojunctions for photovoltaic devices and UV light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater.22(38), 4284–4287 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. J. Wang, M. S. Gudiksen, X. Duan, Y. Cui, and C. M. Lieber, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and photodetection from single indium phosphide nanowires,” Science293(5534), 1455–1457 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. J. Qi, A. M. Belcher, and J. M. White, “Spectroscopy of individual silicon nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(16), 2616–2618 (2003). [CrossRef]
14. C. X. Shan, Z. Liu, and S. K. Hark, “Photoluminescence polarization in individual CdSe nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B74(15), 153402 (2006). [CrossRef]
15. H. Y. Chen, Y. C. Yang, H. W. Lin, S. C. Chang, and S. Gwo, “Polarized photoluminescence from single GaN nanorods: effects of optical confinement,” Opt. Express16(17), 13465–13475 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. J. C. Johnson, H. Yan, P. Yang, and R. J. Saykally, “Optical cavity effects in ZnO nanowire lasers and waveguides,” J. Phys. Chem. B107(34), 8816–8828 (2003). [CrossRef]
17. H. Y. Li, S. Rühle, R. Khedoe, A. F. Koenderink, and D. Vanmaekelbergh, “Polarization, microscopic origin, and mode structure of luminescence and lasing from single ZnO nanowires,” Nano Lett.9(10), 3515–3520 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. H. Pettersson, J. Trägårdh, A. I. Persson, L. Landin, D. Hessman, and L. Samuelson, “Infrared photodetectors in heterostructure nanowires,” Nano Lett.6(2), 229–232 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. N. Künzner, D. Kovalev, J. Diener, E. Gross, V. Y. Timoshenko, G. Polisski, F. Koch, and M. Fujii, “Giant birefringence in anisotropically nanostructured silicon,” Opt. Lett.26(16), 1265–1267 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. M. Kotlyar, L. Bolla, M. Midrio, L. O’Faolain, and T. Krauss, “Compact polarization converter in InP-based material,” Opt. Express13(13), 5040–5045 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. M. J. A. de Dood, W. T. M. Irvine, and D. Bouwmeester, “Nonlinear photonic crystals as a source of entangled photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(4), 040504 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. M. L. Markham, J. J. Baumberg, D. C. Smith, X. Li, T. Gabriel, G. S. Attard, and I. Nandhakumar, “Birefringent cadmium–telluride-based metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(1), 011912 (2005). [CrossRef]
23. D. Celo, E. Post, M. Summers, T. Smy, M. J. Brett, and J. Albert, “Interferometric sensing platform with dielectric nanostructured thin films,” Opt. Express17(8), 6655–6664 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. D. Artigas and L. Torner, “Dyakonov surface waves in photonic metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. Lett.94(1), 013901 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. O. L. Muskens, M. T. Borgström, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, and J. G. Rivasa, “Giant optical birefringence in ensembles of semiconductor nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(23), 233117 (2006). [CrossRef]
26. O. L. Muskens, S. L. Diedenhofen, M. H. M. van Weert, M. T. Borgström, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, and J. G. Rivas, “Epitaxial growth of aligned semiconductor nanowire metamaterials for photonic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater.18(7), 1039–1046 (2008). [CrossRef]
27. W. A. deHeer, W. S. Bacsa, A. Châtelain, T. Gerfin, R. Humphrey-Baker, L. Forro, and D. Ugarte, “Aligned carbon nanotube films: production and optical and electronic properties,” Science268(5212), 845–847 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. E. Hecht, Optics, 4th ed., (Addison-Wesley, Boston, 2002; Ch.8).
29. A. C. van Popta, J. Cheng, J. C. Sit, and M. J. Brett, “Birefringence enhancement in annealed TiO2 thin films,” J. Appl. Phys.102(1), 013517 (2007). [CrossRef]
30. S. M. Wang, G. D. Xia, X. Y. Fu, H. B. He, J. D. Shao, and Z. X. Fan, “Preparation and characterization of nanostructured ZrO2 thin films by glancing angle deposition,” Thin Solid Films515(7-8), 3352–3355 (2007). [CrossRef]
31. K. D. Harris, A. C. van Popta, J. C. Sit, D. J. Broer, and M. J. Brett, “A birefringent and transparent electrical conductor,” Adv. Funct. Mater.18(15), 2147–2153 (2008). [CrossRef]
32. X. D. Xiao, G. P. Dong, Z. X. Fan, K. Yi, H. B. He, and J. D. Shao, “A facile process to improve linear birefringence of SiO2 thin films,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.42(16), 165305 (2009). [CrossRef]
33. H. Qi, X. Xiao, H. He, K. Yi, and Z. Fan, “Optical properties and microstructure of Ta2O5 biaxial film,” Appl. Opt.48(1), 127–133 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. I. Hodgkinson and Q. H. Wu, “Serial bideposition of anisotropic thin films with enhanced linear birefringence,” Appl. Opt.38(16), 3621–3625 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. T. Motohiro and Y. Taga, “Thin film retardation plate by oblique deposition,” Appl. Opt.28(13), 2466–2482 (1989). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Q. H. Wu and I. J. Hodgkinson, “Materials for birefringent coatings,” Opt. Photonics News5, S9–S10 (1994).
37. J. Hodgkinson and Q. H. Wu, Birefringent thin films and polarizing elements, (World Scientific Press, 1997).
38. G. E. Jellison and C. M. Rouleau, “Determination of optical birefringence by using off-axis transmission ellipsometry,” Appl. Opt.44(16), 3153–3159 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. G. E. Jellison and L. A. Boatner, “Optical functions of uniaxial ZnO determined by generalized ellipsometry,” Phys. Rev. B58(7), 3586–3589 (1998). [CrossRef]
40. H. Huang, C. Y. Chen, Y. F. Lai, Y. I. Shih, Y. C. Lin, J. H. He, and C. P. Liu, “Large-area oblique-aligned ZnO nanowires through a continuously bent columnar buffer: growth, microstructure, and antireflection,” Cryst. Growth Des.10(8), 3297–3301 (2010). [CrossRef]
41. B. Szeto, P. C. P. Hrudey, J. Gospodyn, J. C. Sit, and M. J. Brett, “Obliquely deposited tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3) biaxial thin films with negative in-plane birefringence,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt.9(5), 457–462 (2007). [CrossRef]
42. L. E. Greene, M. Law, D. H. Tan, M. Montano, J. Goldberger, G. Somorjai, and P. Yang, “General route to vertical ZnO nanowire arrays using textured ZnO seeds,” Nano Lett.5(7), 1231–1236 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. C. Klingshirn, “ZnO: material, physics and applications,” ChemPhysChem8(6), 782–803 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. N. Engheta and R. W. Ziolkowski, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations, 1st ed., (Wiley, 2006).
45. P. Lalanne and M. Hutley, Artificial Media Optical Properties - Subwavelength Scale, in Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering, (Dekker, 2003, pp. 62–71)
46. J. Hodgkinson, F. Horowitz, H. A. Macleod, M. Sikkens, and J. J. Wharton, “Measurement of the principal refractive indices of thin films deposited at oblique incidence,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A2(10), 1693–1697 (1985). [CrossRef]
47. H. Wang, “Reflection/transmission measurements of anisotropic films with one of the principal axes in the direction of columnar growth,” J. Mod. Opt.42(3), 497–505 (1995). [CrossRef]
48. S. Heavens, “Optical properties of thin films,” Rep. Prog. Phys.23(1), 1–65 (1960). [CrossRef]
49. H. Y. Chen, H. W. Lin, C. Y. Wu, W. C. Chen, J. S. Chen, and S. Gwo, “Gallium nitride nanorod arrays as low-refractive-index transparent media in the entire visible spectral region,” Opt. Express16(11), 8106–8116 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. W. S. Hu, Z. G. Liu, J. Sun, S. N. Zhu, Q. Q. Xu, D. Feng, and Z. M. Ji, “Optical properties of pulsed laser deposited ZnO thin films,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids58(6), 853–857 (1997). [CrossRef]
51. Y. J. Jen and C. C. Lee, “Reflection and transmission phenomena of waves propagating between an isotropic medium and an arbitrarily oriented anisotropic medium,” Opt. Lett.26(4), 190–192 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Y. J. Jen, C. C. Lee, and Y. M. Chang, “Reflection property of anisotropic films: comparison of symmetric and asymmetric theories using attenuated total reflection,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt.4(4), 481–484 (2002). [CrossRef]
53. H. Yoshikawa and S. Adachi, “Optical constants of ZnO,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.36(Part 1), 6237–6243 (1997). [CrossRef]
54. G. Rivas, O. L. Muskens, M. T. Borgström, S. L. Diedenhofen, and E. P. A. M. Bakkers, One-Dimensional Nanostructures, Z. M. Wang, ed. (Springer, 2008), Vol. 3, Chap. 6.
55. A. B. Djurišić and Y. H. Leung, “Optical properties of ZnO nanostructures,” Small2(8-9), 944–961 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
56. H. E. Ruda and A. Shik, “Polarization-sensitive optical phenomena in semiconducting and metallic nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B72(11), 115308 (2005). [CrossRef]
57. H. E. Ruda and A. Shik, “Polarization-sensitive optical phenomena in thick semiconducting nanowires,” J. Appl. Phys.100(2), 024314 (2006). [CrossRef]
58. J. Giblin, V. Protasenko, and M. Kuno, “Wavelength sensitivity of single nanowire excitation polarization anisotropies explained through a generalized treatment of their linear absorption,” ACS Nano3(7), 1979–1987 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. A. A. Zhang, A. Lutich, J. Rodríguez-Fernández, A. Susha, A. Rogach, F. Jäckel, and J. Feldmann, “Optical anisotropy of semiconductor nanowires beyond the electrostatic limit,” Phys. Rev. B82(15), 155301 (2010). [CrossRef]
60. P. C. Sercel and K. J. Vahala, “Analytical technique for determining the polarization dependence of optical matrix elements in quantum wires with band-coupling effects,” Appl. Phys. Lett.57(6), 545–547 (1990). [CrossRef]
61. P. C. Sercel and K. J. Vahala, “Polarization dependence of optical absorption and emission in quantum wires,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter44(11), 5681–5691 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Y. Gu, I. Kuskovsky, M. Yin, S. O’Brien, and G. F. Neumark, “Quantum Confinement in ZnO Nanorods,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(17), 3833 (2004). [CrossRef]

ACS Nano

• J. Giblin, V. Protasenko, and M. Kuno, “Wavelength sensitivity of single nanowire excitation polarization anisotropies explained through a generalized treatment of their linear absorption,” ACS Nano3(7), 1979–1987 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Adv. Energy Mater.

• L. K. Yeh, K. Y. Lai, G. J. Lin, P. H. Fu, H. C. Chang, C. A. Lin, and J. H. He, “Giant Efficiency Enhancement of GaAs Solar Cells with Graded Antireflection Layers Based on Syringelike ZnO Nanorod Arrays,” Adv. Energy Mater.1(4), 506–510 (2011). [CrossRef]

Adv. Funct. Mater.

• O. L. Muskens, S. L. Diedenhofen, M. H. M. van Weert, M. T. Borgström, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, and J. G. Rivas, “Epitaxial growth of aligned semiconductor nanowire metamaterials for photonic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater.18(7), 1039–1046 (2008). [CrossRef]
• K. D. Harris, A. C. van Popta, J. C. Sit, D. J. Broer, and M. J. Brett, “A birefringent and transparent electrical conductor,” Adv. Funct. Mater.18(15), 2147–2153 (2008). [CrossRef]

Adv. Mater.

• Y. Q. Bie, Z. M. Liao, P. W. Wang, Y. B. Zhou, X. B. Han, Y. Ye, Q. Zhao, X. S. Wu, L. Dai, J. Xu, L. W. Sang, J. J. Deng, K. Laurent, Y. Leprince-Wang, and D. P. Yu, “Single ZnO nanowire/p-type GaN heterojunctions for photovoltaic devices and UV light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater.22(38), 4284–4287 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt.

• H. Qi, X. Xiao, H. He, K. Yi, and Z. Fan, “Optical properties and microstructure of Ta2O5 biaxial film,” Appl. Opt.48(1), 127–133 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• I. Hodgkinson and Q. H. Wu, “Serial bideposition of anisotropic thin films with enhanced linear birefringence,” Appl. Opt.38(16), 3621–3625 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• T. Motohiro and Y. Taga, “Thin film retardation plate by oblique deposition,” Appl. Opt.28(13), 2466–2482 (1989). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• G. E. Jellison and C. M. Rouleau, “Determination of optical birefringence by using off-axis transmission ellipsometry,” Appl. Opt.44(16), 3153–3159 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• P. C. Sercel and K. J. Vahala, “Analytical technique for determining the polarization dependence of optical matrix elements in quantum wires with band-coupling effects,” Appl. Phys. Lett.57(6), 545–547 (1990). [CrossRef]
• Y. Gu, I. Kuskovsky, M. Yin, S. O’Brien, and G. F. Neumark, “Quantum Confinement in ZnO Nanorods,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(17), 3833 (2004). [CrossRef]
• J. Qi, A. M. Belcher, and J. M. White, “Spectroscopy of individual silicon nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett.82(16), 2616–2618 (2003). [CrossRef]
• M. L. Markham, J. J. Baumberg, D. C. Smith, X. Li, T. Gabriel, G. S. Attard, and I. Nandhakumar, “Birefringent cadmium–telluride-based metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(1), 011912 (2005). [CrossRef]
• O. L. Muskens, M. T. Borgström, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, and J. G. Rivasa, “Giant optical birefringence in ensembles of semiconductor nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(23), 233117 (2006). [CrossRef]
• J. Zhou, Y. D. Gu, Y. F. Hu, W. J. Mai, P. H. Yeh, G. Bao, A. K. Sood, D. L. Polla, and Z. L. Wang, “Gigantic enhancement in response and reset time of ZnO UV nanosensor by utilizing Schottky contact and surface functionalization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(19), 191103 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Chem. Phys. Lett.

• J. H. He, S. T. Ho, T. B. Wu, L. J. Chen, and Z. L. Wang, “Electrical and Photoelectrical Performances of Nano-Photodiode Based on ZnO Nanowires,” Chem. Phys. Lett.435(1-3), 119–122 (2007). [CrossRef]

ChemPhysChem

• C. Klingshirn, “ZnO: material, physics and applications,” ChemPhysChem8(6), 782–803 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Cryst. Growth Des.

• H. Huang, C. Y. Chen, Y. F. Lai, Y. I. Shih, Y. C. Lin, J. H. He, and C. P. Liu, “Large-area oblique-aligned ZnO nanowires through a continuously bent columnar buffer: growth, microstructure, and antireflection,” Cryst. Growth Des.10(8), 3297–3301 (2010). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• H. E. Ruda and A. Shik, “Polarization-sensitive optical phenomena in thick semiconducting nanowires,” J. Appl. Phys.100(2), 024314 (2006). [CrossRef]
• A. C. van Popta, J. Cheng, J. C. Sit, and M. J. Brett, “Birefringence enhancement in annealed TiO2 thin films,” J. Appl. Phys.102(1), 013517 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Mod. Opt.

• H. Wang, “Reflection/transmission measurements of anisotropic films with one of the principal axes in the direction of columnar growth,” J. Mod. Opt.42(3), 497–505 (1995). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt.

• Y. J. Jen, C. C. Lee, and Y. M. Chang, “Reflection property of anisotropic films: comparison of symmetric and asymmetric theories using attenuated total reflection,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt.4(4), 481–484 (2002). [CrossRef]
• B. Szeto, P. C. P. Hrudey, J. Gospodyn, J. C. Sit, and M. J. Brett, “Obliquely deposited tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3) biaxial thin films with negative in-plane birefringence,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt.9(5), 457–462 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

• J. Hodgkinson, F. Horowitz, H. A. Macleod, M. Sikkens, and J. J. Wharton, “Measurement of the principal refractive indices of thin films deposited at oblique incidence,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A2(10), 1693–1697 (1985). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. B

• J. C. Johnson, H. Yan, P. Yang, and R. J. Saykally, “Optical cavity effects in ZnO nanowire lasers and waveguides,” J. Phys. Chem. B107(34), 8816–8828 (2003). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. Solids

• W. S. Hu, Z. G. Liu, J. Sun, S. N. Zhu, Q. Q. Xu, D. Feng, and Z. M. Ji, “Optical properties of pulsed laser deposited ZnO thin films,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids58(6), 853–857 (1997). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.

• X. D. Xiao, G. P. Dong, Z. X. Fan, K. Yi, H. B. He, and J. D. Shao, “A facile process to improve linear birefringence of SiO2 thin films,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.42(16), 165305 (2009). [CrossRef]

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

• H. Yoshikawa and S. Adachi, “Optical constants of ZnO,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.36(Part 1), 6237–6243 (1997). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

• L. E. Greene, M. Law, D. H. Tan, M. Montano, J. Goldberger, G. Somorjai, and P. Yang, “General route to vertical ZnO nanowire arrays using textured ZnO seeds,” Nano Lett.5(7), 1231–1236 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• H. Y. Li, S. Rühle, R. Khedoe, A. F. Koenderink, and D. Vanmaekelbergh, “Polarization, microscopic origin, and mode structure of luminescence and lasing from single ZnO nanowires,” Nano Lett.9(10), 3515–3520 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• H. Pettersson, J. Trägårdh, A. I. Persson, L. Landin, D. Hessman, and L. Samuelson, “Infrared photodetectors in heterostructure nanowires,” Nano Lett.6(2), 229–232 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. J. Li, Z. M. Liao, X. Z. Zhang, X. J. Zhang, H. C. Zhu, J. Y. Gao, K. Laurent, Y. Leprince-Wang, N. Wang, and D. P. Yu, “Electrical and photoresponse properties of an intramolecular p-n homojunction in single phosphorus-doped ZnO nanowires,” Nano Lett.9(7), 2513–2518 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. L. Briseno, T. W. Holcombe, A. I. Boukai, E. C. Garnett, S. W. Shelton, J. J. Fréchet, and P. Yang, “Oligo- and polythiophene/ZnO hybrid nanowire solar cells,” Nano Lett.10(1), 334–340 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. Soci, A. Zhang, B. Xiang, S. A. Dayeh, D. P. R. Aplin, J. Park, X. Y. Bao, Y. H. Lo, and D. Wang, “ZnO nanowire UV photodetectors with high internal gain,” Nano Lett.7(4), 1003–1009 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nanotechnology

• J. H. He, P. H. Chang, C. Y. Chen, and K. T. Tsai, “Electrical and optoelectronic characterization of a ZnO nanowire contacted by focused-ion-beam-deposited Pt,” Nanotechnology20(13), 135701 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

• M. W. Chen, C. Y. Chen, D. H. Lien, Y. Ding, and J. H. He, “Photoconductive enhancement of single ZnO nanowire through localized Schottky effects,” Opt. Express18(14), 14836–14841 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• H. Y. Chen, Y. C. Yang, H. W. Lin, S. C. Chang, and S. Gwo, “Polarized photoluminescence from single GaN nanorods: effects of optical confinement,” Opt. Express16(17), 13465–13475 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• D. Celo, E. Post, M. Summers, T. Smy, M. J. Brett, and J. Albert, “Interferometric sensing platform with dielectric nanostructured thin films,” Opt. Express17(8), 6655–6664 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Kotlyar, L. Bolla, M. Midrio, L. O’Faolain, and T. Krauss, “Compact polarization converter in InP-based material,” Opt. Express13(13), 5040–5045 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• H. Y. Chen, H. W. Lin, C. Y. Wu, W. C. Chen, J. S. Chen, and S. Gwo, “Gallium nitride nanorod arrays as low-refractive-index transparent media in the entire visible spectral region,” Opt. Express16(11), 8106–8116 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• Y. J. Jen and C. C. Lee, “Reflection and transmission phenomena of waves propagating between an isotropic medium and an arbitrarily oriented anisotropic medium,” Opt. Lett.26(4), 190–192 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• N. Künzner, D. Kovalev, J. Diener, E. Gross, V. Y. Timoshenko, G. Polisski, F. Koch, and M. Fujii, “Giant birefringence in anisotropically nanostructured silicon,” Opt. Lett.26(16), 1265–1267 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Photonics News

• Q. H. Wu and I. J. Hodgkinson, “Materials for birefringent coatings,” Opt. Photonics News5, S9–S10 (1994).

Phys. Rev. B

• C. X. Shan, Z. Liu, and S. K. Hark, “Photoluminescence polarization in individual CdSe nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B74(15), 153402 (2006). [CrossRef]
• G. E. Jellison and L. A. Boatner, “Optical functions of uniaxial ZnO determined by generalized ellipsometry,” Phys. Rev. B58(7), 3586–3589 (1998). [CrossRef]
• A. A. Zhang, A. Lutich, J. Rodríguez-Fernández, A. Susha, A. Rogach, F. Jäckel, and J. Feldmann, “Optical anisotropy of semiconductor nanowires beyond the electrostatic limit,” Phys. Rev. B82(15), 155301 (2010). [CrossRef]
• H. E. Ruda and A. Shik, “Polarization-sensitive optical phenomena in semiconducting and metallic nanowires,” Phys. Rev. B72(11), 115308 (2005). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter

• P. C. Sercel and K. J. Vahala, “Polarization dependence of optical absorption and emission in quantum wires,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter44(11), 5681–5691 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• M. J. A. de Dood, W. T. M. Irvine, and D. Bouwmeester, “Nonlinear photonic crystals as a source of entangled photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(4), 040504 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• D. Artigas and L. Torner, “Dyakonov surface waves in photonic metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. Lett.94(1), 013901 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Rep. Prog. Phys.

• S. Heavens, “Optical properties of thin films,” Rep. Prog. Phys.23(1), 1–65 (1960). [CrossRef]

Science

• W. A. deHeer, W. S. Bacsa, A. Châtelain, T. Gerfin, R. Humphrey-Baker, L. Forro, and D. Ugarte, “Aligned carbon nanotube films: production and optical and electronic properties,” Science268(5212), 845–847 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. Wang, M. S. Gudiksen, X. Duan, Y. Cui, and C. M. Lieber, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and photodetection from single indium phosphide nanowires,” Science293(5534), 1455–1457 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. H. Huang, S. Mao, H. Feick, H. Yan, Y. Wu, H. Kind, E. Weber, R. Russo, and P. Yang, “Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers,” Science292(5523), 1897–1899 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Sensors (Basel Switzerland)

• T. Y. Zhai, X. S. Fang, M. Y. Liao, X. J. Xu, H. Zeng, B. Yoshio, and D. Golberg, “A comprehensive review of one-dimensional metal-oxide nanostructure photodetectors,” Sensors (Basel Switzerland)9(8), 6504–6529 (2009). [CrossRef]

Small

• A. B. Djurišić and Y. H. Leung, “Optical properties of ZnO nanostructures,” Small2(8-9), 944–961 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Thin Solid Films

• S. M. Wang, G. D. Xia, X. Y. Fu, H. B. He, J. D. Shao, and Z. X. Fan, “Preparation and characterization of nanostructured ZrO2 thin films by glancing angle deposition,” Thin Solid Films515(7-8), 3352–3355 (2007). [CrossRef]

Other

• E. Hecht, Optics, 4th ed., (Addison-Wesley, Boston, 2002; Ch.8).
• J. Hodgkinson and Q. H. Wu, Birefringent thin films and polarizing elements, (World Scientific Press, 1997).
• G. Rivas, O. L. Muskens, M. T. Borgström, S. L. Diedenhofen, and E. P. A. M. Bakkers, One-Dimensional Nanostructures, Z. M. Wang, ed. (Springer, 2008), Vol. 3, Chap. 6.
• N. Engheta and R. W. Ziolkowski, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations, 1st ed., (Wiley, 2006).
• P. Lalanne and M. Hutley, Artificial Media Optical Properties - Subwavelength Scale, in Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering, (Dekker, 2003, pp. 62–71)

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper

Related Journal Articles

• Unification of radar phenomena as spacetime curvature: prediction and observation of an affine-phase effect (OL)
• Interaction of self-trapped beams in high index glass (OE)
• High efficiency supercontinuum generation using ultra-long Raman fiber cavities (OE)
• A tunable and switchable single-longitudinal-mode dual-wavelength fiber laser with a simple linear cavity (OE)
• Cryogenic spectroscopy of ultra-low density colloidal lead chalcogenide quantum dots on chip-scale optical cavities towards single quantum dot near-infrared cavity QED (OE)

Related Conference Papers

• Efficient generation of coherent and widely-tunable THz waves
• Efficient generation of coherent and widely-tunable THz waves
• Optical Properties of Quantum Dot Intermediate Band Solar Cell
• Optical Properties of Quantum Dot Intermediate Band Solar Cell
• Use of PLD-grown Moth-eye ZnO Nanostructures as Templates for MOVPE Growth of InGaN-Based Photovoltaics
• Use of PLD-grown Moth-eye ZnO Nanostructures as Templates for MOVPE Growth of InGaN-Based Photovoltaics
• Advanced Nanostructured Materials for Pushing Light Trapping Towards the Yablonovitch Limit
• Advanced Nanostructured Materials for Pushing Light Trapping Towards the Yablonovitch Limit
• A Review of Photovoltaic Cavity Converter Optics and It's Impact on Multi-junction and Multi-bandgap Systems
• A Review of Photovoltaic Cavity Converter Optics and It's Impact on Multi-junction and Multi-bandgap Systems