Optical features of a LiF crystal soft x-ray imaging detector irradiated by free electron laser pulses

doi:10.1364/OE.20.003424

Optical features of a LiF crystal soft x-ray imaging detector irradiated by free electron laser pulses

Tatiana Pikuz, Anatoly Faenov, Yuji Fukuda, Masaki Kando, Paul Bolton, Alexander Mitrofanov, Alexander Vinogradov, Mitsuru Nagasono, Haruhiko Ohashi, Makina Yabashi, Kensuke Tono, Yashinori Senba, Tadashi Togashi, and Tetsuya Ishikawa »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 3424-3433 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.003424

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Abstract

Optical features of point defects photoluminescence in LiF crystals, irradiated by soft X-ray pulses of the Free Electron Laser with wavelengths of 17.2 – 61.5 nm, were measured. We found that peak of photoluminescence spectra lies near of 530 nm and are associated with emission of F₃⁺ centers. Our results suggest that redistribution of photoluminescence peak intensity from the red to the green part of the spectra is associated with a shortening of the applied laser pulses down to pico - or femtosecond durations. Dependence of peak intensity of photoluminescence spectra from the soft X-ray irradiation fluence was measured and the absence of quenching phenomena, even at relatively high fluencies was found, which is very important for wide applications of LiF crystal X-ray imaging detectors.

OCIS Codes
(110.7440) Imaging systems : X-ray imaging
(120.0120) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology
(140.7240) Lasers and laser optics : UV, EUV, and X-ray lasers

ToC Category:
Imaging Systems

History
Original Manuscript: October 31, 2011
Revised Manuscript: December 16, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: January 4, 2012
Published: January 30, 2012

Citation
Tatiana Pikuz, Anatoly Faenov, Yuji Fukuda, Masaki Kando, Paul Bolton, Alexander Mitrofanov, Alexander Vinogradov, Mitsuru Nagasono, Haruhiko Ohashi, Makina Yabashi, Kensuke Tono, Yashinori Senba, Tadashi Togashi, and Tetsuya Ishikawa, "Optical features of a LiF crystal soft x-ray imaging detector irradiated by free electron laser pulses," Opt. Express 20, 3424-3433 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-4-3424

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References

J. H. Schulman and W. D. Compton, Color Centers in Solids, (Oxford, 1962).
W. L. McLaughlin, A. C. Lucas, B. M. Kapsar, and A. Miller, “Electron and gamma-ray dosimetry using radiation induced color centers in LiF,” Radiat. Phys. Chem.14, 467–480 (1979).
T. Kurobori, T. Kitao, Y. Hirose, K. Kawamura, D. Takamizu, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Laser-active colour centers with functional peridodic structures in LiF fabricated by two interfering femtosecond laser pulses,” Radiat. Meas.38(4-6), 759–762 (2004). [CrossRef]
T. Kurobori, T. Yamakage, Y. Hirose, K. Kawamura, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Application of wide-band-gap materials for optoelectronic functional devices fabricated by a pair of interfering femtosecond laser pulses,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.44(2), 910–913 (2005). [CrossRef]
F. Bonfigli, A. Faenov, F. Flora, T. Marolo, R. M. Montereali, E. Nichelatti, T. Pikuz, L. Reale, and G. Baldacchini, “Point defects in lithium fluoride films for micro-radiography, X-Ray microscopy and photonic applications,” Phys. Status Solidi202(2), 250–255 (2005) (a). [CrossRef]
G. Baldacchini, F. Bonfigli, F. Flora, R. M. Montereali, D. Murra, E. Nichelatti, A. Ya. Faenov, and T. A. Pikuz, “High-contrast photoluminiscent patterns in lithium fluoride crystals produced by soft X-rays from a laser-plasma source,” Appl. Phys. Lett.80(25), 4810–4812 (2002). [CrossRef]
G. Baldacchini, F. Bonfigli, A. Faenov, F. Flora, R. M. Montereali, A. Pace, T. Pikuz, and L. Reale, “Lithium fluoride as a novel X-ray image detector for biological μ-world capture,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.3(6), 483–486 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Tomassetti, A. Ritucci, A. Reale, L. Palladino, L. Reale, L. Arrizza, G. Baldacchini, F. Bonfigli, F. Flora, L. Mezi, R. M. Montereali, S. V. Kukhlevsky, A. Faenov, T. Pikuz, and J. Kaiser, “High-resolution Imaging of a soft X-ray laser beam by color centers excitation in lithium fluoride crystals,” Europhys. Lett.63(5), 681–686 (2003). [CrossRef]
G. Baldacchini, S. Bollanti, F. Bonfigli, F. Flora, P. Di Lazzaro, A. Lai, T. Marolo, R. M. Montereali, D. Murra, A. Faenov, T. Pikuz, E. Nichelatti, G. Tomassetti, A. Reale, L. Reale, A. Ritucci, T. Limongi, L. Palladino, M. Francucci, S. Martellucci, and G. Petrocelli, “Soft x-ray submicron imaging detector based on point defects in LiF,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.76(11), 113104 (2005). [CrossRef]
F. Calegari, G. Valentini, C. Vozzi, E. Benedetti, J. Cabanillas-Gonzalez, A. Faenov, S. Gasilov, T. Pikuz, L. Poletto, G. Sansone, P. Villoresi, M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri, and S. Stagira, “Elemental sensitivity in soft x-ray imaging with a laser-plasma source and a color center detector,” Opt. Lett.32(17), 2593–2595 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Bonfigli, A. Faenov, F. Flora, M. Francucci, P. Gaudio, A. Lai, S. Martellucci, R. M. Montereali, T. Pikuz, L. Reale, M. Richetta, M. A. Vincenti, and G. Baldacchini, “High-resolution water window X-ray imaging of in vivo cells and their products using LiF crystal detectors,” Microsc. Res. Tech.71(1), 35–41 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. Fukuda, A. Ya. Faenov, T. Pikuz, M. Kando, H. Kotaki, I. Daito, J. Ma, L. M. Chen, T. Homma, K. Kawase, T. Kameshima, T. Kawachi, H. Daido, T. Kimura, T. Tajima, Y. Kato, and S. V. Bulanov, “Soft X-ray source for nanostructure imaging using femtosecond – laser – irradiated clusters,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(12), 121110 (2008). [CrossRef]
A. Ya. Faenov, Y. Kato, M. Tanaka, T. A. Pikuz, M. Kishimoto, M. Ishino, M. Nishikino, Y. Fukuda, S. V. Bulanov, and T. Kawachi, “Submicrometer-resolution in situ imaging of the focus pattern of a soft x-ray laser by color center formation in LiF crystal,” Opt. Lett.34(7), 941–943 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. A. Pikuz, A. Ya. Faenov, S. V. Gasilov, I. Yu. Skobelev, Y. Fukuda, M. Kando, H. Kotaki, T. Homma, K. Kawase, Y. Hayashi, T. Kawachi, H. Daido, Y. Kato, and S. V. Bulanov, “Propagation-based phase-contrast enhancement of nanostructure images using a debris-free femtosecond-laser-driven cluster-based plasma soft x-ray source and an LiF crystal detector,” Appl. Opt.48(32), 6271–6276 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. V. Gasilov, A. Ya. Faenov, T. A. Pikuz, Y. Fukuda, M. Kando, T. Kawachi, I. Yu. Skobelev, H. Daido, Y. Kato, and S. V. Bulanov, “Wide-field-of-view phase-contrast imaging of nanostructures with a comparatively large polychromatic soft x-ray plasma source,” Opt. Lett.34(21), 3268–3270 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Almaviva, F. Bonfigli, I. Franzini, A. Lai, R. M. Montereali, D. Pelliccia, A. Cedola, and S. Lagomarsino, “Hard x-ray contact microscopy with 250 nm spatial resolution using a LiF film detector and a tabletop microsource,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(5), 054102 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. Matsubayashi, A. Faenov, T. Pikuz, Y. Fukuda, and Y. Kato, “Neutron imaging of micron-size structures by color center formation in LiF crystals,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A622(3), 637–641 (2010). [CrossRef]
T. Kurobori, K. Kawamura, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Simultaneous fabrication of laser-active colour centers and permanent microgratings in lithium fluoride by a single femtosecond pulse,” J. Phys- Condens Mat.15, 399–405 (2003).
L. C. Courrol, R. E. Samad, L. Gomez, I. M. Ranieri, S. L. Baldochi, A. Zanardi de Freitas, and N. D. Vieira., “Color center production by femtosecond pulse laser irradiation in LiF crystals,” Opt. Express12(2), 288–293 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Bonfigli, F. Flora, I. Franzini, E. Nichelatti, and R. M. Montereali, “Optical characterization of a soft X-ray imaging detector based on photoluminiscent point defects in lithium fluoride thin layer,” J. Lumin.129(12), 1964–1967 (2009). [CrossRef]
. Shintake, H. Tanaka, T. Hara, T. Tanaka, K. Togawa, M. Yabashi, Y. Otake, Y. Asano, T. Bizen, T. Fukui, S. Goto, A. Higashiya, T. Hirono, N. Hosoda, T. Inagaki, S. Inoue, M. Ishii, Y. Kim, H. Kimura, M. Kitamura, T. Kobayashi, H. Maesaka, T. Masuda, S. Matsui, T. Matsushita, X. Maréchal, M. Nagasono, H. Ohashi, T. Ohata, T. Ohshima, K. Onoe, K. Shirasawa, T. Takagi, S. Takahashi, M. Takeuchi, K. Tamasaku, R. Tanaka, Y. Tanaka, T. Tanikawa, T. Togashi, S. Wu, A. Yamashita, K. Yanagida, C. Zhang, H. Kitamura, and T. Ishikawa, “A compact free-electron laser for generating coherent radiation in the extreme ultraviolet region,” Nat. Photonics2(9), 555–559 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. Kato, N. Saito, T. Tanaka, Y. Morishita, H. Kimura, H. Ohashi, M. Nagasono, M. Yabashi, K. Tono, T. Togashi, A. Higashiya, and T. Ishikawa, “Pulse energy of the extreme - ultraviolet free - electron laser at SPring-8 determined using a cryogenic radiometer,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A612(1), 209–211 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. M. Paganin, Coherent X-ray Optics, (Oxford University Press, 2006).

Almaviva, S.
Arrizza, L.
Asano, Y.
Baldacchini, G.
Baldochi, S. L.
Benedetti, E.
Bizen, T.
Bollanti, S.
Bonfigli, F.
Bulanov, S. V.
Cabanillas-Gonzalez, J.
Calegari, F.
Cedola, A.
Chen, L. M.
Courrol, L. C.
Daido, H.
Daito, I.
De Silvestri, S.
Di Lazzaro, P.
Faenov, A.
Faenov, A. Ya.
Flora, F.
Francucci, M.
Franzini, I.
Fukuda, Y.
Fukui, T.
Gasilov, S.
Gasilov, S. V.
Gaudio, P.
Gomez, L.
Goto, S.
Hara, T.
Hayashi, Y.
Higashiya, A.
Hirano, M.
Hirono, T.
Hirose, Y.
Homma, T.
Hosoda, N.
Hosono, H.
Inagaki, T.
Inoue, S.
Ishii, M.
Ishikawa, T.
Ishino, M.
Kaiser, J.
Kameshima, T.
Kando, M.
Kapsar, B. M.
Kato, M.
Kato, Y.
Kawachi, T.
Kawamura, K.
Kawase, K.
Kim, Y.
Kimura, H.
Kimura, T.
Kishimoto, M.
Kitamura, H.
Kitamura, M.
Kitao, T.
Kobayashi, T.
Kotaki, H.
Kukhlevsky, S. V.
Kurobori, T.
Lagomarsino, S.
Lai, A.
Limongi, T.
Lucas, A. C.
Ma, J.
Maesaka, H.
Maréchal, X.
Marolo, T.
Martellucci, S.
Masuda, T.
Matsubayashi, M.
Matsui, S.
Matsushita, T.
McLaughlin, W. L.
Mezi, L.
Miller, A.
Montereali, R. M.
Morishita, Y.
Murra, D.
Nagasono, M.
Nichelatti, E.
Nishikino, M.
Nisoli, M.
Ohashi, H.
Ohata, T.
Ohshima, T.
Onoe, K.
Otake, Y.
Pace, A.
Palladino, L.
Pelliccia, D.
Petrocelli, G.
Pikuz, T.
Pikuz, T. A.
Poletto, L.
Ranieri, I. M.
Reale, A.
Reale, L.
Richetta, M.
Ritucci, A.
Saito, N.
Samad, R. E.
Sansone, G.
Shintake, .
Shirasawa, K.
Skobelev, I. Yu.
Stagira, S.
Tajima, T.
Takagi, T.
Takahashi, S.
Takamizu, D.
Takeuchi, M.
Tamasaku, K.
Tanaka, H.
Tanaka, M.
Tanaka, R.
Tanaka, T.
Tanaka, Y.
Tanikawa, T.
Togashi, T.
Togawa, K.
Tomassetti, G.
Tono, K.
Valentini, G.
Vieira, N. D.
Villoresi, P.
Vincenti, M. A.
Vozzi, C.
Wu, S.
Yabashi, M.
Yamakage, T.
Yamashita, A.
Yanagida, K.
Zanardi de Freitas, A.
Zhang, C.

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[1] J. H. Schulman and W. D. Compton, Color Centers in Solids, (Oxford, 1962).

[2] W. L. McLaughlin, A. C. Lucas, B. M. Kapsar, and A. Miller, “Electron and gamma-ray dosimetry using radiation induced color centers in LiF,” Radiat. Phys. Chem.14, 467–480 (1979).

[3] T. Kurobori, T. Kitao, Y. Hirose, K. Kawamura, D. Takamizu, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Laser-active colour centers with functional peridodic structures in LiF fabricated by two interfering femtosecond laser pulses,” Radiat. Meas.38(4-6), 759–762 (2004). [CrossRef]

[4] T. Kurobori, T. Yamakage, Y. Hirose, K. Kawamura, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Application of wide-band-gap materials for optoelectronic functional devices fabricated by a pair of interfering femtosecond laser pulses,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.44(2), 910–913 (2005). [CrossRef]

[5] F. Bonfigli, A. Faenov, F. Flora, T. Marolo, R. M. Montereali, E. Nichelatti, T. Pikuz, L. Reale, and G. Baldacchini, “Point defects in lithium fluoride films for micro-radiography, X-Ray microscopy and photonic applications,” Phys. Status Solidi202(2), 250–255 (2005) (a). [CrossRef]

[6] G. Baldacchini, F. Bonfigli, F. Flora, R. M. Montereali, D. Murra, E. Nichelatti, A. Ya. Faenov, and T. A. Pikuz, “High-contrast photoluminiscent patterns in lithium fluoride crystals produced by soft X-rays from a laser-plasma source,” Appl. Phys. Lett.80(25), 4810–4812 (2002). [CrossRef]

[7] G. Baldacchini, F. Bonfigli, A. Faenov, F. Flora, R. M. Montereali, A. Pace, T. Pikuz, and L. Reale, “Lithium fluoride as a novel X-ray image detector for biological μ-world capture,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.3(6), 483–486 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] G. Tomassetti, A. Ritucci, A. Reale, L. Palladino, L. Reale, L. Arrizza, G. Baldacchini, F. Bonfigli, F. Flora, L. Mezi, R. M. Montereali, S. V. Kukhlevsky, A. Faenov, T. Pikuz, and J. Kaiser, “High-resolution Imaging of a soft X-ray laser beam by color centers excitation in lithium fluoride crystals,” Europhys. Lett.63(5), 681–686 (2003). [CrossRef]

[9] G. Baldacchini, S. Bollanti, F. Bonfigli, F. Flora, P. Di Lazzaro, A. Lai, T. Marolo, R. M. Montereali, D. Murra, A. Faenov, T. Pikuz, E. Nichelatti, G. Tomassetti, A. Reale, L. Reale, A. Ritucci, T. Limongi, L. Palladino, M. Francucci, S. Martellucci, and G. Petrocelli, “Soft x-ray submicron imaging detector based on point defects in LiF,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.76(11), 113104 (2005). [CrossRef]

[10] F. Calegari, G. Valentini, C. Vozzi, E. Benedetti, J. Cabanillas-Gonzalez, A. Faenov, S. Gasilov, T. Pikuz, L. Poletto, G. Sansone, P. Villoresi, M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri, and S. Stagira, “Elemental sensitivity in soft x-ray imaging with a laser-plasma source and a color center detector,” Opt. Lett.32(17), 2593–2595 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] F. Bonfigli, A. Faenov, F. Flora, M. Francucci, P. Gaudio, A. Lai, S. Martellucci, R. M. Montereali, T. Pikuz, L. Reale, M. Richetta, M. A. Vincenti, and G. Baldacchini, “High-resolution water window X-ray imaging of in vivo cells and their products using LiF crystal detectors,” Microsc. Res. Tech.71(1), 35–41 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] Y. Fukuda, A. Ya. Faenov, T. Pikuz, M. Kando, H. Kotaki, I. Daito, J. Ma, L. M. Chen, T. Homma, K. Kawase, T. Kameshima, T. Kawachi, H. Daido, T. Kimura, T. Tajima, Y. Kato, and S. V. Bulanov, “Soft X-ray source for nanostructure imaging using femtosecond – laser – irradiated clusters,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92(12), 121110 (2008). [CrossRef]

[13] A. Ya. Faenov, Y. Kato, M. Tanaka, T. A. Pikuz, M. Kishimoto, M. Ishino, M. Nishikino, Y. Fukuda, S. V. Bulanov, and T. Kawachi, “Submicrometer-resolution in situ imaging of the focus pattern of a soft x-ray laser by color center formation in LiF crystal,” Opt. Lett.34(7), 941–943 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] T. A. Pikuz, A. Ya. Faenov, S. V. Gasilov, I. Yu. Skobelev, Y. Fukuda, M. Kando, H. Kotaki, T. Homma, K. Kawase, Y. Hayashi, T. Kawachi, H. Daido, Y. Kato, and S. V. Bulanov, “Propagation-based phase-contrast enhancement of nanostructure images using a debris-free femtosecond-laser-driven cluster-based plasma soft x-ray source and an LiF crystal detector,” Appl. Opt.48(32), 6271–6276 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] S. V. Gasilov, A. Ya. Faenov, T. A. Pikuz, Y. Fukuda, M. Kando, T. Kawachi, I. Yu. Skobelev, H. Daido, Y. Kato, and S. V. Bulanov, “Wide-field-of-view phase-contrast imaging of nanostructures with a comparatively large polychromatic soft x-ray plasma source,” Opt. Lett.34(21), 3268–3270 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] S. Almaviva, F. Bonfigli, I. Franzini, A. Lai, R. M. Montereali, D. Pelliccia, A. Cedola, and S. Lagomarsino, “Hard x-ray contact microscopy with 250 nm spatial resolution using a LiF film detector and a tabletop microsource,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(5), 054102 (2006). [CrossRef]

[17] M. Matsubayashi, A. Faenov, T. Pikuz, Y. Fukuda, and Y. Kato, “Neutron imaging of micron-size structures by color center formation in LiF crystals,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A622(3), 637–641 (2010). [CrossRef]

[18] T. Kurobori, K. Kawamura, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Simultaneous fabrication of laser-active colour centers and permanent microgratings in lithium fluoride by a single femtosecond pulse,” J. Phys- Condens Mat.15, 399–405 (2003).

[19] L. C. Courrol, R. E. Samad, L. Gomez, I. M. Ranieri, S. L. Baldochi, A. Zanardi de Freitas, and N. D. Vieira., “Color center production by femtosecond pulse laser irradiation in LiF crystals,” Opt. Express12(2), 288–293 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[20] F. Bonfigli, F. Flora, I. Franzini, E. Nichelatti, and R. M. Montereali, “Optical characterization of a soft X-ray imaging detector based on photoluminiscent point defects in lithium fluoride thin layer,” J. Lumin.129(12), 1964–1967 (2009). [CrossRef]

[21] . Shintake, H. Tanaka, T. Hara, T. Tanaka, K. Togawa, M. Yabashi, Y. Otake, Y. Asano, T. Bizen, T. Fukui, S. Goto, A. Higashiya, T. Hirono, N. Hosoda, T. Inagaki, S. Inoue, M. Ishii, Y. Kim, H. Kimura, M. Kitamura, T. Kobayashi, H. Maesaka, T. Masuda, S. Matsui, T. Matsushita, X. Maréchal, M. Nagasono, H. Ohashi, T. Ohata, T. Ohshima, K. Onoe, K. Shirasawa, T. Takagi, S. Takahashi, M. Takeuchi, K. Tamasaku, R. Tanaka, Y. Tanaka, T. Tanikawa, T. Togashi, S. Wu, A. Yamashita, K. Yanagida, C. Zhang, H. Kitamura, and T. Ishikawa, “A compact free-electron laser for generating coherent radiation in the extreme ultraviolet region,” Nat. Photonics2(9), 555–559 (2008). [CrossRef]

[22] M. Kato, N. Saito, T. Tanaka, Y. Morishita, H. Kimura, H. Ohashi, M. Nagasono, M. Yabashi, K. Tono, T. Togashi, A. Higashiya, and T. Ishikawa, “Pulse energy of the extreme - ultraviolet free - electron laser at SPring-8 determined using a cryogenic radiometer,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A612(1), 209–211 (2009). [CrossRef]

[23] D. M. Paganin, Coherent X-ray Optics, (Oxford University Press, 2006).

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Optical features of a LiF crystal soft x-ray imaging detector irradiated by free electron laser pulses