Ultrafast nonlinear optical studies of silicon nanowaveguides

doi:10.1364/OE.20.004085

Ultrafast nonlinear optical studies of silicon nanowaveguides

Ali R. Motamedi, Amir H. Nejadmalayeri, Anatol Khilo, Franz X. Kärtner, and Erich P. Ippen »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 4085-4101 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.004085

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Abstract

Results of a self-consistent ultrafast study of nonlinear optical properties of silicon nanowaveguides using heterodyne pump-probe technique are reported. The two-photon absorption coefficient and free-carrier absorption effective cross-section were determined to be 0.68cm/GW, and 1.9x10⁻¹⁷ cm², respectively and the Kerr coefficient and free-carrier-induced refractive index change 0.32x10⁻¹³ cm²/W, and −5.5x10⁻²¹ cm³, respectively. The effects of the proton bombardment on the linear loss and the carrier lifetime of the devices were also studied. Carrier lifetime reduction from 330ps to 33ps with a linear loss of only 14.8dB/cm was achieved using a proton bombardment level of 10¹⁵/cm².

OCIS Codes
(190.0190) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics
(190.4360) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, devices
(190.4390) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, integrated optics
(190.4400) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, materials
(320.7100) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast measurements
(320.7110) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast nonlinear optics

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: December 13, 2011
Revised Manuscript: January 26, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: January 27, 2012
Published: February 2, 2012

Citation
Ali R. Motamedi, Amir H. Nejadmalayeri, Anatol Khilo, Franz X. Kärtner, and Erich P. Ippen, "Ultrafast nonlinear optical studies of silicon nanowaveguides," Opt. Express 20, 4085-4101 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-4-4085

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References

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Agrawal, G. P.
Akiyama, S.
Altug, H.
Amatya, R.
Ang, K.-W.
Apiratikul, P.
Araghchini, M.
Asghari, M.
Baehr-Jones, T.
Barbastathis, G.
Barwicz, T.
Bennett, B. R.
Betts, G. E.
Birge, J.
Blasco, J.
Burrows, C. P.
Byun, H.
Chandrasekhar, S.
Chen, J.
Chen, L.
Chen, Y.-K.
Chu, T.
Cohen, O.
Coleman, P. G.
Cunningham, J. E.
Dahlem, M.
Dahlem, M. S.
Daldosso, N.
Danielson, D. T.
DiLello, N. A.
Dimitropoulos, D.
Doerr, C. R.
Dong, P.
Donnelly, J. P.
Doylend, J. K.
Ellis, B.
Englund, D.
Fathpour, S.
Fauchet, P. M.
Fedeli, J. M.
Feng, D. Z.
Foster, M. A.
Foster, P. J.
Franck, T.
Freude, W.
Fujioka, N.
Gaeta, A. L.
Galán, J. V.
Galili, M.
Gan, F.
García-Rupérez, J.
Garrido, B.
Gautier, P.
Geis, M. W.
Grawert, F.
Grein, M. E.
Guider, R.
Hall, K. L.
Hargreaves, J. J.
Hernández, S.
Ho, R.
Hochberg, M.
Hodge, D.
Holzwarth, C. W.
Hopper, G. F.
Hoyt, J. L.
Hu, H.
Hvam, J. M.
Ippen, E. P.
Ishizaka, M.
Jacome, L.
Jalali, B.
Jeppesen, P.
Jessop, P. E.
Ji, H.
Jordana, E.
Juodawlkis, P. W.
Kartner, F. X.
Kärtner, F. X.
Keil, U.
Khilo, A.
Khorasaninejad, M.
Kim, J.
Kim, M.
Kimerling, L. C.
Knights, A. P.
Koos, C.
Krishnamoorthy, A. V.
Kuo, Y. H.
Lebour, Y.
Lee, J. Y.
Lennon, D. M.
Lentine, A. L.
Lenz, G.
Leuthold, J.
Levy, J. S.
Lexau, J.
Li, G. L.
Liao, L.
Liao, S. R.
Lin, Q.
Liow, T.-Y.
Lipson, M.
Liu, A.
Liu, F.
Liu, J.
Liu, Y.
Lo, G.-Q.
Luo, Y.
Lyszczarz, T. M.
Martí, J.
Martínez, A.
Mascher, P.
Michel, J.
Miller, D. A. B.
Morse, M.
Motamedi, A.
Motamedi, A. R.
Murphy, T. E.
O'Donnell, F. J.
Olubuyide, O. O.
Orcutt, J. S.
Oxenlowe, L. K.
Painter, O. J.
Paniccia, M.
Park, M.
Patil, D.
Pavesi, L.
Perrott, M.
Pinguet, T.
Plant, J. J.
Poitras, C. B.
Popovi, M. A.
Popovic, M. A.
Poulton, C.
Preston, K.
Pu, M. H.
Rackich, P. T.
Raj, K.
Rakich, P. T.
Ram, R. J.
Rasras, M. S.
Ray, K. G.
Raybon, G.
Rong, H.
Rossi, A. M.
Rubin, D.
Saini, S. S.
Salem, R.
Samara-Rubio, D.
Sanchis, P.
Schmidt, B.
Schulein, R. T.
Shafiiha, R.
Shi, J.
Shubin, I. N.
Sih, V.
Smith, H. I.
Soref, R. A.
Spano, R.
Spector, S. J.
Thacker, H.
Trotter, D. C.
Tsang, H. K.
Turner-Foster, A. C.
Twichell, J. C.
Valley, G. C.
Vuckovic, J.
Wasserman, J. L.
Watts, M. R.
Williamson, R. C.
Winzer, P. J.
Xu, Q. F.
Xu, S.
Yao, J.
Yin, L.
Yin, L. H.
Yoon, J. U.
Young, R. W.
Younger, R. D.
Yvind, K.
Zheng, X. Z.
Zhou, G. R.
Zortman, W. A.

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[1] D. Englund, H. Altug, B. Ellis, and J. Vučković, “Ultrafast photonic crystal lasers,” Laser Photon. Rev.2(4), 264–274 (2008). [CrossRef]

[2] N. Fujioka, T. Chu, and M. Ishizaka, “Compact and low power consumption hybrid integrated wavelength tunable laser module using silicon waveguide resonators,” J. Lightwave Technol.28, 3115–3120 (2010).

[3] H. Ji, M. Galili, H. Hu, M. H. Pu, L. K. Oxenlowe, K. Yvind, J. M. Hvam, and P. Jeppesen, “1.28-Tb/s demultiplexing of an OTDM DPSK data signal using a silicon waveguide,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(23), 1762–1764 (2010). [CrossRef]

[4] G. L. Li, X. Z. Zheng, J. Lexau, Y. Luo, H. Thacker, T. Pinguet, P. Dong, D. Z. Feng, S. R. Liao, R. Shafiiha, M. Asghari, J. Yao, J. Shi, I. N. Shubin, D. Patil, F. Liu, K. Raj, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy, “Ultralow-power silicon photonic interconnect for high-performance computing systems,” Optoelectronic Interconnects and Component Integration IX7607, 760703 (2010).

[5] B. Jalali and S. Fathpour, “Silicon photonics,” J. Lightwave Technol.24(12), 4600–4615 (2006). [CrossRef]

[6] B. Jalali, “Silicon photonics nonlinear optics in the mid-infrared,” Nat. Photonics4(8), 506–508 (2010). [CrossRef]

[7] M. Hochberg and T. Baehr-Jones, “Towards fabless silicon photonics,” Nat. Photonics4(8), 492–494 (2010). [CrossRef]

[8] R. A. Soref and B. R. Bennett, “Electrooptical effects in silicon,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.23(1), 123–129 (1987). [CrossRef]

[9] H. K. Tsang and Y. Liu, “Nonlinear optical properties of silicon waveguides,” Semicond. Sci. Technol.23(6), 064007 (2008). [CrossRef]

[10] F. X. Kärtner, S. Akiyama, G. Barbastathis, T. Barwicz, H. Byun, D. T. Danielson, F. Gan, F. Grawert, C. W. Holzwarth, J. L. Hoyt, E. P. Ippen, M. Kim, L. C. Kimerling, J. Liu, J. Michel, O. O. Olubuyide, J. S. Orcutt, M. Park, M. Perrott, M. A. Popovic, P. T. Rackich, R. J. Ram, H. I. Smith, and M. R. Watts, “Electronic photonic integrated circuits for high speed, high resolution, analog to digital conversion,” Proc. SPIE6125, 612503, 612503-14 (2006). [CrossRef]

[11] A. Alduino, L. Liao, R. Jones, M. Morse, B. Kim, W.-Z. Lo, J. Basak, B. Koch, H.-F. Liu, H. Rong, M. Sysak, C. Krause, R. Saba, D. Lazar, L. Horwitz, R. Bar, S. Litski, A. Liu, K. Sullivan, O. Dosunmu, N. Na, T. Yin, F. Haubensack, I. W. Hsieh, J. Heck, R. Beatty, H. Park, J. Bovington, S. Lee, H. Nguyen, H. Au, K. Nguyen, P. Merani, M. Hakami, and M. Paniccia, “Demonstration of a high speed 4-channel integrated silicon photonics WDM link with hybrid silicon lasers,” in Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics, (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PDIWI5 (2010).

[12] D. A. B. Miller, “Optical interconnects to electronic chips,” Appl. Opt.49(25), F59–F70 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] M. Khorasaninejad and S. S. Saini, “All-optical logic gates using nonlinear effects in silicon-on-insulator waveguides,” Appl. Opt.48(25), F31–F37 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] J. Y. Lee, L. H. Yin, G. P. Agrawal, and P. M. Fauchet, “Ultrafast optical switching based on nonlinear polarization rotation in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express18(11), 11514–11523 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] A. Martínez, J. Blasco, P. Sanchis, J. V. Galán, J. García-Rupérez, E. Jordana, P. Gautier, Y. Lebour, S. Hernández, R. Spano, R. Guider, N. Daldosso, B. Garrido, J. M. Fedeli, L. Pavesi, and J. Martí, “Ultrafast all-optical switching in a silicon-nanocrystal-based silicon slot waveguide at telecom wavelengths,” Nano Lett.10(4), 1506–1511 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] Y. H. Kuo, H. Rong, V. Sih, S. Xu, M. Paniccia, and O. Cohen, “Demonstration of wavelength conversion at 40 Gb/s data rate in silicon waveguides,” Opt. Express14(24), 11721–11726 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] Q. F. Xu and M. Lipson, “All-optical logic based on silicon micro-ring resonators,” Opt. Express15(3), 924–929 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] P. W. Juodawlkis, J. C. Twichell, G. E. Betts, J. J. Hargreaves, R. D. Younger, J. L. Wasserman, F. J. O'Donnell, K. G. Ray, and R. C. Williamson, “Optically sampled analog-to-digital converters,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.49(10), 1840–1853 (2001). [CrossRef]

[19] G. C. Valley, “Photonic analog-to-digital converters,” Opt. Express15(5), 1955–1982 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Ultrafast nonlinear optical studies of silicon nanowaveguides