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Detectivity enhancement in quantum well infrared photodetectors utilizing a photonic crystal slab resonatorS. Kalchmair, R. Gansch, S. I. Ahn, A. M. Andrews, H. Detz, T. Zederbauer, E. Mujagić, P. Reininger, G. Lasser, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser »View Author Affiliations
S. Kalchmair,1,*
R. Gansch,1
S. I. Ahn,1
A. M. Andrews,1
H. Detz,1
T. Zederbauer,1
E. Mujagić,1
P. Reininger,1
G. Lasser,2
W. Schrenk,1
and G. Strasser1
1Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, Vienna University of Technology, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria 2Institute of Telecommunications, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 25/389, 1040 Vienna, Austria *Corresponding author: stefan.kalchmair@tuwien.ac.at |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 5, pp. 5622-5628 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.005622
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Abstract
We characterize the performance of a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP), which is fabricated as a photonic crystal slab (PCS) resonator. The strongest resonance of the PCS is designed to coincide with the absorption peak frequency at 7.6 µm of the QWIP. To accurately characterize the detector performance, it is illuminated by using single mode mid-infrared lasers. The strong resonant absorption enhancement yields a detectivity increase of up to 20 times. This enhancement is a combined effect of increased responsivity and noise current reduction. With increasing temperature, we observe a red shift of the PCS-QWIP resonance peak of −0.055 cm−1/K. We attribute this effect to a refractive index change and present a model based on the revised plane wave method.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(040.4200) Detectors : Multiple quantum well
(230.5298) Optical devices : Photonic crystals
ToC Category:
Detectors
History
Original Manuscript: December 23, 2011
Revised Manuscript: February 10, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: February 10, 2012
Published: February 22, 2012
Citation
S. Kalchmair, R. Gansch, S. I. Ahn, A. M. Andrews, H. Detz, T. Zederbauer, E. Mujagić, P. Reininger, G. Lasser, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Detectivity enhancement in quantum well infrared photodetectors utilizing a photonic crystal slab resonator," Opt. Express 20, 5622-5628 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-5-5622
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References
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Aellen, T.
Ahn, S. I.
Ahopelto, J.
Andersson, J. Y.
Andrews, A. M.
Asano, T.
Bai, Y.
Bai, Y. B.
Bandara, S. V.
Bandyopadhyay, N.
Barve, A.
Beck, M.
Bethea, C. G.
Blakemore, J. S.
Blaser, S.
Blazejewski, E. R.
Bonakdar, A.
Braunstein, J.
Brueck, S. R. J.
Cabanski, W.
Campbell, J. C.
Capasso, F.
Chang, Y. C.
Chen, C.
Cho, A. Y.
Cole, G. D.
Colombelli, R.
Darvish, S. R.
Detz, H.
Faist, J.
Fleissner, J.
Gansch, R.
Gmachl, C.
Gokden, B.
Gökden, B.
Golka, S.
Gunapala, S. D.
Hill, C. J.
Hoffmann, L. K.
Hofstetter, D.
Hu, C.
Hutchinson, A. L.
Hwang, H. Y.
Iwahashi, S.
Jang, W. Y.
Kalchmair, S.
Keo, S. A.
Klang, P.
Koidl, K.
Krishna, S.
Ku, Z.
Kunishi, W.
Kurosaka, Y.
Lee, S. J.
Levine, B. F.
Liang, Y.
Lipsanen, H.
Liu, H. C.
Liu, J. K.
Liu, M.
Lundqvist, L.
Madhukar, A.
Martini, R.
Masselink, W. T.
Miyai, E.
Mohseni, H.
Montoya, J.
Mujagic, E.
Mumolo, J. M.
Myers, T. L.
Nobile, M.
Noda, S.
Noh, S. K.
Ochiai, T.
Ohnishi, D.
Ostermaier, C.
Paiella, R.
Paska, Z. F.
Pflügl, C.
Pletschen, W.
Prather, D. W.
Rafol, S. B.
Razeghi, M.
Rehm, R.
Reisinger, A.
Roch, T.
Rogalski, A.
Sakai, K.
Sakoda, K.
Schartner, S.
Schneider, H.
Schönbein, C.
Schrenk, W.
Semtsiv, M. P.
Sergent, A. M.
Shi, S.
Shott, C. A.
Sirtori, C.
Sivco, D. L.
Slivken, S.
Sopanen, M.
Strasser, G.
Sundaram, M.
Taskinen, M.
Taubman, M. S.
Ting, D. Z.
Tittel, F. K.
Tulkki, J.
Unterrainer, K.
Walther, M.
Weidmann, D.
Weimann, G.
Whittaker, E. A.
Wienold, M.
Williams, R. M.
Wu, W.
Zhang, Y.
Ziegler, J.
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- S. I. Ahn, E. Mujagić, M. Nobile, H. Detz, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Electrical beam steering of Y-coupled quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(14), 141113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Lipsanen, M. Sopanen, M. Taskinen, J. Tulkki, and J. Ahopelto, “Enhanced optical properties of in situ passivated near‐surface AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68(16), 2216 (1996). [CrossRef]
- J. Y. Andersson, L. Lundqvist, and Z. F. Paska, “Quantum efficiency enhancement of AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well infrared detectors using a waveguide with a grating coupler,” Appl. Phys. Lett.58(20), 2264 (1991). [CrossRef]
- S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, G. D. Cole, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, M. Nobile, R. Gansch, C. Ostermaier, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Photonic crystal slab quantum well infrared photodetector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(1), 011105 (2011). [CrossRef]
- R. Gansch, S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Higher order modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Express19(17), 15990–15995 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. I. Ahn, E. Mujagić, M. Nobile, H. Detz, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Electrical beam steering of Y-coupled quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(14), 141113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Schartner, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Post-fabrication fine-tuning of photonic crystal quantum well infrared photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(23), 231117 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Nobile, P. Klang, E. Mujagić, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Quantum cascade laser utilising aluminium-free material system: InGaAs/GaAsSb lattice-matched to InP,” Electron. Lett.45(20), 1031–1033 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Schartner, S. Golka, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch, and G. Strasser, “Band structure mapping of photonic crystal intersubband detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(15), 151107 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- B. Gökden, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, “Broad area photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers emitting 34 W at λ~4.36 µm,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131112 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Razeghi, S. Slivken, Y. B. Bai, B. Gokden, and S. R. Darvish, “High power quantum cascade lasers,” New J. Phys.11(12), 125017 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. D. Gunapala, S. V. Bandara, C. J. Hill, D. Z. Ting, J. K. Liu, S. B. Rafol, E. R. Blazejewski, J. M. Mumolo, S. A. Keo, S. Krishna, Y. C. Chang, and C. A. Shott, “Demonstration of 640 × 512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array,” Infrared Phys. Technol.50(2-3), 149–155 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. Gökden, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, “Broad area photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers emitting 34 W at λ~4.36 µm,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131112 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. J. Lee, Z. Ku, A. Barve, J. Montoya, W. Y. Jang, S. R. J. Brueck, M. Sundaram, A. Reisinger, S. Krishna, and S. K. Noh, “A monolithically integrated plasmonic infrared quantum dot camera,” Nat Commun.2, 286 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Weidmann, F. K. Tittel, T. Aellen, M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, and S. Blaser, “Mid-infrared trace-gas sensing with a quasi- continuous-wave Peltier-cooled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B79(7), 907–913 (2004). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Blakemore, “Semiconducting and other major properties of gallium arsenide,” J. Appl. Phys.53(10), R123–R181 (1982). [CrossRef]
- D. Weidmann, F. K. Tittel, T. Aellen, M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, and S. Blaser, “Mid-infrared trace-gas sensing with a quasi- continuous-wave Peltier-cooled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B79(7), 907–913 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. D. Gunapala, S. V. Bandara, C. J. Hill, D. Z. Ting, J. K. Liu, S. B. Rafol, E. R. Blazejewski, J. M. Mumolo, S. A. Keo, S. Krishna, Y. C. Chang, and C. A. Shott, “Demonstration of 640 × 512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array,” Infrared Phys. Technol.50(2-3), 149–155 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. Wu, A. Bonakdar, and H. Mohseni, “Plasmonic enhanced quantum well infrared photodetector with high detectivity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(16), 161107 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Schneider, M. Walther, C. Schönbein, R. Rehm, J. Fleissner, W. Pletschen, J. Braunstein, K. Koidl, G. Weimann, J. Ziegler, and W. Cabanski, “QWIP FPAs for high-performance thermal imaging,” Physica E7(1-2), 101–107 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. J. Lee, Z. Ku, A. Barve, J. Montoya, W. Y. Jang, S. R. J. Brueck, M. Sundaram, A. Reisinger, S. Krishna, and S. K. Noh, “A monolithically integrated plasmonic infrared quantum dot camera,” Nat Commun.2, 286 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Schneider, M. Walther, C. Schönbein, R. Rehm, J. Fleissner, W. Pletschen, J. Braunstein, K. Koidl, G. Weimann, J. Ziegler, and W. Cabanski, “QWIP FPAs for high-performance thermal imaging,” Physica E7(1-2), 101–107 (2000). [CrossRef]
- T. Asano, C. Hu, Y. Zhang, M. Liu, J. C. Campbell, and A. Madhukar, “Design consideration and demonstration of resonant-cavity-enhanced quantum dot infrared photodetectors in mid-infrared wavelength regime (3-5 µm),” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(10), 1484–1491 (2010). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science264(5158), 553–556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. D. Gunapala, S. V. Bandara, C. J. Hill, D. Z. Ting, J. K. Liu, S. B. Rafol, E. R. Blazejewski, J. M. Mumolo, S. A. Keo, S. Krishna, Y. C. Chang, and C. A. Shott, “Demonstration of 640 × 512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array,” Infrared Phys. Technol.50(2-3), 149–155 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Shi, C. Chen, and D. W. Prather, “Revised plane wave method for dispersive material and its application to band structure calculations of photonic crystal slabs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(4), 043104 (2005). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science264(5158), 553–556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, G. D. Cole, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, M. Nobile, R. Gansch, C. Ostermaier, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Photonic crystal slab quantum well infrared photodetector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(1), 011105 (2011). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- M. Razeghi, S. Slivken, Y. B. Bai, B. Gokden, and S. R. Darvish, “High power quantum cascade lasers,” New J. Phys.11(12), 125017 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, G. D. Cole, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, M. Nobile, R. Gansch, C. Ostermaier, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Photonic crystal slab quantum well infrared photodetector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(1), 011105 (2011). [CrossRef]
- R. Gansch, S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Higher order modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Express19(17), 15990–15995 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. I. Ahn, E. Mujagić, M. Nobile, H. Detz, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Electrical beam steering of Y-coupled quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(14), 141113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Nobile, P. Klang, E. Mujagić, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Quantum cascade laser utilising aluminium-free material system: InGaAs/GaAsSb lattice-matched to InP,” Electron. Lett.45(20), 1031–1033 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Weidmann, F. K. Tittel, T. Aellen, M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, and S. Blaser, “Mid-infrared trace-gas sensing with a quasi- continuous-wave Peltier-cooled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B79(7), 907–913 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science264(5158), 553–556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Schneider, M. Walther, C. Schönbein, R. Rehm, J. Fleissner, W. Pletschen, J. Braunstein, K. Koidl, G. Weimann, J. Ziegler, and W. Cabanski, “QWIP FPAs for high-performance thermal imaging,” Physica E7(1-2), 101–107 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, G. D. Cole, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, M. Nobile, R. Gansch, C. Ostermaier, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Photonic crystal slab quantum well infrared photodetector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(1), 011105 (2011). [CrossRef]
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- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- S. Shi, C. Chen, and D. W. Prather, “Revised plane wave method for dispersive material and its application to band structure calculations of photonic crystal slabs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(4), 043104 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. D. Gunapala, S. V. Bandara, C. J. Hill, D. Z. Ting, J. K. Liu, S. B. Rafol, E. R. Blazejewski, J. M. Mumolo, S. A. Keo, S. Krishna, Y. C. Chang, and C. A. Shott, “Demonstration of 640 × 512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array,” Infrared Phys. Technol.50(2-3), 149–155 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science264(5158), 553–556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science264(5158), 553–556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Gökden, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, “Broad area photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers emitting 34 W at λ~4.36 µm,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131112 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Razeghi, S. Slivken, Y. B. Bai, B. Gokden, and S. R. Darvish, “High power quantum cascade lasers,” New J. Phys.11(12), 125017 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Lipsanen, M. Sopanen, M. Taskinen, J. Tulkki, and J. Ahopelto, “Enhanced optical properties of in situ passivated near‐surface AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68(16), 2216 (1996). [CrossRef]
- R. Gansch, S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Higher order modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Express19(17), 15990–15995 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, G. D. Cole, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, M. Nobile, R. Gansch, C. Ostermaier, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Photonic crystal slab quantum well infrared photodetector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(1), 011105 (2011). [CrossRef]
- S. I. Ahn, E. Mujagić, M. Nobile, H. Detz, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Electrical beam steering of Y-coupled quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(14), 141113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Schartner, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Post-fabrication fine-tuning of photonic crystal quantum well infrared photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(23), 231117 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Nobile, P. Klang, E. Mujagić, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Quantum cascade laser utilising aluminium-free material system: InGaAs/GaAsSb lattice-matched to InP,” Electron. Lett.45(20), 1031–1033 (2009). [CrossRef]
- E. Mujagić, L. K. Hoffmann, S. Schartner, M. Nobile, W. Schrenk, M. P. Semtsiv, M. Wienold, W. T. Masselink, and G. Strasser, “Low divergence single-mode surface emitting quantum cascade ring lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(16), 161101 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. Schartner, S. Golka, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch, and G. Strasser, “Band structure mapping of photonic crystal intersubband detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(15), 151107 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. J. Lee, Z. Ku, A. Barve, J. Montoya, W. Y. Jang, S. R. J. Brueck, M. Sundaram, A. Reisinger, S. Krishna, and S. K. Noh, “A monolithically integrated plasmonic infrared quantum dot camera,” Nat Commun.2, 286 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Lipsanen, M. Sopanen, M. Taskinen, J. Tulkki, and J. Ahopelto, “Enhanced optical properties of in situ passivated near‐surface AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68(16), 2216 (1996). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- S. D. Gunapala, S. V. Bandara, C. J. Hill, D. Z. Ting, J. K. Liu, S. B. Rafol, E. R. Blazejewski, J. M. Mumolo, S. A. Keo, S. Krishna, Y. C. Chang, and C. A. Shott, “Demonstration of 640 × 512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array,” Infrared Phys. Technol.50(2-3), 149–155 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. Weidmann, F. K. Tittel, T. Aellen, M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, and S. Blaser, “Mid-infrared trace-gas sensing with a quasi- continuous-wave Peltier-cooled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B79(7), 907–913 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. Lipsanen, M. Sopanen, M. Taskinen, J. Tulkki, and J. Ahopelto, “Enhanced optical properties of in situ passivated near‐surface AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68(16), 2216 (1996). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- H. Schneider, M. Walther, C. Schönbein, R. Rehm, J. Fleissner, W. Pletschen, J. Braunstein, K. Koidl, G. Weimann, J. Ziegler, and W. Cabanski, “QWIP FPAs for high-performance thermal imaging,” Physica E7(1-2), 101–107 (2000). [CrossRef]
- D. Weidmann, F. K. Tittel, T. Aellen, M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, and S. Blaser, “Mid-infrared trace-gas sensing with a quasi- continuous-wave Peltier-cooled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B79(7), 907–913 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. Schneider, M. Walther, C. Schönbein, R. Rehm, J. Fleissner, W. Pletschen, J. Braunstein, K. Koidl, G. Weimann, J. Ziegler, and W. Cabanski, “QWIP FPAs for high-performance thermal imaging,” Physica E7(1-2), 101–107 (2000). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- E. Mujagić, L. K. Hoffmann, S. Schartner, M. Nobile, W. Schrenk, M. P. Semtsiv, M. Wienold, W. T. Masselink, and G. Strasser, “Low divergence single-mode surface emitting quantum cascade ring lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(16), 161101 (2008). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- W. Wu, A. Bonakdar, and H. Mohseni, “Plasmonic enhanced quantum well infrared photodetector with high detectivity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(16), 161107 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Asano, C. Hu, Y. Zhang, M. Liu, J. C. Campbell, and A. Madhukar, “Design consideration and demonstration of resonant-cavity-enhanced quantum dot infrared photodetectors in mid-infrared wavelength regime (3-5 µm),” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(10), 1484–1491 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Schneider, M. Walther, C. Schönbein, R. Rehm, J. Fleissner, W. Pletschen, J. Braunstein, K. Koidl, G. Weimann, J. Ziegler, and W. Cabanski, “QWIP FPAs for high-performance thermal imaging,” Physica E7(1-2), 101–107 (2000). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- D. Weidmann, F. K. Tittel, T. Aellen, M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, and S. Blaser, “Mid-infrared trace-gas sensing with a quasi- continuous-wave Peltier-cooled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B79(7), 907–913 (2004). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- B. Gökden, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, “Broad area photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers emitting 34 W at λ~4.36 µm,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131112 (2010). [CrossRef]
- E. Mujagić, L. K. Hoffmann, S. Schartner, M. Nobile, W. Schrenk, M. P. Semtsiv, M. Wienold, W. T. Masselink, and G. Strasser, “Low divergence single-mode surface emitting quantum cascade ring lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(16), 161101 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. I. Ahn, E. Mujagić, M. Nobile, H. Detz, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Electrical beam steering of Y-coupled quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(14), 141113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Schartner, S. Golka, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch, and G. Strasser, “Band structure mapping of photonic crystal intersubband detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(15), 151107 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Schartner, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Post-fabrication fine-tuning of photonic crystal quantum well infrared photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(23), 231117 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. Wu, A. Bonakdar, and H. Mohseni, “Plasmonic enhanced quantum well infrared photodetector with high detectivity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(16), 161107 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, G. D. Cole, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, M. Nobile, R. Gansch, C. Ostermaier, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Photonic crystal slab quantum well infrared photodetector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(1), 011105 (2011). [CrossRef]
- S. Shi, C. Chen, and D. W. Prather, “Revised plane wave method for dispersive material and its application to band structure calculations of photonic crystal slabs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(4), 043104 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Y. Andersson, L. Lundqvist, and Z. F. Paska, “Quantum efficiency enhancement of AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well infrared detectors using a waveguide with a grating coupler,” Appl. Phys. Lett.58(20), 2264 (1991). [CrossRef]
- H. Lipsanen, M. Sopanen, M. Taskinen, J. Tulkki, and J. Ahopelto, “Enhanced optical properties of in situ passivated near‐surface AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68(16), 2216 (1996). [CrossRef]
Electron. Lett.
- M. Nobile, P. Klang, E. Mujagić, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Quantum cascade laser utilising aluminium-free material system: InGaAs/GaAsSb lattice-matched to InP,” Electron. Lett.45(20), 1031–1033 (2009). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- T. Asano, C. Hu, Y. Zhang, M. Liu, J. C. Campbell, and A. Madhukar, “Design consideration and demonstration of resonant-cavity-enhanced quantum dot infrared photodetectors in mid-infrared wavelength regime (3-5 µm),” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(10), 1484–1491 (2010). [CrossRef]
Infrared Phys. Technol.
- S. D. Gunapala, S. V. Bandara, C. J. Hill, D. Z. Ting, J. K. Liu, S. B. Rafol, E. R. Blazejewski, J. M. Mumolo, S. A. Keo, S. Krishna, Y. C. Chang, and C. A. Shott, “Demonstration of 640 × 512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array,” Infrared Phys. Technol.50(2-3), 149–155 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- J. S. Blakemore, “Semiconducting and other major properties of gallium arsenide,” J. Appl. Phys.53(10), R123–R181 (1982). [CrossRef]
- B. F. Levine, “Quantum‐well infrared photodetectors,” J. Appl. Phys.74(8), R1–R81 (1993). [CrossRef]
- A. Rogalski, “Quantum well photoconductors in infrared detector technology,” J. Appl. Phys.93(8), 4355 (2003). [CrossRef]
Nat Commun.
- S. J. Lee, Z. Ku, A. Barve, J. Montoya, W. Y. Jang, S. R. J. Brueck, M. Sundaram, A. Reisinger, S. Krishna, and S. K. Noh, “A monolithically integrated plasmonic infrared quantum dot camera,” Nat Commun.2, 286 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Photonics
- Y. Kurosaka, S. Iwahashi, Y. Liang, K. Sakai, E. Miyai, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “On-chip beam-steering photonic-crystal lasers,” Nat. Photonics4(7), 447–450 (2010). [CrossRef]
New J. Phys.
- M. Razeghi, S. Slivken, Y. B. Bai, B. Gokden, and S. R. Darvish, “High power quantum cascade lasers,” New J. Phys.11(12), 125017 (2009). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- R. Gansch, S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Higher order modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Opt. Express19(17), 15990–15995 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. B
- T. Ochiai and K. Sakoda, “Dispersion relation and optical transmittance of a hexagonal photonic crystal slab,” Phys. Rev. B63(12), 125107 (2001). [CrossRef]
Physica E
- H. Schneider, M. Walther, C. Schönbein, R. Rehm, J. Fleissner, W. Pletschen, J. Braunstein, K. Koidl, G. Weimann, J. Ziegler, and W. Cabanski, “QWIP FPAs for high-performance thermal imaging,” Physica E7(1-2), 101–107 (2000). [CrossRef]
Science
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science264(5158), 553–556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- H. Schneider and H. C. Liu, Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors: Physics and Applications (Springer, 2007).
- H. C. Liu and F. Capasso, Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells: Physics and Device Applications I (Academic Press, 2000), Chap. 1.
- D. W. Prather, S. Shi, A. Sharkawy, J. Murakowski, and G. J. Schneider, Photonic Crystals: Theory, Applications and Fabrication (Wiley, 2009).
2011, Lee, Nat Commun.
- S. J. Lee, Z. Ku, A. Barve, J. Montoya, W. Y. Jang, S. R. J. Brueck, M. Sundaram, A. Reisinger, S. Krishna, and S. K. Noh, “A monolithically integrated plasmonic infrared quantum dot camera,” Nat Commun.2, 286 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Kalchmair, H. Detz, G. D. Cole, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, M. Nobile, R. Gansch, C. Ostermaier, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Photonic crystal slab quantum well infrared photodetector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(1), 011105 (2011). [CrossRef]
- W. Wu, A. Bonakdar, and H. Mohseni, “Plasmonic enhanced quantum well infrared photodetector with high detectivity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(16), 161107 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Asano, C. Hu, Y. Zhang, M. Liu, J. C. Campbell, and A. Madhukar, “Design consideration and demonstration of resonant-cavity-enhanced quantum dot infrared photodetectors in mid-infrared wavelength regime (3-5 µm),” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.46(10), 1484–1491 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kurosaka, S. Iwahashi, Y. Liang, K. Sakai, E. Miyai, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “On-chip beam-steering photonic-crystal lasers,” Nat. Photonics4(7), 447–450 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. I. Ahn, E. Mujagić, M. Nobile, H. Detz, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Electrical beam steering of Y-coupled quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(14), 141113 (2010). [CrossRef]
- B. Gökden, Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, “Broad area photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers emitting 34 W at λ~4.36 µm,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(13), 131112 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Razeghi, S. Slivken, Y. B. Bai, B. Gokden, and S. R. Darvish, “High power quantum cascade lasers,” New J. Phys.11(12), 125017 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Nobile, P. Klang, E. Mujagić, H. Detz, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Quantum cascade laser utilising aluminium-free material system: InGaAs/GaAsSb lattice-matched to InP,” Electron. Lett.45(20), 1031–1033 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Schartner, S. Kalchmair, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, “Post-fabrication fine-tuning of photonic crystal quantum well infrared photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.94(23), 231117 (2009). [CrossRef]
- E. Mujagić, L. K. Hoffmann, S. Schartner, M. Nobile, W. Schrenk, M. P. Semtsiv, M. Wienold, W. T. Masselink, and G. Strasser, “Low divergence single-mode surface emitting quantum cascade ring lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(16), 161101 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. D. Gunapala, S. V. Bandara, C. J. Hill, D. Z. Ting, J. K. Liu, S. B. Rafol, E. R. Blazejewski, J. M. Mumolo, S. A. Keo, S. Krishna, Y. C. Chang, and C. A. Shott, “Demonstration of 640 × 512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array,” Infrared Phys. Technol.50(2-3), 149–155 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Schartner, S. Golka, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch, and G. Strasser, “Band structure mapping of photonic crystal intersubband detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(15), 151107 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Shi, C. Chen, and D. W. Prather, “Revised plane wave method for dispersive material and its application to band structure calculations of photonic crystal slabs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.86(4), 043104 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Weidmann, F. K. Tittel, T. Aellen, M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, and S. Blaser, “Mid-infrared trace-gas sensing with a quasi- continuous-wave Peltier-cooled distributed feedback quantum cascade laser,” Appl. Phys. B79(7), 907–913 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Rogalski, “Quantum well photoconductors in infrared detector technology,” J. Appl. Phys.93(8), 4355 (2003). [CrossRef]
- F. Capasso, R. Paiella, R. Martini, R. Colombelli, C. Gmachl, T. L. Myers, M. S. Taubman, R. M. Williams, C. G. Bethea, K. Unterrainer, H. Y. Hwang, D. L. Sivco, A. Y. Cho, A. M. Sergent, H. C. Liu, and E. A. Whittaker, “Quantum cascade lasers: ultrahigh-speed operation, optical wireless communication, narrow linewidth, and far-infrared emission,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.38(6), 511–532 (2002). [CrossRef]
- T. Ochiai and K. Sakoda, “Dispersion relation and optical transmittance of a hexagonal photonic crystal slab,” Phys. Rev. B63(12), 125107 (2001). [CrossRef]
- H. Schneider, M. Walther, C. Schönbein, R. Rehm, J. Fleissner, W. Pletschen, J. Braunstein, K. Koidl, G. Weimann, J. Ziegler, and W. Cabanski, “QWIP FPAs for high-performance thermal imaging,” Physica E7(1-2), 101–107 (2000). [CrossRef]
- H. Lipsanen, M. Sopanen, M. Taskinen, J. Tulkki, and J. Ahopelto, “Enhanced optical properties of in situ passivated near‐surface AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett.68(16), 2216 (1996). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum cascade laser,” Science264(5158), 553–556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. F. Levine, “Quantum‐well infrared photodetectors,” J. Appl. Phys.74(8), R1–R81 (1993). [CrossRef]
- J. Y. Andersson, L. Lundqvist, and Z. F. Paska, “Quantum efficiency enhancement of AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well infrared detectors using a waveguide with a grating coupler,” Appl. Phys. Lett.58(20), 2264 (1991). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Blakemore, “Semiconducting and other major properties of gallium arsenide,” J. Appl. Phys.53(10), R123–R181 (1982). [CrossRef]
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