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On-chip three-dimensional high-Q microcavities fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writingJintian Lin, Shangjie Yu, Yaoguang Ma, Wei Fang, Fei He, Lingling Qiao, Limin Tong, Ya Cheng, and Zhizhan Xu »View Author Affiliations
Jintian Lin,1,3
Shangjie Yu,2
Yaoguang Ma,2
Wei Fang,2,4
Fei He,1
Lingling Qiao,1
Limin Tong,2
Ya Cheng,1,5
and Zhizhan Xu1,6
1State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-211, Shanghai 201800, China 2State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China 3Graduate School of Chinese Academics of Science, Beijing 100039, China 4wfang08@zju.edu.cn 5ya.cheng@siom.ac.cn 6zzxu@mail.shcnc.ac.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 9, pp. 10212-10217 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.010212
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Abstract
We report on the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) high-Q whispering gallery microcavities on a fused silica chip by femtosecond laser microfabriction, enabled by the 3D nature of femtosecond laser direct writing. The processing mainly consists of formation of freestanding microdisks by femtosecond laser direct writing and subsequent wet chemical etching. CO2 laser annealing is followed to smooth the microcavity surface. Microcavities with arbitrary tilting angle, lateral and vertical positioning are demonstrated, and the quality (Q)-factor of a typical microcavity is measured to be up to 1.07 × 106, which is currently limited by the low spatial resolution of the motion stage used during the laser patterning and can be improved with motion stages of higher resolutions.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.3390) Lasers and laser optics : Laser materials processing
(140.7090) Lasers and laser optics : Ultrafast lasers
(160.2750) Materials : Glass and other amorphous materials
ToC Category:
Laser Microfabrication
History
Original Manuscript: March 2, 2012
Revised Manuscript: April 11, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: April 11, 2012
Published: April 19, 2012
Citation
Jintian Lin, Shangjie Yu, Yaoguang Ma, Wei Fang, Fei He, Lingling Qiao, Limin Tong, Ya Cheng, and Zhizhan Xu, "On-chip three-dimensional high-Q microcavities fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing," Opt. Express 20, 10212-10217 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-9-10212
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References
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- Y. Cheng, H. L. Tsai, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Fabrication of 3D microoptical lenses in photosensitive glass using femtosecond laser micromachining,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.85(1), 11–14 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Y. Cheng, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Microfluidic laser embedded in glass by three-dimensional femtosecond laser microprocessing,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 2007–2009 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- A. Crespi, Y. Gu, B. Ngamsom, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, C. Dongre, M. Pollnau, R. Ramponi, H. H. van den Vlekkert, P. Watts, G. Cerullo, and R. Osellame, “Three-dimensional Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a microfluidic chip for spatially-resolved label-free detection,” Lab Chip10(9), 1167–1173 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “High-power directional emission from microlasers with chaotic resonators,” Science280(5369), 1556–1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z.-P. Liu, Y. Li, Y.-F. Xiao, B.-B. Li, X.-F. Jiang, Y. Qin, X.-B. Feng, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211105 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. L. McCall, J. L. Glass, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Directional light coupling from microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62(6), 561–563 (1993). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “High-power directional emission from microlasers with chaotic resonators,” Science280(5369), 1556–1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z.-P. Liu, Y. Li, Y.-F. Xiao, B.-B. Li, X.-F. Jiang, Y. Qin, X.-B. Feng, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211105 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Crespi, Y. Gu, B. Ngamsom, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, C. Dongre, M. Pollnau, R. Ramponi, H. H. van den Vlekkert, P. Watts, G. Cerullo, and R. Osellame, “Three-dimensional Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a microfluidic chip for spatially-resolved label-free detection,” Lab Chip10(9), 1167–1173 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- F. He, J. Lin, and Y. Cheng, “Fabrication of hollow optical waveguides in fused silica by three-dimensional femtosecond laser micromachining,” Appl. Phys. B105(2), 379–384 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. Crespi, Y. Gu, B. Ngamsom, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, C. Dongre, M. Pollnau, R. Ramponi, H. H. van den Vlekkert, P. Watts, G. Cerullo, and R. Osellame, “Three-dimensional Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a microfluidic chip for spatially-resolved label-free detection,” Lab Chip10(9), 1167–1173 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. L. Gorodetsky, A. A. Savchenkov, and V. S. Ilchenko, “Ultimate Q of optical microsphere resonators,” Opt. Lett.21(7), 453–455 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z.-P. Liu, Y. Li, Y.-F. Xiao, B.-B. Li, X.-F. Jiang, Y. Qin, X.-B. Feng, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211105 (2010). [CrossRef]
- E. Brasselet, M. Malinauskas, A. Žukauskas, and S. Juodkazis, “Photopolymerized microscopic vortex beam generators: precise delivery of optical orbital angular momentum,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211108 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Marcinkevicius, S. Juodkazis, M. Watanabe, M. Miwa, S. Matsuo, H. Misawa, and J. Nishii, “Femtosecond laser-assisted three-dimensional microfabrication in silica,” Opt. Lett.26(5), 277–279 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hanada, K. Sugioka, I. Shihira-Ishikawa, H. Kawano, A. Miyawaki, and K. Midorikawa, “3D microfluidic chips with integrated functional microelements fabricated by a femtosecond laser for studying the gliding mechanism of cyanobacteria,” Lab Chip11(12), 2109–2115 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. K. Armani, T. J. Kippenberg, S. M. Spillane, and K. J. Vahala, “Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip,” Nature421(6926), 925–928 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. L. McCall, J. L. Glass, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Directional light coupling from microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62(6), 561–563 (1993). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
- Z.-P. Liu, Y. Li, Y.-F. Xiao, B.-B. Li, X.-F. Jiang, Y. Qin, X.-B. Feng, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211105 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Z.-P. Liu, Y. Li, Y.-F. Xiao, B.-B. Li, X.-F. Jiang, Y. Qin, X.-B. Feng, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211105 (2010). [CrossRef]
- F. He, J. Lin, and Y. Cheng, “Fabrication of hollow optical waveguides in fused silica by three-dimensional femtosecond laser micromachining,” Appl. Phys. B105(2), 379–384 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Z.-P. Liu, Y. Li, Y.-F. Xiao, B.-B. Li, X.-F. Jiang, Y. Qin, X.-B. Feng, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211105 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. L. McCall, J. L. Glass, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Directional light coupling from microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62(6), 561–563 (1993). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, C. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Vertically emitting microdisk lasers,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 46–49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- E. Brasselet, M. Malinauskas, A. Žukauskas, and S. Juodkazis, “Photopolymerized microscopic vortex beam generators: precise delivery of optical orbital angular momentum,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211108 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. S. Ilchenko and A. B. Matsko, “Optical resonators with whispering-gallery modes—part II: applications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.12(1), 15–32 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. L. McCall, J. L. Glass, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Directional light coupling from microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62(6), 561–563 (1993). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
- Y. Hanada, K. Sugioka, I. Shihira-Ishikawa, H. Kawano, A. Miyawaki, and K. Midorikawa, “3D microfluidic chips with integrated functional microelements fabricated by a femtosecond laser for studying the gliding mechanism of cyanobacteria,” Lab Chip11(12), 2109–2115 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Cheng, H. L. Tsai, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Fabrication of 3D microoptical lenses in photosensitive glass using femtosecond laser micromachining,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.85(1), 11–14 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Y. Cheng, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Microfluidic laser embedded in glass by three-dimensional femtosecond laser microprocessing,” Opt. Lett.29(17), 2007–2009 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hanada, K. Sugioka, I. Shihira-Ishikawa, H. Kawano, A. Miyawaki, and K. Midorikawa, “3D microfluidic chips with integrated functional microelements fabricated by a femtosecond laser for studying the gliding mechanism of cyanobacteria,” Lab Chip11(12), 2109–2115 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “High-power directional emission from microlasers with chaotic resonators,” Science280(5369), 1556–1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Crespi, Y. Gu, B. Ngamsom, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, C. Dongre, M. Pollnau, R. Ramponi, H. H. van den Vlekkert, P. Watts, G. Cerullo, and R. Osellame, “Three-dimensional Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a microfluidic chip for spatially-resolved label-free detection,” Lab Chip10(9), 1167–1173 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “High-power directional emission from microlasers with chaotic resonators,” Science280(5369), 1556–1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Crespi, Y. Gu, B. Ngamsom, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, C. Dongre, M. Pollnau, R. Ramponi, H. H. van den Vlekkert, P. Watts, G. Cerullo, and R. Osellame, “Three-dimensional Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a microfluidic chip for spatially-resolved label-free detection,” Lab Chip10(9), 1167–1173 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. L. McCall, J. L. Glass, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Directional light coupling from microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62(6), 561–563 (1993). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
- A. Crespi, Y. Gu, B. Ngamsom, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, C. Dongre, M. Pollnau, R. Ramponi, H. H. van den Vlekkert, P. Watts, G. Cerullo, and R. Osellame, “Three-dimensional Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a microfluidic chip for spatially-resolved label-free detection,” Lab Chip10(9), 1167–1173 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z.-P. Liu, Y. Li, Y.-F. Xiao, B.-B. Li, X.-F. Jiang, Y. Qin, X.-B. Feng, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211105 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Crespi, Y. Gu, B. Ngamsom, H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, C. Dongre, M. Pollnau, R. Ramponi, H. H. van den Vlekkert, P. Watts, G. Cerullo, and R. Osellame, “Three-dimensional Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a microfluidic chip for spatially-resolved label-free detection,” Lab Chip10(9), 1167–1173 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, C. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Vertically emitting microdisk lasers,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 46–49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Hanada, K. Sugioka, I. Shihira-Ishikawa, H. Kawano, A. Miyawaki, and K. Midorikawa, “3D microfluidic chips with integrated functional microelements fabricated by a femtosecond laser for studying the gliding mechanism of cyanobacteria,” Lab Chip11(12), 2109–2115 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “High-power directional emission from microlasers with chaotic resonators,” Science280(5369), 1556–1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. L. McCall, J. L. Glass, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Directional light coupling from microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62(6), 561–563 (1993). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
- D. K. Armani, T. J. Kippenberg, S. M. Spillane, and K. J. Vahala, “Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip,” Nature421(6926), 925–928 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “High-power directional emission from microlasers with chaotic resonators,” Science280(5369), 1556–1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hanada, K. Sugioka, I. Shihira-Ishikawa, H. Kawano, A. Miyawaki, and K. Midorikawa, “3D microfluidic chips with integrated functional microelements fabricated by a femtosecond laser for studying the gliding mechanism of cyanobacteria,” Lab Chip11(12), 2109–2115 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Sugioka and Y. Cheng, “Integrated microchips for biological analysis fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing,” MRS Bull.36(12), 1020–1027 (2011). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Phys. B
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Appl. Phys. Lett.
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Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.
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Lab Chip
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MRS Bull.
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Nat. Photonics
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Nature
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Opt. Express
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Science
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2011, He, Appl. Phys. B
- F. He, J. Lin, and Y. Cheng, “Fabrication of hollow optical waveguides in fused silica by three-dimensional femtosecond laser micromachining,” Appl. Phys. B105(2), 379–384 (2011). [CrossRef]
- K. Sugioka and Y. Cheng, “Integrated microchips for biological analysis fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing,” MRS Bull.36(12), 1020–1027 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Y. Hanada, K. Sugioka, I. Shihira-Ishikawa, H. Kawano, A. Miyawaki, and K. Midorikawa, “3D microfluidic chips with integrated functional microelements fabricated by a femtosecond laser for studying the gliding mechanism of cyanobacteria,” Lab Chip11(12), 2109–2115 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z.-P. Liu, Y. Li, Y.-F. Xiao, B.-B. Li, X.-F. Jiang, Y. Qin, X.-B. Feng, H. Yang, and Q. Gong, “Direct laser writing of whispering gallery microcavities by two-photon polymerization,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(21), 211105 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, C. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, “Vertically emitting microdisk lasers,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 46–49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Cheng, H. L. Tsai, K. Sugioka, and K. Midorikawa, “Fabrication of 3D microoptical lenses in photosensitive glass using femtosecond laser micromachining,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.85(1), 11–14 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. S. Ilchenko and A. B. Matsko, “Optical resonators with whispering-gallery modes—part II: applications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.12(1), 15–32 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. K. Armani, T. J. Kippenberg, S. M. Spillane, and K. J. Vahala, “Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip,” Nature421(6926), 925–928 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “High-power directional emission from microlasers with chaotic resonators,” Science280(5369), 1556–1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. L. McCall, J. L. Glass, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Directional light coupling from microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.62(6), 561–563 (1993). [CrossRef]
- S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
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