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Utilization of moderate cylindrical confinement for precision improvement of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy signalZhe Wang, Zongyu Hou, Siu-lung Lui, Dong Jiang, Jianmin Liu, and Zheng Li »View Author Affiliations
Zhe Wang,1
Zongyu Hou,1
Siu-lung Lui,1
Dong Jiang,1
Jianmin Liu,2
and Zheng Li1,*
1State Key Lab of Power Systems, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China 2China Guodian Science and Technology Research Institute, Nanjing, 100034, China *Corresponding author: lz-dte@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue S6, pp. A1011-A1018 (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.0A1011
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Abstract
Moderate cylindrical cavity was used to regularize the laser-induced plasma for signal strength enhancement and precision improvement in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plate of 1.5 mm thickness with diameter of 3 mm was fabricated. It was placed closely on a sample surface and a laser pulse was shot through the center of the hole to the sample. Using coal as samples, it was verified that the configuration both enhanced the spectral line intensity and reduced shot-to-shot fluctuation, showing its great potential in improving the precision of LIBS analysis.
© 2012 OSA
OCIS Codes
(300.6210) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, atomic
(300.6365) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, laser induced breakdown
ToC Category:
Spectroscopy
History
Original Manuscript: September 10, 2012
Revised Manuscript: October 23, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: October 25, 2012
Published: November 2, 2012
Citation
Zhe Wang, Zongyu Hou, Siu-lung Lui, Dong Jiang, Jianmin Liu, and Zheng Li, "Utilization of moderate cylindrical confinement for precision improvement of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy signal," Opt. Express 20, A1011-A1018 (2012)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-20-S6-A1011
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References
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- G. Cristoforetti, A. De Giacomo, M. Dell'Aglio, S. Legnaioli, E. Tognoni, V. Palleschi, and N. Omenetto, “Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Beyond the McWhirter criterion,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(1), 86–95 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- G. Cristoforetti, A. De Giacomo, M. Dell'Aglio, S. Legnaioli, E. Tognoni, V. Palleschi, and N. Omenetto, “Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Beyond the McWhirter criterion,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(1), 86–95 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- M. Dong, J. Lu, S. Yao, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhong, and W. Lu, “Application of LIBS for direct determination of volatile matter content in coal,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2183–2188 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Popov, F. Colao, and R. Fantoni, “Spatial confinement of laser-induced plasma to enhance LIBS sensitivity for trace elements determination in soils,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.25(6), 837–848 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Popov, F. Colao, and R. Fantoni, “Enhancement of LIBS signal by spatially confining the laser-induced plasma,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.24(5), 602–604 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, L. West, Z. Li, and W. D. Ni, “A PLS model based on dominant factor for coal analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.400(10), 3261–3271 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “Study to reduce laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurement uncertainty using plasma characteristic parameters,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(7), 549–556 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- R. E. Russo, X. Mao, H. Liu, J. Gonzalez, and S. S. Mao, “Laser ablation in analytical chemistry-a review,” Talanta57(3), 425–451 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. B. Zorov, A. A. Gorbatenko, T. A. Labutin, and A. M. Popov, “A review of normalization techniques in analytical atomic spectrometry with laser sampling: From single to multivariate correction,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(8), 642–657 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. D. Winefordner, I. B. Gornushkin, T. Correll, E. Gibb, B. W. Smith, and N. Omenetto, “Comparing several atomic spectrometric methods to the super stars: special emphasis on laser induced breakdown spectrometry, LIBS, a future super star,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.19(9), 1061–1083 (2004). [CrossRef]
- V. I. Babushok, F. C. DeLucia, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, “Double pulse laser ablation and plasma: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.61(9), 999–1014 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, S.-B. Wen, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-induced shockwave propagation from ablation in a cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(6), 061502–061503 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, J. H. Yoo, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-plasma interactions in fused silica cavities,” J. Appl. Phys.95(3), 816–822 (2004). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, S. S. Mao, C. Liu, X. Mao, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Plasma diagnostics during laser ablation in a cavity,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(5), 867–877 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express20(2), 1436–1443 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(13), 131501 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express20(2), 1436–1443 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Hedwig, “Confinement effect in enhancing shock wave plasma generation at low pressure by TEA CO2 laser bombardment on quartz sample,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(3), 531–542 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. Li, Z. Wang, T. Yuan, Z. Hou, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A simplified spectrum standardization method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2274–2280 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(13), 131501 (2011). [CrossRef]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
- P. Yeates and E. T. Kennedy, “Spectroscopic, imaging, and probe diagnostics of laser plasma plumes expanding between confining surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys.108(9), 093306–093312 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. B. Zorov, A. A. Gorbatenko, T. A. Labutin, and A. M. Popov, “A review of normalization techniques in analytical atomic spectrometry with laser sampling: From single to multivariate correction,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(8), 642–657 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Cristoforetti, A. De Giacomo, M. Dell'Aglio, S. Legnaioli, E. Tognoni, V. Palleschi, and N. Omenetto, “Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Beyond the McWhirter criterion,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(1), 86–95 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Corsi, G. Cristoforetti, M. Hidalgo, D. Iriarte, S. Legnaioli, V. Palleschi, A. Salvetti, and E. Tognoni, “Effect of laser-induced crater depth in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy emission features,” Appl. Spectrosc.59(7), 853–860 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. L. Ma, V. Motto-Ros, W. Q. Lei, M. Boueri, X. S. Bai, L. J. Zheng, H. P. Zeng, and J. Yu, “Temporal and spatial dynamics of laser-induced aluminum plasma in argon background at atmospheric pressure: Interplay with the ambient gas,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(11), 896–907 (2010). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express20(2), 1436–1443 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(13), 131501 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Dong, J. Lu, S. Yao, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhong, and W. Lu, “Application of LIBS for direct determination of volatile matter content in coal,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2183–2188 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Dong, J. Lu, S. Yao, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhong, and W. Lu, “Application of LIBS for direct determination of volatile matter content in coal,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2183–2188 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Z. Wang, L. Li, L. West, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A spectrum standardization approach for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.68, 58–64 (2012). [CrossRef]
- L. Li, Z. Wang, T. Yuan, Z. Hou, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A simplified spectrum standardization method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2274–2280 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Z. Wang, L. Li, L. West, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A spectrum standardization approach for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.68, 58–64 (2012). [CrossRef]
- L. Li, Z. Wang, T. Yuan, Z. Hou, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A simplified spectrum standardization method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2274–2280 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, L. West, Z. Li, and W. D. Ni, “A PLS model based on dominant factor for coal analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.400(10), 3261–3271 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “Study to reduce laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurement uncertainty using plasma characteristic parameters,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(7), 549–556 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
- X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spectroscopic study of laser-induced Al plasmas with cylindrical confinement,” J. Appl. Phys.102(9), 093301–093305 (2007). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, S. S. Mao, C. Liu, X. Mao, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Plasma diagnostics during laser ablation in a cavity,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(5), 867–877 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. E. Russo, X. Mao, H. Liu, J. Gonzalez, and S. S. Mao, “Laser ablation in analytical chemistry-a review,” Talanta57(3), 425–451 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Dong, J. Lu, S. Yao, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhong, and W. Lu, “Application of LIBS for direct determination of volatile matter content in coal,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2183–2188 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Dong, J. Lu, S. Yao, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhong, and W. Lu, “Application of LIBS for direct determination of volatile matter content in coal,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2183–2188 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express20(2), 1436–1443 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(13), 131501 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spectroscopic study of laser-induced Al plasmas with cylindrical confinement,” J. Appl. Phys.102(9), 093301–093305 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Q. L. Ma, V. Motto-Ros, W. Q. Lei, M. Boueri, X. S. Bai, L. J. Zheng, H. P. Zeng, and J. Yu, “Temporal and spatial dynamics of laser-induced aluminum plasma in argon background at atmospheric pressure: Interplay with the ambient gas,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(11), 896–907 (2010). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, S.-B. Wen, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-induced shockwave propagation from ablation in a cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(6), 061502–061503 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, J. H. Yoo, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-plasma interactions in fused silica cavities,” J. Appl. Phys.95(3), 816–822 (2004). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, S. S. Mao, C. Liu, X. Mao, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Plasma diagnostics during laser ablation in a cavity,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(5), 867–877 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. E. Russo, X. Mao, H. Liu, J. Gonzalez, and S. S. Mao, “Laser ablation in analytical chemistry-a review,” Talanta57(3), 425–451 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, S.-B. Wen, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-induced shockwave propagation from ablation in a cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(6), 061502–061503 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, J. H. Yoo, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-plasma interactions in fused silica cavities,” J. Appl. Phys.95(3), 816–822 (2004). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, S. S. Mao, C. Liu, X. Mao, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Plasma diagnostics during laser ablation in a cavity,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(5), 867–877 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. E. Russo, X. Mao, H. Liu, J. Gonzalez, and S. S. Mao, “Laser ablation in analytical chemistry-a review,” Talanta57(3), 425–451 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
- V. I. Babushok, F. C. DeLucia, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, “Double pulse laser ablation and plasma: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.61(9), 999–1014 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Q. L. Ma, V. Motto-Ros, W. Q. Lei, M. Boueri, X. S. Bai, L. J. Zheng, H. P. Zeng, and J. Yu, “Temporal and spatial dynamics of laser-induced aluminum plasma in argon background at atmospheric pressure: Interplay with the ambient gas,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(11), 896–907 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. I. Babushok, F. C. DeLucia, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, “Double pulse laser ablation and plasma: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.61(9), 999–1014 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Z. Wang, L. Li, L. West, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A spectrum standardization approach for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.68, 58–64 (2012). [CrossRef]
- L. Li, Z. Wang, T. Yuan, Z. Hou, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A simplified spectrum standardization method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2274–2280 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “Study to reduce laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurement uncertainty using plasma characteristic parameters,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(7), 549–556 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, L. West, Z. Li, and W. D. Ni, “A PLS model based on dominant factor for coal analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.400(10), 3261–3271 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. W. Hahn and N. Omenetto, “Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: Review of Instrumental and Methodological Approaches to Material Analysis and Applications to Different Fields,” Appl. Spectrosc.66(4), 347–419 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Cristoforetti, A. De Giacomo, M. Dell'Aglio, S. Legnaioli, E. Tognoni, V. Palleschi, and N. Omenetto, “Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Beyond the McWhirter criterion,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(1), 86–95 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. D. Winefordner, I. B. Gornushkin, T. Correll, E. Gibb, B. W. Smith, and N. Omenetto, “Comparing several atomic spectrometric methods to the super stars: special emphasis on laser induced breakdown spectrometry, LIBS, a future super star,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.19(9), 1061–1083 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. Cristoforetti, A. De Giacomo, M. Dell'Aglio, S. Legnaioli, E. Tognoni, V. Palleschi, and N. Omenetto, “Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Beyond the McWhirter criterion,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(1), 86–95 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Corsi, G. Cristoforetti, M. Hidalgo, D. Iriarte, S. Legnaioli, V. Palleschi, A. Salvetti, and E. Tognoni, “Effect of laser-induced crater depth in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy emission features,” Appl. Spectrosc.59(7), 853–860 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. B. Zorov, A. A. Gorbatenko, T. A. Labutin, and A. M. Popov, “A review of normalization techniques in analytical atomic spectrometry with laser sampling: From single to multivariate correction,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(8), 642–657 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Popov, F. Colao, and R. Fantoni, “Spatial confinement of laser-induced plasma to enhance LIBS sensitivity for trace elements determination in soils,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.25(6), 837–848 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Popov, F. Colao, and R. Fantoni, “Enhancement of LIBS signal by spatially confining the laser-induced plasma,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.24(5), 602–604 (2009). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, S.-B. Wen, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-induced shockwave propagation from ablation in a cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(6), 061502–061503 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, J. H. Yoo, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-plasma interactions in fused silica cavities,” J. Appl. Phys.95(3), 816–822 (2004). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, S. S. Mao, C. Liu, X. Mao, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Plasma diagnostics during laser ablation in a cavity,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(5), 867–877 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. E. Russo, X. Mao, H. Liu, J. Gonzalez, and S. S. Mao, “Laser ablation in analytical chemistry-a review,” Talanta57(3), 425–451 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spectroscopic study of laser-induced Al plasmas with cylindrical confinement,” J. Appl. Phys.102(9), 093301–093305 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. D. Winefordner, I. B. Gornushkin, T. Correll, E. Gibb, B. W. Smith, and N. Omenetto, “Comparing several atomic spectrometric methods to the super stars: special emphasis on laser induced breakdown spectrometry, LIBS, a future super star,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.19(9), 1061–1083 (2004). [CrossRef]
- X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spectroscopic study of laser-induced Al plasmas with cylindrical confinement,” J. Appl. Phys.102(9), 093301–093305 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. Cristoforetti, A. De Giacomo, M. Dell'Aglio, S. Legnaioli, E. Tognoni, V. Palleschi, and N. Omenetto, “Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Beyond the McWhirter criterion,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(1), 86–95 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Corsi, G. Cristoforetti, M. Hidalgo, D. Iriarte, S. Legnaioli, V. Palleschi, A. Salvetti, and E. Tognoni, “Effect of laser-induced crater depth in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy emission features,” Appl. Spectrosc.59(7), 853–860 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z. Wang, L. Li, L. West, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A spectrum standardization approach for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.68, 58–64 (2012). [CrossRef]
- L. Li, Z. Wang, T. Yuan, Z. Hou, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A simplified spectrum standardization method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2274–2280 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, L. West, Z. Li, and W. D. Ni, “A PLS model based on dominant factor for coal analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.400(10), 3261–3271 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “Study to reduce laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurement uncertainty using plasma characteristic parameters,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(7), 549–556 (2010). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, S.-B. Wen, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-induced shockwave propagation from ablation in a cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(6), 061502–061503 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Z. Wang, L. Li, L. West, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A spectrum standardization approach for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.68, 58–64 (2012). [CrossRef]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, L. West, Z. Li, and W. D. Ni, “A PLS model based on dominant factor for coal analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.400(10), 3261–3271 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. D. Winefordner, I. B. Gornushkin, T. Correll, E. Gibb, B. W. Smith, and N. Omenetto, “Comparing several atomic spectrometric methods to the super stars: special emphasis on laser induced breakdown spectrometry, LIBS, a future super star,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.19(9), 1061–1083 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Dong, J. Lu, S. Yao, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhong, and W. Lu, “Application of LIBS for direct determination of volatile matter content in coal,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2183–2188 (2011). [CrossRef]
- P. Yeates and E. T. Kennedy, “Spectroscopic, imaging, and probe diagnostics of laser plasma plumes expanding between confining surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys.108(9), 093306–093312 (2010). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, J. H. Yoo, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-plasma interactions in fused silica cavities,” J. Appl. Phys.95(3), 816–822 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Q. L. Ma, V. Motto-Ros, W. Q. Lei, M. Boueri, X. S. Bai, L. J. Zheng, H. P. Zeng, and J. Yu, “Temporal and spatial dynamics of laser-induced aluminum plasma in argon background at atmospheric pressure: Interplay with the ambient gas,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(11), 896–907 (2010). [CrossRef]
- L. Li, Z. Wang, T. Yuan, Z. Hou, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A simplified spectrum standardization method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2274–2280 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Q. L. Ma, V. Motto-Ros, W. Q. Lei, M. Boueri, X. S. Bai, L. J. Zheng, H. P. Zeng, and J. Yu, “Temporal and spatial dynamics of laser-induced aluminum plasma in argon background at atmospheric pressure: Interplay with the ambient gas,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(11), 896–907 (2010). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, S.-B. Wen, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-induced shockwave propagation from ablation in a cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(6), 061502–061503 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, J. H. Yoo, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-plasma interactions in fused silica cavities,” J. Appl. Phys.95(3), 816–822 (2004). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, S. S. Mao, C. Liu, X. Mao, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Plasma diagnostics during laser ablation in a cavity,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(5), 867–877 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express20(2), 1436–1443 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(13), 131501 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express20(2), 1436–1443 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(13), 131501 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. L. Ma, V. Motto-Ros, W. Q. Lei, M. Boueri, X. S. Bai, L. J. Zheng, H. P. Zeng, and J. Yu, “Temporal and spatial dynamics of laser-induced aluminum plasma in argon background at atmospheric pressure: Interplay with the ambient gas,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(11), 896–907 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Dong, J. Lu, S. Yao, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhong, and W. Lu, “Application of LIBS for direct determination of volatile matter content in coal,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2183–2188 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express20(2), 1436–1443 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(13), 131501 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. B. Zorov, A. A. Gorbatenko, T. A. Labutin, and A. M. Popov, “A review of normalization techniques in analytical atomic spectrometry with laser sampling: From single to multivariate correction,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(8), 642–657 (2010). [CrossRef]
Anal. Bioanal. Chem.
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, L. West, Z. Li, and W. D. Ni, “A PLS model based on dominant factor for coal analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem.400(10), 3261–3271 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(13), 131501 (2011). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, S.-B. Wen, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-induced shockwave propagation from ablation in a cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett.88(6), 061502–061503 (2006). [CrossRef]
Appl. Spectrosc.
- M. Corsi, G. Cristoforetti, M. Hidalgo, D. Iriarte, S. Legnaioli, V. Palleschi, A. Salvetti, and E. Tognoni, “Effect of laser-induced crater depth in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy emission features,” Appl. Spectrosc.59(7), 853–860 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. W. Hahn and N. Omenetto, “Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: Review of Instrumental and Methodological Approaches to Material Analysis and Applications to Different Fields,” Appl. Spectrosc.66(4), 347–419 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Anal. At. Spectrom.
- J. D. Winefordner, I. B. Gornushkin, T. Correll, E. Gibb, B. W. Smith, and N. Omenetto, “Comparing several atomic spectrometric methods to the super stars: special emphasis on laser induced breakdown spectrometry, LIBS, a future super star,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.19(9), 1061–1083 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Popov, F. Colao, and R. Fantoni, “Enhancement of LIBS signal by spatially confining the laser-induced plasma,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.24(5), 602–604 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. Li, Z. Wang, T. Yuan, Z. Hou, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A simplified spectrum standardization method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2274–2280 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. M. Popov, F. Colao, and R. Fantoni, “Spatial confinement of laser-induced plasma to enhance LIBS sensitivity for trace elements determination in soils,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.25(6), 837–848 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Dong, J. Lu, S. Yao, J. Li, J. Li, Z. Zhong, and W. Lu, “Application of LIBS for direct determination of volatile matter content in coal,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom.26(11), 2183–2188 (2011). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spectroscopic study of laser-induced Al plasmas with cylindrical confinement,” J. Appl. Phys.102(9), 093301–093305 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. Yeates and E. T. Kennedy, “Spectroscopic, imaging, and probe diagnostics of laser plasma plumes expanding between confining surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys.108(9), 093306–093312 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. H. Kurniawan, M. Pardede, T. J. Lie, H. Niki, K. Fukumoto, T. Maruyama, K. Kagawa, and M. O. Tjia, “Crater effects on H and D emission from laser induced low-pressure helium plasma,” J. Appl. Phys.106(6), 063303–063306 (2009). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, X. Mao, S. S. Mao, J. H. Yoo, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Laser-plasma interactions in fused silica cavities,” J. Appl. Phys.95(3), 816–822 (2004). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation,” Opt. Express20(2), 1436–1443 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. K. Killinger, S. D. Allen, R. D. Waterbury, C. Stefano, and E. L. Dottery, “Enhancement of Nd:YAG LIBS emission of a remote target using a simultaneous CO2 laser pulse,” Opt. Express15(20), 12905–12915 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Weidman, M. Baudelet, S. Palanco, M. Sigman, P. J. Dagdigian, and M. Richardson, “Nd:YAG-CO2 double-pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of organic films,” Opt. Express18(1), 259–266 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.
- Q. L. Ma, V. Motto-Ros, W. Q. Lei, M. Boueri, X. S. Bai, L. J. Zheng, H. P. Zeng, and J. Yu, “Temporal and spatial dynamics of laser-induced aluminum plasma in argon background at atmospheric pressure: Interplay with the ambient gas,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(11), 896–907 (2010). [CrossRef]
- N. B. Zorov, A. A. Gorbatenko, T. A. Labutin, and A. M. Popov, “A review of normalization techniques in analytical atomic spectrometry with laser sampling: From single to multivariate correction,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(8), 642–657 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Z. Wang, L. Li, L. West, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “A spectrum standardization approach for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.68, 58–64 (2012). [CrossRef]
- X. Zeng, S. S. Mao, C. Liu, X. Mao, R. Greif, and R. E. Russo, “Plasma diagnostics during laser ablation in a cavity,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(5), 867–877 (2003). [CrossRef]
- V. I. Babushok, F. C. DeLucia, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, “Double pulse laser ablation and plasma: Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.61(9), 999–1014 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Hedwig, “Confinement effect in enhancing shock wave plasma generation at low pressure by TEA CO2 laser bombardment on quartz sample,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.58(3), 531–542 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. Feng, Z. Wang, Z. Li, and W. Ni, “Study to reduce laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurement uncertainty using plasma characteristic parameters,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(7), 549–556 (2010). [CrossRef]
- C. Aragon and J. Aguilera, “Characterization of laser induced plasmas by optical emission spectroscopy: A review of experiments and methods,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.63(9), 893–916 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. Cristoforetti, A. De Giacomo, M. Dell'Aglio, S. Legnaioli, E. Tognoni, V. Palleschi, and N. Omenetto, “Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Beyond the McWhirter criterion,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc.65(1), 86–95 (2010). [CrossRef]
Talanta
- R. E. Russo, X. Mao, H. Liu, J. Gonzalez, and S. S. Mao, “Laser ablation in analytical chemistry-a review,” Talanta57(3), 425–451 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- R. Mavrodineanu, ed., “Flame Spectroscopy” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1965).
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