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Quantum detector tomography of a time-multiplexed superconducting nanowire single-photon detector at telecom wavelengthsChandra M. Natarajan, Lijian Zhang, Hendrik Coldenstrodt-Ronge, Gaia Donati, Sander N. Dorenbos, Val Zwiller, Ian A. Walmsley, and Robert H. Hadfield »View Author Affiliations
Chandra M. Natarajan,1,2,*
Lijian Zhang,3,4
Hendrik Coldenstrodt-Ronge,3
Gaia Donati,3
Sander N. Dorenbos,5
Val Zwiller,5
Ian A. Walmsley,3
and Robert H. Hadfield1,6
1School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK 2Current address: Ginzton laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA 3Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK 4Current address: Max Planck Research Department for Structural Dynamics at the University of Hamburg, Building 99, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany 5Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands 6Current address: School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK *Corresponding author: cmn@stanford.edu |
Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 1, pp. 893-902 (2013)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.000893
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Abstract
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are widely used in telecom wavelength optical quantum information science applications. Quantum detector tomography allows the positive-operator-valued measure (POVM) of a single-photon detector to be determined. We use an all-fiber telecom wavelength detector tomography test bed to measure detector characteristics with respect to photon flux and polarization, and hence determine the POVM. We study the SNSPD both as a binary detector and in an 8-bin, fiber based, Time-Multiplexed (TM) configuration at repetition rates up to 4 MHz. The corresponding POVMs provide an accurate picture of the photon number resolving capability of the TM-SNSPD.
© 2013 OSA
OCIS Codes
(040.5570) Detectors : Quantum detectors
(270.5570) Quantum optics : Quantum detectors
(270.5585) Quantum optics : Quantum information and processing
ToC Category:
Quantum Optics
History
Original Manuscript: September 10, 2012
Revised Manuscript: December 18, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: December 18, 2012
Published: January 9, 2013
Citation
Chandra M. Natarajan, Lijian Zhang, Hendrik Coldenstrodt-Ronge, Gaia Donati, Sander N. Dorenbos, Val Zwiller, Ian A. Walmsley, and Robert H. Hadfield, "Quantum detector tomography of a time-multiplexed superconducting nanowire single-photon detector at telecom wavelengths," Opt. Express 21, 893-902 (2013)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-21-1-893
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References
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- G. M. D’Ariano, L. Maccone, and P. Lo Presti, “Quantum calibration of measurement instrumentation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(25), 250407 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. D’Auria, N. Lee, T. Amri, C. Fabre, and J. Laurat, “Quantum decoherence of single-photon counters,” Phys. Rev. Lett.107(5), 050504 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. J. Zhang, H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, A. Datta, G. Puentes, J. S. Lundeen, X. M. Jin, B. J. Smith, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Mapping coherence in measurement via full quantum tomography of a hybrid optical detector,” Nat. Photonics6(6), 364–368 (2012). [CrossRef]
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- C. M. Natarajan, A. Peruzzo, S. Miki, M. Sasaki, Z. Wang, B. Baek, S. Nam, R. H. Hadfield, and J. L. O'Brien, “Operating quantum waveguide circuits with superconducting single-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(21), 211101 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Tanner, C. M. Natarajan, V. K. Pottapenjara, J. A. O'Connor, R. J. Warburton, R. H. Hadfield, B. Baek, S. Nam, S. N. Dorenbos, E. B. Urena, T. Zijlstra, T. M. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Enhanced telecom wavelength single-photon detection with NbTiN superconducting nanowires on oxidized silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(22), 221109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. N. Gol'tsman, O. Okunev, G. Chulkova, A. Lipatov, A. Semenov, K. Smirnov, B. Voronov, A. Dzardanov, C. Williams, and R. Sobolewski, “Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.79(6), 705–707 (2001). [CrossRef]
- K. De Greve, L. Yu, P. L. McMahon, J. S. Pelc, C. M. Natarajan, N. Y. Kim, E. Abe, S. Maier, C. Schneider, M. Kamp, S. Höfling, R. H. Hadfield, A. Forchel, M. M. Fejer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum-dot spin-photon entanglement via frequency downconversion to telecom wavelength,” Nature491(7424), 421–425 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics1(6), 343–348 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Anant, A. J. Kerman, E. A. Dauler, J. K. W. Yang, K. M. Rosfjord, and K. K. Berggren, “Optical properties of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,” Opt. Express16(14), 10750–10761 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. K. W. Yang, A. J. Kerman, E. A. Dauler, V. Anant, K. M. Rosfjord, and K. K. Berggren, “Modeling the electrical and thermal response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,” IEEE Trans.Appl. Supercond.17(2), 581–585 (2007). [CrossRef]
- K. De Greve, L. Yu, P. L. McMahon, J. S. Pelc, C. M. Natarajan, N. Y. Kim, E. Abe, S. Maier, C. Schneider, M. Kamp, S. Höfling, R. H. Hadfield, A. Forchel, M. M. Fejer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum-dot spin-photon entanglement via frequency downconversion to telecom wavelength,” Nature491(7424), 421–425 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Itzler, X. D. Jiang, M. Entwistle, K. Slomkowski, A. Tosi, F. Acerbi, F. Zappa, and S. Cova, “Advances in InGaAsP-based avalanche diode single photon detectors,” J. Mod. Opt.58(3-4), 174–200 (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. Zhang, A. Datta, H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, X.-M. Jin, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Recursive quantum detector tomography,” New J. Phys.14(11), 115005 (2012). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Zhang, H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, A. Datta, G. Puentes, J. S. Lundeen, X. M. Jin, B. J. Smith, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Mapping coherence in measurement via full quantum tomography of a hybrid optical detector,” Nat. Photonics6(6), 364–368 (2012). [CrossRef]
- H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics1(6), 343–348 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Tanner, C. M. Natarajan, V. K. Pottapenjara, J. A. O'Connor, R. J. Warburton, R. H. Hadfield, B. Baek, S. Nam, S. N. Dorenbos, E. B. Urena, T. Zijlstra, T. M. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Enhanced telecom wavelength single-photon detection with NbTiN superconducting nanowires on oxidized silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(22), 221109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Dorenbos, E. M. Reiger, N. Akopian, U. Perinetti, V. Zwiller, T. Zijlstra, and T. M. Klapwijk, “Superconducting single photon detectors with minimized polarization dependence,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(16), 161102 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Dorenbos, E. M. Reiger, U. Perinetti, V. Zwiller, T. Zijlstra, and T. M. Klapwijk, “Low noise superconducting single photon detectors on silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(13), 131101 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. F. Poyatos, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Complete characterization of a quantum process: The two-bit quantum gate,” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(2), 390–393 (1997). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Tanner, C. M. Natarajan, V. K. Pottapenjara, J. A. O'Connor, R. J. Warburton, R. H. Hadfield, B. Baek, S. Nam, S. N. Dorenbos, E. B. Urena, T. Zijlstra, T. M. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Enhanced telecom wavelength single-photon detection with NbTiN superconducting nanowires on oxidized silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(22), 221109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Dorenbos, E. M. Reiger, U. Perinetti, V. Zwiller, T. Zijlstra, and T. M. Klapwijk, “Low noise superconducting single photon detectors on silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(13), 131101 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Dorenbos, E. M. Reiger, N. Akopian, U. Perinetti, V. Zwiller, T. Zijlstra, and T. M. Klapwijk, “Superconducting single photon detectors with minimized polarization dependence,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(16), 161102 (2008). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- C. M. Natarajan, A. Peruzzo, S. Miki, M. Sasaki, Z. Wang, B. Baek, S. Nam, R. H. Hadfield, and J. L. O'Brien, “Operating quantum waveguide circuits with superconducting single-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(21), 211101 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. N. Gol'tsman, O. Okunev, G. Chulkova, A. Lipatov, A. Semenov, K. Smirnov, B. Voronov, A. Dzardanov, C. Williams, and R. Sobolewski, “Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.79(6), 705–707 (2001). [CrossRef]
- S. Jahanmirinejad, G. Frucci, F. Mattioli, D. Sahin, A. Gaggero, R. Leoni, and A. Fiore, “Photon-number resolving detector based on a series array of superconducting nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett.101(7), 072602 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Dorenbos, E. M. Reiger, U. Perinetti, V. Zwiller, T. Zijlstra, and T. M. Klapwijk, “Low noise superconducting single photon detectors on silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(13), 131101 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Dorenbos, E. M. Reiger, N. Akopian, U. Perinetti, V. Zwiller, T. Zijlstra, and T. M. Klapwijk, “Superconducting single photon detectors with minimized polarization dependence,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(16), 161102 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Tanner, C. M. Natarajan, V. K. Pottapenjara, J. A. O'Connor, R. J. Warburton, R. H. Hadfield, B. Baek, S. Nam, S. N. Dorenbos, E. B. Urena, T. Zijlstra, T. M. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Enhanced telecom wavelength single-photon detection with NbTiN superconducting nanowires on oxidized silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(22), 221109 (2010). [CrossRef]
IEEE Trans.
- J. K. W. Yang, A. J. Kerman, E. A. Dauler, V. Anant, K. M. Rosfjord, and K. K. Berggren, “Modeling the electrical and thermal response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,” IEEE Trans.Appl. Supercond.17(2), 581–585 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Mod. Opt.
- M. A. Itzler, X. D. Jiang, M. Entwistle, K. Slomkowski, A. Tosi, F. Acerbi, F. Zappa, and S. Cova, “Advances in InGaAsP-based avalanche diode single photon detectors,” J. Mod. Opt.58(3-4), 174–200 (2011). [CrossRef]
- H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, J. S. Lundeen, K. L. Pregnell, A. Feito, B. J. Smith, W. Mauerer, C. Silberhorn, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “A proposed testbed for detector tomography,” J. Mod. Opt.56(2-3), 432–441 (2009). [CrossRef]
Nat. Photonics
- R. H. Hadfield, “Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications,” Nat. Photonics3(12), 696–705 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Divochiy, F. Marsili, D. Bitauld, A. Gaggero, R. Leoni, F. Mattioli, A. Korneev, V. Seleznev, N. Kaurova, O. Minaeva, G. Gol'tsman, K. G. Lagoudakis, M. Benkhaoul, F. Levy, and A. Fiore, “Superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detector at telecommunication wavelengths,” Nat. Photonics2(6), 302–306 (2008). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Zhang, H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, A. Datta, G. Puentes, J. S. Lundeen, X. M. Jin, B. J. Smith, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Mapping coherence in measurement via full quantum tomography of a hybrid optical detector,” Nat. Photonics6(6), 364–368 (2012). [CrossRef]
- H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics1(6), 343–348 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nat. Phys.
- J. S. Lundeen, A. Feito, H. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, K. L. Pregnell, C. Silberhorn, T. C. Ralph, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Tomography of quantum detectors,” Nat. Phys.5(1), 27–30 (2009). [CrossRef]
Nature
- K. De Greve, L. Yu, P. L. McMahon, J. S. Pelc, C. M. Natarajan, N. Y. Kim, E. Abe, S. Maier, C. Schneider, M. Kamp, S. Höfling, R. H. Hadfield, A. Forchel, M. M. Fejer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum-dot spin-photon entanglement via frequency downconversion to telecom wavelength,” Nature491(7424), 421–425 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
New J. Phys.
- A. Feito, J. S. Lundeen, H. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Measuring measurement: theory and practice,” New J. Phys.11(9), 093038 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. Zhang, A. Datta, H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, X.-M. Jin, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Recursive quantum detector tomography,” New J. Phys.14(11), 115005 (2012). [CrossRef]
- G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, L. Lolli, M. G. Mingolla, F. Piacentini, M. Rajteri, E. Taralli, and M. G. A. Paris, “Quantum characterization of superconducting photon counters,” New J. Phys.14(8), 085001 (2012). [CrossRef]
- J. Řeháček, D. Mogilevtsev, and Z. Hradil, “Tomography for quantum diagnostics,” New J. Phys.10(4), 043022 (2008). [CrossRef]
- K. M. R. Audenaert and S. Scheel, “Quantum tomographic reconstruction with error bars: a Kalman filter approach,” New J. Phys.11(2), 023028 (2009). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- V. Anant, A. J. Kerman, E. A. Dauler, J. K. W. Yang, K. M. Rosfjord, and K. K. Berggren, “Optical properties of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,” Opt. Express16(14), 10750–10761 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. H. Hadfield, M. J. Stevens, S. S. Gruber, A. J. Miller, R. E. Schwall, R. P. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, “Single photon source characterization with a superconducting single photon detector,” Opt. Express13(26), 10846–10853 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,” Opt. Express16(5), 3032–3040 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. K. Akhlaghi, A. H. Majedi, and J. S. Lundeen, “Nonlinearity in single photon detection: modeling and quantum tomography,” Opt. Express19(22), 21305–21312 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. Renema, G. Frucci, Z. Zhou, F. Mattioli, A. Gaggero, R. Leoni, M. J. A. de Dood, A. Fiore, and M. P. van Exter, “Modified detector tomography technique applied to a superconducting multiphoton nanodetector,” Opt. Express20(3), 2806–2813 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. J. Stevens, B. Baek, E. A. Dauler, A. J. Kerman, R. J. Molnar, S. A. Hamilton, K. K. Berggren, R. P. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, “High-order temporal coherences of chaotic and laser light,” Opt. Express18(2), 1430–1437 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- D. Achilles, C. Silberhorn, C. Sliwa, K. Banaszek, and I. A. Walmsley, “Fiber-assisted detection with photon number resolution,” Opt. Lett.28(23), 2387–2389 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Banaszek and I. A. Walmsley, “Photon counting with a loop detector,” Opt. Lett.28(1), 52–54 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. A
- D. Rosenberg, A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Noise-free high-efficiency photon-number-resolving detectors,” Phys. Rev. A71(6), 061803 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Fiurášek, “Maximum-likelihood estimation of quantum measurement,” Phys. Rev. A64(2), 024102 (2001). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- G. M. D’Ariano, L. Maccone, and P. Lo Presti, “Quantum calibration of measurement instrumentation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(25), 250407 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Luis and L. L. Sanchez-Soto, “Complete characterization of arbitrary quantum measurement processes,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83(18), 3573–3576 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. T. Smithey, M. Beck, M. G. Raymer, and A. Faridani, “Measurement of the Wigner distribution and the density matrix of a light mode using optical homodyne tomography: application to squeezed states and the vacuum,” Phys. Rev. Lett.70(9), 1244–1247 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. F. Poyatos, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Complete characterization of a quantum process: The two-bit quantum gate,” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(2), 390–393 (1997). [CrossRef]
- V. D’Auria, N. Lee, T. Amri, C. Fabre, and J. Laurat, “Quantum decoherence of single-photon counters,” Phys. Rev. Lett.107(5), 050504 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Physica C
- A. D. Semenov, G. N. Gol'tsman, and A. A. Korneev, “Quantum detection by current carrying superconducting film,” Physica C351(4), 349–356 (2001). [CrossRef]
Proc. IEEE
- R. Radebaugh, “Refrigeration for superconductors,” Proc. IEEE92(10), 1719–1734 (2004). [CrossRef]
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, “Invited review article: Single-photon sources and detectors,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.82(7), 071101 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Supercond. Sci. Technol.
- C. M. Natarajan, M. G. Tanner, and R. H. Hadfield, “Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: physics and applications,” Supercond. Sci. Technol.25(6), 063001 (2012). [CrossRef]
Other
- M. Tinkham, Introduction to superconductivity (McGraw-Hill, 1996)
2012, Brida, New J. Phys.
- G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, L. Lolli, M. G. Mingolla, F. Piacentini, M. Rajteri, E. Taralli, and M. G. A. Paris, “Quantum characterization of superconducting photon counters,” New J. Phys.14(8), 085001 (2012). [CrossRef]
- C. M. Natarajan, M. G. Tanner, and R. H. Hadfield, “Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: physics and applications,” Supercond. Sci. Technol.25(6), 063001 (2012). [CrossRef]
- K. De Greve, L. Yu, P. L. McMahon, J. S. Pelc, C. M. Natarajan, N. Y. Kim, E. Abe, S. Maier, C. Schneider, M. Kamp, S. Höfling, R. H. Hadfield, A. Forchel, M. M. Fejer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum-dot spin-photon entanglement via frequency downconversion to telecom wavelength,” Nature491(7424), 421–425 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. J. Zhang, H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, A. Datta, G. Puentes, J. S. Lundeen, X. M. Jin, B. J. Smith, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Mapping coherence in measurement via full quantum tomography of a hybrid optical detector,” Nat. Photonics6(6), 364–368 (2012). [CrossRef]
- L. Zhang, A. Datta, H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, X.-M. Jin, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Recursive quantum detector tomography,” New J. Phys.14(11), 115005 (2012). [CrossRef]
- S. Jahanmirinejad, G. Frucci, F. Mattioli, D. Sahin, A. Gaggero, R. Leoni, and A. Fiore, “Photon-number resolving detector based on a series array of superconducting nanowires,” Appl. Phys. Lett.101(7), 072602 (2012). [CrossRef]
- V. D’Auria, N. Lee, T. Amri, C. Fabre, and J. Laurat, “Quantum decoherence of single-photon counters,” Phys. Rev. Lett.107(5), 050504 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, “Invited review article: Single-photon sources and detectors,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.82(7), 071101 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Itzler, X. D. Jiang, M. Entwistle, K. Slomkowski, A. Tosi, F. Acerbi, F. Zappa, and S. Cova, “Advances in InGaAsP-based avalanche diode single photon detectors,” J. Mod. Opt.58(3-4), 174–200 (2011). [CrossRef]
- C. M. Natarajan, A. Peruzzo, S. Miki, M. Sasaki, Z. Wang, B. Baek, S. Nam, R. H. Hadfield, and J. L. O'Brien, “Operating quantum waveguide circuits with superconducting single-photon detectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(21), 211101 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Tanner, C. M. Natarajan, V. K. Pottapenjara, J. A. O'Connor, R. J. Warburton, R. H. Hadfield, B. Baek, S. Nam, S. N. Dorenbos, E. B. Urena, T. Zijlstra, T. M. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Enhanced telecom wavelength single-photon detection with NbTiN superconducting nanowires on oxidized silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(22), 221109 (2010). [CrossRef]
- K. M. R. Audenaert and S. Scheel, “Quantum tomographic reconstruction with error bars: a Kalman filter approach,” New J. Phys.11(2), 023028 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Feito, J. S. Lundeen, H. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Measuring measurement: theory and practice,” New J. Phys.11(9), 093038 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. B. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, J. S. Lundeen, K. L. Pregnell, A. Feito, B. J. Smith, W. Mauerer, C. Silberhorn, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “A proposed testbed for detector tomography,” J. Mod. Opt.56(2-3), 432–441 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. H. Hadfield, “Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications,” Nat. Photonics3(12), 696–705 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Lundeen, A. Feito, H. Coldenstrodt-Ronge, K. L. Pregnell, C. Silberhorn, T. C. Ralph, J. Eisert, M. B. Plenio, and I. A. Walmsley, “Tomography of quantum detectors,” Nat. Phys.5(1), 27–30 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Dorenbos, E. M. Reiger, U. Perinetti, V. Zwiller, T. Zijlstra, and T. M. Klapwijk, “Low noise superconducting single photon detectors on silicon,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(13), 131101 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Divochiy, F. Marsili, D. Bitauld, A. Gaggero, R. Leoni, F. Mattioli, A. Korneev, V. Seleznev, N. Kaurova, O. Minaeva, G. Gol'tsman, K. G. Lagoudakis, M. Benkhaoul, F. Levy, and A. Fiore, “Superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detector at telecommunication wavelengths,” Nat. Photonics2(6), 302–306 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Řeháček, D. Mogilevtsev, and Z. Hradil, “Tomography for quantum diagnostics,” New J. Phys.10(4), 043022 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. N. Dorenbos, E. M. Reiger, N. Akopian, U. Perinetti, V. Zwiller, T. Zijlstra, and T. M. Klapwijk, “Superconducting single photon detectors with minimized polarization dependence,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(16), 161102 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. K. W. Yang, A. J. Kerman, E. A. Dauler, V. Anant, K. M. Rosfjord, and K. K. Berggren, “Modeling the electrical and thermal response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors,” IEEE Trans.Appl. Supercond.17(2), 581–585 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics1(6), 343–348 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. Rosenberg, A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Noise-free high-efficiency photon-number-resolving detectors,” Phys. Rev. A71(6), 061803 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Radebaugh, “Refrigeration for superconductors,” Proc. IEEE92(10), 1719–1734 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. M. D’Ariano, L. Maccone, and P. Lo Presti, “Quantum calibration of measurement instrumentation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(25), 250407 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. N. Gol'tsman, O. Okunev, G. Chulkova, A. Lipatov, A. Semenov, K. Smirnov, B. Voronov, A. Dzardanov, C. Williams, and R. Sobolewski, “Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector,” Appl. Phys. Lett.79(6), 705–707 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Semenov, G. N. Gol'tsman, and A. A. Korneev, “Quantum detection by current carrying superconducting film,” Physica C351(4), 349–356 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Fiurášek, “Maximum-likelihood estimation of quantum measurement,” Phys. Rev. A64(2), 024102 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Luis and L. L. Sanchez-Soto, “Complete characterization of arbitrary quantum measurement processes,” Phys. Rev. Lett.83(18), 3573–3576 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. F. Poyatos, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, “Complete characterization of a quantum process: The two-bit quantum gate,” Phys. Rev. Lett.78(2), 390–393 (1997). [CrossRef]
- D. T. Smithey, M. Beck, M. G. Raymer, and A. Faridani, “Measurement of the Wigner distribution and the density matrix of a light mode using optical homodyne tomography: application to squeezed states and the vacuum,” Phys. Rev. Lett.70(9), 1244–1247 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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