We present the inscription of a Light Induced Self-Written (LISW) waveguide in a 4-cyano-4′-pentylbipheny (5CB) doped photopolymer. The dynamic reorientation of the 5CB molecules in the material under applied electric field leads to birefringence in LISW waveguide and thus allows the control of the phase of the guided mode.

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1. S. J. Frisken, “Light-induced optical waveguide uptapers,” Opt. Lett.18, 1035–1037 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. T. Yoshimura, J. Roman, Y. Takahashi, W. C. V. Wang, M. Inao, T. Ishitsuka, K. Tsukamoto, S. Aoki, K. Motoyoshi, and W. Sotoyama, “Self-organizing waveguide coupling method (SOLNET) and its application to film optical circuit substrates,” Electronic Components and Technology Conference 50th (Las Vegas, Nevada, 2000), pp. 962–969.
3. T. Yoshimura, K. Wakabayashi, and S. Ono, “Analysis of reflective self-organized lightwave network (R-SOLNET) for Z-connections in 3-D optical circuits by the finite-difference time-domain method,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.17, 566–570 (2011). [CrossRef]
4. M. Kagami, T. Yamashita, M. Yonemura, A. Kawasaki, M. Tsuchimori, and T. Matsui, “Light-induced self-written three-dimensional polymer optical waveguide for module fabrication and interconnection,” in Conference on Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (Anaheim, Calif., 2007), OThH4. [CrossRef]
5. K. Yamashita, E. Fukuzawa, A. Kitanobou, and K. Oe, “Self-written active waveguide for integrated optical amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92, 051102 (2008). [CrossRef]
6. K. Yamashita, H. Okada, M. Ito, E. Fukuzawa, and K. Oe, “Device parameter analyses of solid-state organic laser made by self-written active waveguide technique,” J. Lightwave Technol.27, 4570–4574 (2009). [CrossRef]
7. O. Sugihara, S. Yasuda, B. Cai, K. Komatsu, and T. Kaino, “Serially grafted polymer optical waveguides fabricated by light-induced self-written waveguide technique,” Opt. Lett.33, 294–296 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. L. R. Dalton, P. A. Sullivan, and D. H. Bale, “Electric field poled organic electro-optic materials: state of the art and future prospects,” Chem. Rev.110, 25–55 (2010). [CrossRef]
9. J. Li and S.-T. Wu, “Self-consistency of Vuks equations for liquid-crystal refractive indices,” J. Appl. Phys.96, 6253 (2004). [CrossRef]
10. B. Kippelen, Sandalphon, K. Meerholz, and N. Peyghambarian, “Birefringence, Pockels, and Kerr effects in photorefractive polymers, ” Appl. Phys. Lett.68, 1748(1996). [CrossRef]
11. K. Dorkenoo, O. Crégut, L. Mager, F. Gillot, C. Carre, and A. Fort, “Quasi-solitonic behavior of self-written waveguides created by photopolymerization,” Opt. Lett.27, 1782–1784 (2002). [CrossRef]
12. A. Zohrabyan, A. Tork, R. Birabassov, and T. Galstian, “Self-written gradient double claddlike optical guiding channels of high stability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 111912 (2007). [CrossRef]
13. J. Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers (Wiley, New York, 1980).
14. J.-C. Ribierre, G. Cheval, F. Huber, L. Mager, A. Fort, R. Muller, S. Mery, and J.-F. Nicoud, “Direct comparison of mechanical and electro-optic responses of a low Tg photorefractive doped polymer,” J. Appl. Phys.91, 1710–1712 (2002). [CrossRef]
15. W. Y. Hwang, J. J. Kim, T. Zyung, M. C. Oh, and S. Y. Shin, “TE-TM mode converter in a poled-polymer waveguide,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.32, 1054–1062 (1996). [CrossRef]
16. J. A. Herlocker, K. B. Ferrio, E. Hendrickx, B. D. Guenther, S. Mery, B. Kippelen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Direct observation of orientation limit in a fast photorefractive polymer composite,” Appl. Phys. Lett.74, 2253–2255 (1999). [CrossRef]
17. J.-P. Bombenger, L. Mager, D. Gindre, J.-P. Vola, K. Dorkenoo, A. Fort, and C. Carre, “High resolution patterning of quadratic non-linear optical properties in doped photopolymer thin films,” Opt. Commun.280, 192–196 (2007). [CrossRef]
18. A. Barsella, H. Dorkenoo, and L. Mager, “Near infrared two-photon self-confinement in photopolymers for light induced self-written waveguides fabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett.100, 221102 (2012). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• K. Yamashita, E. Fukuzawa, A. Kitanobou, and K. Oe, “Self-written active waveguide for integrated optical amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.92, 051102 (2008). [CrossRef]
• B. Kippelen, Sandalphon, K. Meerholz, and N. Peyghambarian, “Birefringence, Pockels, and Kerr effects in photorefractive polymers, ” Appl. Phys. Lett.68, 1748(1996). [CrossRef]
• A. Zohrabyan, A. Tork, R. Birabassov, and T. Galstian, “Self-written gradient double claddlike optical guiding channels of high stability,” Appl. Phys. Lett.91, 111912 (2007). [CrossRef]
• J. A. Herlocker, K. B. Ferrio, E. Hendrickx, B. D. Guenther, S. Mery, B. Kippelen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Direct observation of orientation limit in a fast photorefractive polymer composite,” Appl. Phys. Lett.74, 2253–2255 (1999). [CrossRef]
• A. Barsella, H. Dorkenoo, and L. Mager, “Near infrared two-photon self-confinement in photopolymers for light induced self-written waveguides fabrication,” Appl. Phys. Lett.100, 221102 (2012). [CrossRef]

Chem. Rev.

• L. R. Dalton, P. A. Sullivan, and D. H. Bale, “Electric field poled organic electro-optic materials: state of the art and future prospects,” Chem. Rev.110, 25–55 (2010). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

• W. Y. Hwang, J. J. Kim, T. Zyung, M. C. Oh, and S. Y. Shin, “TE-TM mode converter in a poled-polymer waveguide,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.32, 1054–1062 (1996). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

• T. Yoshimura, K. Wakabayashi, and S. Ono, “Analysis of reflective self-organized lightwave network (R-SOLNET) for Z-connections in 3-D optical circuits by the finite-difference time-domain method,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.17, 566–570 (2011). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• J. Li and S.-T. Wu, “Self-consistency of Vuks equations for liquid-crystal refractive indices,” J. Appl. Phys.96, 6253 (2004). [CrossRef]
• J.-C. Ribierre, G. Cheval, F. Huber, L. Mager, A. Fort, R. Muller, S. Mery, and J.-F. Nicoud, “Direct comparison of mechanical and electro-optic responses of a low Tg photorefractive doped polymer,” J. Appl. Phys.91, 1710–1712 (2002). [CrossRef]

J. Lightwave Technol.

• K. Yamashita, H. Okada, M. Ito, E. Fukuzawa, and K. Oe, “Device parameter analyses of solid-state organic laser made by self-written active waveguide technique,” J. Lightwave Technol.27, 4570–4574 (2009). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

• J.-P. Bombenger, L. Mager, D. Gindre, J.-P. Vola, K. Dorkenoo, A. Fort, and C. Carre, “High resolution patterning of quadratic non-linear optical properties in doped photopolymer thin films,” Opt. Commun.280, 192–196 (2007). [CrossRef]

Opt. Lett.

• K. Dorkenoo, O. Crégut, L. Mager, F. Gillot, C. Carre, and A. Fort, “Quasi-solitonic behavior of self-written waveguides created by photopolymerization,” Opt. Lett.27, 1782–1784 (2002). [CrossRef]
• O. Sugihara, S. Yasuda, B. Cai, K. Komatsu, and T. Kaino, “Serially grafted polymer optical waveguides fabricated by light-induced self-written waveguide technique,” Opt. Lett.33, 294–296 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. J. Frisken, “Light-induced optical waveguide uptapers,” Opt. Lett.18, 1035–1037 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

• T. Yoshimura, J. Roman, Y. Takahashi, W. C. V. Wang, M. Inao, T. Ishitsuka, K. Tsukamoto, S. Aoki, K. Motoyoshi, and W. Sotoyama, “Self-organizing waveguide coupling method (SOLNET) and its application to film optical circuit substrates,” Electronic Components and Technology Conference 50th (Las Vegas, Nevada, 2000), pp. 962–969.
• M. Kagami, T. Yamashita, M. Yonemura, A. Kawasaki, M. Tsuchimori, and T. Matsui, “Light-induced self-written three-dimensional polymer optical waveguide for module fabrication and interconnection,” in Conference on Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (Anaheim, Calif., 2007), OThH4. [CrossRef]
• J. Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers (Wiley, New York, 1980).

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