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Spectral morphological analysis of skin lesions with a polarization multispectral dermoscopeDimitrios Kapsokalyvas, Nicola Bruscino, Domenico Alfieri, Vincenzo de Giorgi, Giovanni Cannarozzo, Riccardo Cicchi, Daniela Massi, Nicola Pimpinelli, and Francesco S. Pavone »View Author Affiliations
Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas,1,*
Nicola Bruscino,2
Domenico Alfieri,3
Vincenzo de Giorgi,2
Giovanni Cannarozzo,2
Riccardo Cicchi,4,1
Daniela Massi,5
Nicola Pimpinelli,2
and Francesco S. Pavone1,4,6
1European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Univ. of Florence, 50019, Sesto-Fiorentino, Italy 2Division of Clinical, Preventive and Oncology Dermatology, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence, 50129, Florence, Italy 3Light4tech Firenze Srl, 50018, Scandicci, Italy 4National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Largo 50125, Florence, Italy 5Division of Human Pathology and Oncology, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy 6Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino,50019, Italy *Corresponding author: kapsokalyvas@lens.unifi.it |
Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 4, pp. 4826-4840 (2013)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.004826
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Abstract
Dermoscopy is the conventional technique used for the clinical inspection of human skin lesions. However, the identification of diagnostically relevant morphologies can become a complex task. We report on the development of a polarization multispectral dermoscope for the in vivo imaging of skin lesions. Linearly polarized illumination at three distinct spectral regions (470, 530 and 625 nm), is performed by high luminance LEDs. Processing of the acquired images, by means of spectral and polarization filtering, produces new contrast images, each one specific for melanin absorption, hemoglobin absorption, and single scattering. Analysis of such images could facilitate the identification of pathological morphologies.
© 2013 OSA
OCIS Codes
(100.2980) Image processing : Image enhancement
(170.1870) Medical optics and biotechnology : Dermatology
(170.6510) Medical optics and biotechnology : Spectroscopy, tissue diagnostics
(110.2945) Imaging systems : Illumination design
ToC Category:
Medical Optics and Biotechnology
History
Original Manuscript: September 14, 2012
Revised Manuscript: December 10, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: January 7, 2013
Published: February 20, 2013
Virtual Issues
Vol. 8, Iss. 3 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas, Nicola Bruscino, Domenico Alfieri, Vincenzo de Giorgi, Giovanni Cannarozzo, Riccardo Cicchi, Daniela Massi, Nicola Pimpinelli, and Francesco S. Pavone, "Spectral morphological analysis of skin lesions with a polarization multispectral dermoscope," Opt. Express 21, 4826-4840 (2013)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-21-4-4826
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- J. R. Mourant, M. Canpolat, C. Brocker, O. Esponda-Ramos, T. M. Johnson, A. Matanock, K. Stetter, and J. P. Freyer, “Light scattering from cells: the contribution of the nucleus and the effects of proliferative status,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 131–137 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Moncrieff, S. Cotton, E. Claridge, and P. Hall, “Spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis: a new technique for imaging pigmented skin lesions,” Br. J. Dermatol.146(3), 448–457 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Nachbar, W. Stolz, T. Merkle, A. B. Cognetta, T. Vogt, M. Landthaler, P. Bilek, O. Braun-Falco, and G. Plewig, “The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy. High prospective value in the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.30(4), 551–559 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- S. W. Menzies, L. Bischof, H. Talbot, A. Gutenev, M. Avramidis, L. Wong, S. K. Lo, G. Mackellar, V. Skladnev, W. McCarthy, J. Kelly, B. Cranney, P. Lye, H. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. Blum, A. Varol, B. De’Ambrosis, R. McCleod, H. Koga, C. Grin, R. Braun, and R. Johr, “The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma,” Arch. Dermatol.141(11), 1388–1396 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, G. Fabbrocini, P. Carli, V. De Giorgi, E. Sammarco, and M. Delfino, “Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. Comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7-point checklist based on pattern analysis,” Arch. Dermatol.134(12), 1563–1570 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. W. Menzies, L. Bischof, H. Talbot, A. Gutenev, M. Avramidis, L. Wong, S. K. Lo, G. Mackellar, V. Skladnev, W. McCarthy, J. Kelly, B. Cranney, P. Lye, H. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. Blum, A. Varol, B. De’Ambrosis, R. McCleod, H. Koga, C. Grin, R. Braun, and R. Johr, “The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma,” Arch. Dermatol.141(11), 1388–1396 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, G. Fabbrocini, P. Carli, V. De Giorgi, E. Sammarco, and M. Delfino, “Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. Comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7-point checklist based on pattern analysis,” Arch. Dermatol.134(12), 1563–1570 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Zalaudek, G. Argenziano, A. Di Stefani, G. Ferrara, A. A. Marghoob, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. P. Soyer, R. Braun, and H. Kerl, “Dermoscopy in general dermatology,” Dermatology (Basel)212(1), 7–18 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, A. Dimou, I. Bassukas, D. Galaris, A. Tsolakidis, and E. Kaxiras, “Melanin absorption spectroscopy: new method for noninvasive skin investigation and melanoma detection,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(1), 014017 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Q. Wang, S. W. Dusza, A. Scope, R. P. Braun, A. W. Kopf, and A. A. Marghoob, “Differences in dermoscopic images from nonpolarized dermoscope and polarized dermoscope influence the diagnostic accuracy and confidence level: a pilot study,” Dermatol. Surg.34(10), 1389–1395 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Elbaum, A. W. Kopf, H. S. Rabinovitz, R. G. Langley, H. Kamino, M. C. Mihm, A. J. Sober, G. L. Peck, A. Bogdan, D. Gutkowicz-Krusin, M. Greenebaum, S. Keem, M. Oliviero, and S. Wang, “Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: a feasibility study,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.44(2), 207–218 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Mourant, M. Canpolat, C. Brocker, O. Esponda-Ramos, T. M. Johnson, A. Matanock, K. Stetter, and J. P. Freyer, “Light scattering from cells: the contribution of the nucleus and the effects of proliferative status,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 131–137 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, G. Fabbrocini, P. Carli, V. De Giorgi, E. Sammarco, and M. Delfino, “Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. Comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7-point checklist based on pattern analysis,” Arch. Dermatol.134(12), 1563–1570 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Zalaudek, G. Argenziano, A. Di Stefani, G. Ferrara, A. A. Marghoob, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. P. Soyer, R. Braun, and H. Kerl, “Dermoscopy in general dermatology,” Dermatology (Basel)212(1), 7–18 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Mourant, M. Canpolat, C. Brocker, O. Esponda-Ramos, T. M. Johnson, A. Matanock, K. Stetter, and J. P. Freyer, “Light scattering from cells: the contribution of the nucleus and the effects of proliferative status,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 131–137 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, A. Dimou, I. Bassukas, D. Galaris, A. Tsolakidis, and E. Kaxiras, “Melanin absorption spectroscopy: new method for noninvasive skin investigation and melanoma detection,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(1), 014017 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Elbaum, A. W. Kopf, H. S. Rabinovitz, R. G. Langley, H. Kamino, M. C. Mihm, A. J. Sober, G. L. Peck, A. Bogdan, D. Gutkowicz-Krusin, M. Greenebaum, S. Keem, M. Oliviero, and S. Wang, “Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: a feasibility study,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.44(2), 207–218 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. W. Menzies, L. Bischof, H. Talbot, A. Gutenev, M. Avramidis, L. Wong, S. K. Lo, G. Mackellar, V. Skladnev, W. McCarthy, J. Kelly, B. Cranney, P. Lye, H. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. Blum, A. Varol, B. De’Ambrosis, R. McCleod, H. Koga, C. Grin, R. Braun, and R. Johr, “The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma,” Arch. Dermatol.141(11), 1388–1396 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- I. Zalaudek, G. Argenziano, A. Di Stefani, G. Ferrara, A. A. Marghoob, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. P. Soyer, R. Braun, and H. Kerl, “Dermoscopy in general dermatology,” Dermatology (Basel)212(1), 7–18 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, I. Zalaudek, R. Corona, F. Sera, L. Cicale, G. Petrillo, E. Ruocco, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, and H. P. Soyer, “Vascular structures in skin tumors: a dermoscopy study,” Arch. Dermatol.140(12), 1485–1489 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Pehamberger, A. Steiner, and K. Wolff, “In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. I. Pattern analysis of pigmented skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.17(4), 571–583 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Mourant, M. Canpolat, C. Brocker, O. Esponda-Ramos, T. M. Johnson, A. Matanock, K. Stetter, and J. P. Freyer, “Light scattering from cells: the contribution of the nucleus and the effects of proliferative status,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 131–137 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Nachbar, W. Stolz, T. Merkle, A. B. Cognetta, T. Vogt, M. Landthaler, P. Bilek, O. Braun-Falco, and G. Plewig, “The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy. High prospective value in the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.30(4), 551–559 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. W. Menzies, L. Bischof, H. Talbot, A. Gutenev, M. Avramidis, L. Wong, S. K. Lo, G. Mackellar, V. Skladnev, W. McCarthy, J. Kelly, B. Cranney, P. Lye, H. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. Blum, A. Varol, B. De’Ambrosis, R. McCleod, H. Koga, C. Grin, R. Braun, and R. Johr, “The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma,” Arch. Dermatol.141(11), 1388–1396 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, A. Dimou, I. Bassukas, D. Galaris, A. Tsolakidis, and E. Kaxiras, “Melanin absorption spectroscopy: new method for noninvasive skin investigation and melanoma detection,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(1), 014017 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. A. Bruls and J. C. van der Leun, “Forward scattering properties of human epidermal layers,” Photochem. Photobiol.40(2), 231–242 (1984). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. W. Menzies, L. Bischof, H. Talbot, A. Gutenev, M. Avramidis, L. Wong, S. K. Lo, G. Mackellar, V. Skladnev, W. McCarthy, J. Kelly, B. Cranney, P. Lye, H. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. Blum, A. Varol, B. De’Ambrosis, R. McCleod, H. Koga, C. Grin, R. Braun, and R. Johr, “The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma,” Arch. Dermatol.141(11), 1388–1396 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Nachbar, W. Stolz, T. Merkle, A. B. Cognetta, T. Vogt, M. Landthaler, P. Bilek, O. Braun-Falco, and G. Plewig, “The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy. High prospective value in the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.30(4), 551–559 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Sankaran, J. T. Walsh, and D. J. Maitland, “Comparative study of polarized light propagation in biologic tissues,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 300–306 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Elbaum, A. W. Kopf, H. S. Rabinovitz, R. G. Langley, H. Kamino, M. C. Mihm, A. J. Sober, G. L. Peck, A. Bogdan, D. Gutkowicz-Krusin, M. Greenebaum, S. Keem, M. Oliviero, and S. Wang, “Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: a feasibility study,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.44(2), 207–218 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Q. Wang, S. W. Dusza, A. Scope, R. P. Braun, A. W. Kopf, and A. A. Marghoob, “Differences in dermoscopic images from nonpolarized dermoscope and polarized dermoscope influence the diagnostic accuracy and confidence level: a pilot study,” Dermatol. Surg.34(10), 1389–1395 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Pehamberger, A. Steiner, and K. Wolff, “In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. I. Pattern analysis of pigmented skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.17(4), 571–583 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. W. Menzies, L. Bischof, H. Talbot, A. Gutenev, M. Avramidis, L. Wong, S. K. Lo, G. Mackellar, V. Skladnev, W. McCarthy, J. Kelly, B. Cranney, P. Lye, H. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. Blum, A. Varol, B. De’Ambrosis, R. McCleod, H. Koga, C. Grin, R. Braun, and R. Johr, “The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma,” Arch. Dermatol.141(11), 1388–1396 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Zalaudek, G. Argenziano, A. Di Stefani, G. Ferrara, A. A. Marghoob, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. P. Soyer, R. Braun, and H. Kerl, “Dermoscopy in general dermatology,” Dermatology (Basel)212(1), 7–18 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, I. Zalaudek, R. Corona, F. Sera, L. Cicale, G. Petrillo, E. Ruocco, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, and H. P. Soyer, “Vascular structures in skin tumors: a dermoscopy study,” Arch. Dermatol.140(12), 1485–1489 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, A. Dimou, I. Bassukas, D. Galaris, A. Tsolakidis, and E. Kaxiras, “Melanin absorption spectroscopy: new method for noninvasive skin investigation and melanoma detection,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(1), 014017 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, J. Bykowski, and N. Kollias, “Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,” J. Invest. Dermatol.117(6), 1452–1457 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
- S. G. Demos and R. R. Alfano, “Optical polarization imaging,” Appl. Opt.36(1), 150–155 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Arch. Dermatol.
- S. W. Menzies, L. Bischof, H. Talbot, A. Gutenev, M. Avramidis, L. Wong, S. K. Lo, G. Mackellar, V. Skladnev, W. McCarthy, J. Kelly, B. Cranney, P. Lye, H. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. Blum, A. Varol, B. De’Ambrosis, R. McCleod, H. Koga, C. Grin, R. Braun, and R. Johr, “The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma,” Arch. Dermatol.141(11), 1388–1396 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, G. Fabbrocini, P. Carli, V. De Giorgi, E. Sammarco, and M. Delfino, “Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. Comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7-point checklist based on pattern analysis,” Arch. Dermatol.134(12), 1563–1570 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. R. Anderson, “Polarized light examination and photography of the skin,” Arch. Dermatol.127(7), 1000–1005 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, I. Zalaudek, R. Corona, F. Sera, L. Cicale, G. Petrillo, E. Ruocco, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, and H. P. Soyer, “Vascular structures in skin tumors: a dermoscopy study,” Arch. Dermatol.140(12), 1485–1489 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Br. J. Dermatol.
- M. Moncrieff, S. Cotton, E. Claridge, and P. Hall, “Spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis: a new technique for imaging pigmented skin lesions,” Br. J. Dermatol.146(3), 448–457 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Dermatol. Surg.
- S. Q. Wang, S. W. Dusza, A. Scope, R. P. Braun, A. W. Kopf, and A. A. Marghoob, “Differences in dermoscopic images from nonpolarized dermoscope and polarized dermoscope influence the diagnostic accuracy and confidence level: a pilot study,” Dermatol. Surg.34(10), 1389–1395 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Dermatology (Basel)
- I. Zalaudek, G. Argenziano, A. Di Stefani, G. Ferrara, A. A. Marghoob, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. P. Soyer, R. Braun, and H. Kerl, “Dermoscopy in general dermatology,” Dermatology (Basel)212(1), 7–18 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.
- R. P. Braun, H. S. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. W. Kopf, and J. H. Saurat, “Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.52(1), 109–121 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Pehamberger, A. Steiner, and K. Wolff, “In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. I. Pattern analysis of pigmented skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.17(4), 571–583 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Nachbar, W. Stolz, T. Merkle, A. B. Cognetta, T. Vogt, M. Landthaler, P. Bilek, O. Braun-Falco, and G. Plewig, “The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy. High prospective value in the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.30(4), 551–559 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Elbaum, A. W. Kopf, H. S. Rabinovitz, R. G. Langley, H. Kamino, M. C. Mihm, A. J. Sober, G. L. Peck, A. Bogdan, D. Gutkowicz-Krusin, M. Greenebaum, S. Keem, M. Oliviero, and S. Wang, “Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: a feasibility study,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.44(2), 207–218 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- V. Sankaran, J. T. Walsh, and D. J. Maitland, “Comparative study of polarized light propagation in biologic tissues,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 300–306 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Mourant, M. Canpolat, C. Brocker, O. Esponda-Ramos, T. M. Johnson, A. Matanock, K. Stetter, and J. P. Freyer, “Light scattering from cells: the contribution of the nucleus and the effects of proliferative status,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 131–137 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Bae, J. S. Nelson, and B. Jung, “Multimodal facial color imaging modality for objective analysis of skin lesions,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(6), 064007 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. L. Jacques, J. C. Ramella-Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging skin pathology with polarized light,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 329–340 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, A. Dimou, I. Bassukas, D. Galaris, A. Tsolakidis, and E. Kaxiras, “Melanin absorption spectroscopy: new method for noninvasive skin investigation and melanoma detection,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(1), 014017 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Invest. Dermatol.
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. R. Anderson and J. A. Parrish, “The optics of human skin,” J. Invest. Dermatol.77(1), 13–19 (1981). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, J. Bykowski, and N. Kollias, “Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,” J. Invest. Dermatol.117(6), 1452–1457 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Lasers Surg. Med.
- S. L. Jacques, J. R. Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light,” Lasers Surg. Med.26(2), 119–129 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Melanoma Res.
- S. W. Menzies, C. Ingvar, and W. H. McCarthy, “A sensitivity and specificity analysis of the surface microscopy features of invasive melanoma,” Melanoma Res.6(1), 55–62 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- S. H. Tseng, P. Bargo, A. Durkin, and N. Kollias, “Chromophore concentrations, absorption and scattering properties of human skin in-vivo,” Opt. Express17(17), 14599–14617 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Demos, H. Radousky, and R. Alfano, “Deep subsurface imaging in tissues using spectral and polarization filtering,” Opt. Express7(1), 23–28 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Photochem. Photobiol.
- W. A. Bruls and J. C. van der Leun, “Forward scattering properties of human epidermal layers,” Photochem. Photobiol.40(2), 231–242 (1984). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Skin Res. Technol.
- J. O’Doherty, J. Henricson, C. Anderson, M. J. Leahy, G. E. Nilsson, and F. Sjöberg, “Sub-epidermal imaging using polarized light spectroscopy for assessment of skin microcirculation,” Skin Res. Technol.13(4), 472–484 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- S. A. Prahl and S. L. Jacques, “Optical properties spectra” (2001), http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/ .
- Derma Medical Systems Handels und Entwicklungs GmbH, “Mole Max,” (2012), http://www.dermamedicalsystems.com .
- S. Menzies, Dermoscopy: An Atlas (McGraw-Hill, Sydney, 2009).
- A. A. Marghoob, R. P. Braun, and A. W. Kopf, Atlas of Dermoscopy (Taylor & Francis, London; New York, 2005).
- J. Malvehy, Handbook of Dermoscopy (Taylor & Francis, London, 2006).
2009, Tseng, Opt. Express
- S. Q. Wang, S. W. Dusza, A. Scope, R. P. Braun, A. W. Kopf, and A. A. Marghoob, “Differences in dermoscopic images from nonpolarized dermoscope and polarized dermoscope influence the diagnostic accuracy and confidence level: a pilot study,” Dermatol. Surg.34(10), 1389–1395 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, A. Dimou, I. Bassukas, D. Galaris, A. Tsolakidis, and E. Kaxiras, “Melanin absorption spectroscopy: new method for noninvasive skin investigation and melanoma detection,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(1), 014017 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Bae, J. S. Nelson, and B. Jung, “Multimodal facial color imaging modality for objective analysis of skin lesions,” J. Biomed. Opt.13(6), 064007 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. O’Doherty, J. Henricson, C. Anderson, M. J. Leahy, G. E. Nilsson, and F. Sjöberg, “Sub-epidermal imaging using polarized light spectroscopy for assessment of skin microcirculation,” Skin Res. Technol.13(4), 472–484 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- I. Zalaudek, G. Argenziano, A. Di Stefani, G. Ferrara, A. A. Marghoob, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. P. Soyer, R. Braun, and H. Kerl, “Dermoscopy in general dermatology,” Dermatology (Basel)212(1), 7–18 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. P. Braun, H. S. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. W. Kopf, and J. H. Saurat, “Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.52(1), 109–121 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. W. Menzies, L. Bischof, H. Talbot, A. Gutenev, M. Avramidis, L. Wong, S. K. Lo, G. Mackellar, V. Skladnev, W. McCarthy, J. Kelly, B. Cranney, P. Lye, H. Rabinovitz, M. Oliviero, A. Blum, A. Varol, B. De’Ambrosis, R. McCleod, H. Koga, C. Grin, R. Braun, and R. Johr, “The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma,” Arch. Dermatol.141(11), 1388–1396 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, I. Zalaudek, R. Corona, F. Sera, L. Cicale, G. Petrillo, E. Ruocco, R. Hofmann-Wellenhof, and H. P. Soyer, “Vascular structures in skin tumors: a dermoscopy study,” Arch. Dermatol.140(12), 1485–1489 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Moncrieff, S. Cotton, E. Claridge, and P. Hall, “Spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis: a new technique for imaging pigmented skin lesions,” Br. J. Dermatol.146(3), 448–457 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Sankaran, J. T. Walsh, and D. J. Maitland, “Comparative study of polarized light propagation in biologic tissues,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 300–306 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. L. Jacques, J. C. Ramella-Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging skin pathology with polarized light,” J. Biomed. Opt.7(3), 329–340 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zonios, J. Bykowski, and N. Kollias, “Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,” J. Invest. Dermatol.117(6), 1452–1457 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Elbaum, A. W. Kopf, H. S. Rabinovitz, R. G. Langley, H. Kamino, M. C. Mihm, A. J. Sober, G. L. Peck, A. Bogdan, D. Gutkowicz-Krusin, M. Greenebaum, S. Keem, M. Oliviero, and S. Wang, “Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: a feasibility study,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.44(2), 207–218 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. L. Jacques, J. R. Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light,” Lasers Surg. Med.26(2), 119–129 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Mourant, M. Canpolat, C. Brocker, O. Esponda-Ramos, T. M. Johnson, A. Matanock, K. Stetter, and J. P. Freyer, “Light scattering from cells: the contribution of the nucleus and the effects of proliferative status,” J. Biomed. Opt.5(2), 131–137 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Argenziano, G. Fabbrocini, P. Carli, V. De Giorgi, E. Sammarco, and M. Delfino, “Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. Comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7-point checklist based on pattern analysis,” Arch. Dermatol.134(12), 1563–1570 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. W. Menzies, C. Ingvar, and W. H. McCarthy, “A sensitivity and specificity analysis of the surface microscopy features of invasive melanoma,” Melanoma Res.6(1), 55–62 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Grossman, D. Esterowitz, R. H. Webb, and R. R. Anderson, “In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast,” J. Invest. Dermatol.104(6), 946–952 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Nachbar, W. Stolz, T. Merkle, A. B. Cognetta, T. Vogt, M. Landthaler, P. Bilek, O. Braun-Falco, and G. Plewig, “The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy. High prospective value in the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.30(4), 551–559 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. R. Anderson, “Polarized light examination and photography of the skin,” Arch. Dermatol.127(7), 1000–1005 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Pehamberger, A. Steiner, and K. Wolff, “In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. I. Pattern analysis of pigmented skin lesions,” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.17(4), 571–583 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. A. Bruls and J. C. van der Leun, “Forward scattering properties of human epidermal layers,” Photochem. Photobiol.40(2), 231–242 (1984). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. R. Anderson and J. A. Parrish, “The optics of human skin,” J. Invest. Dermatol.77(1), 13–19 (1981). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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