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Tailoring the sensing capabilities of nanohole arrays in gold films with Rayleigh anomaly-surface plasmon polaritons

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Abstract

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and diffraction effects such as Rayleigh anomalies (RAs) play key roles in the transmission of light through periodic subwavelength hole arrays in metal films. Using a combination of theory and experiment we show how refractive index (RI) sensitive transmission features arise from hole arrays in thin gold films. We show that large transmission amplitude changes occur over a narrow range of RI values due to coupling between RAs and SPPs on opposite sides of the metal film. Furthermore, we show how to predict, on the basis of a relatively simple analysis, the periodicity and other system parameters that should be used to achieve this “RA-SPP” effect for any desired RI range.

©2007 Optical Society of America

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Figures (7)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Hole array system under study showing (a) schematic representation and (b) SEM image. Light is incident from region I towards a thin gold film (region II), perforated with a square array of nanoholes, and the transmission spectrum is obtained in region III.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Zero-order positions of (1, 0) SPP-BWs and RAs [Eqs. (1) and (2)] as a function n III for n I=1.52 and P=400 nm. The n I SPP-BWs and RAs are denoted AS and AR, and the n III SPP-BWs and RAs as BS and BR.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. FDTD and experimental zero-order transmission spectra for n III<n I. The letters are assignments based on Fig. 2.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. FDTD and experimental zero-order transmission spectra for n IIIn I. The letters are assignments based on Fig. 2.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) FDTD calculated zero-order transmission spectra showing a rapid increase in amplitude as n III is varied through the region of the RA-SPP. (b) Experimental results consistent with (a).
Fig.6.
Fig.6. RCWA calculations of the (a) zero and (b) first-order transmission as n III is varied through the region of the RA-SPP.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. FDTD calculated frequency resolved |Ez |2 at λ=679 nm with n III=1.70: (a) region near the hole and (b) 200 nm above the gold film. The hole is centered at the origin and the film boundaries are outlined in white.

Equations (4)

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λ SPP = P ( s 1 2 + s 2 2 ) 1 2 Re ( ε Au ( λ SPP ) ε X ε Au ( λ SPP ) + ε X ) 1 2 ,
λ RA = P ( w 1 2 + w 2 2 ) 1 2 n X ,
n III = Re ( ε Au ( λ RA SPP ) ε I ε Au ( λ RA SPP ) + ε I ) 1 2 ,
P = λ RA SPP n III .
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