Thermally stabilized photo-induced channel waveguides with Bragg gratings were fabricated in Ge-B-SiO₂ thin glass films by exposure with KrF excimer laser and successive annealing at 600°C. The annealing reversed the photo-induced refractive index pattern and also enhanced its thermal stability. The stabilized channel waveguide with a Bragg grating showed diffraction efficiency of 18.0 dB and 18.7 dB for TE- and TM-like modes, respectively. The diffraction efficiencies and wavelengths for both modes never changed after heat treatment at 500°C, whereas the conventional photo-induced grating decayed even at 200°C.

© 2004 Optical Society of America

1. K. O. Hill, P. St. J. Russell, G. Meltz, and A. M. Vengsarkar, �??Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,�?? J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1263-1276 (1997). [CrossRef]
2. D. Milanese, M. Ferraris, Y. Menke, M. Olivero, G. Perrone, C. B. E. Gawith, G. Brambilla, P. G. R. Smith, and E. R. Taylor, �??Photosensitive properties of a tin-doped sodium silicate glass for direct ultraviolet writing,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3259-3261 (2004). [CrossRef]
3. K. P. Chen, P. R. Herman, R. Taylor, and C. Hnatovsky, �??Vacuum-ultraviolet laser-induced refractive-index change and birefringence in standard optical fibers,�?? J. Lightwave. Technol. 21, 1969-1977 (2003). [CrossRef]
4. A. M. Streltsov, and N. F. Borrelli, �??Study of femtosecond-laser-written waveguides in glasses,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2496-2504 (2002). [CrossRef]
5. D. A. Guilhot, G. D. Emmerson, C. B. E. Gawith, S. P. Watts, D. P. Shepherd, R. B. Williams, and P. G. R. Smith, �??Single-mode direct-ultraviolet-written channel waveguide laser in neodymium-doped silica on silicon,�?? Opt. Lett. 29, 947-949 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. T. Erdogan, V. Mizrahi, P. J. Lemaire, and D. Monroe, �??Decay of ultraviolet-induced fiber Bragg gratings,�?? J. Appl. Phys. 76, 73-80 (1994). [CrossRef]
7. M. Lancry, P. Niay, S. Bailleux, M. Douay, C. Depecker, P. Cordier, and I. Riant, �??Thermal stability of the 248-nm-induced presensitization process in standard H2-loaded germanosilicate fibers,�?? Appl. Opt. 41, 7197-7204 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. S. R. Baker, H. N. Rourke, V. Baker, and D. Goodchild, �??Thermal decay of fiber Bragg gratings written in boron and germanium codoped silica fiber,�?? J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1470-1477 (1997). [CrossRef]
9. M. Douay, W. X. Xie, T. Taunay, P. Bernage, P. Niay, P. Cordier, B. Poumellec, L. Dong, J. F. Bayon, H. Poignant, and E. Delevaque, �??Densification involved in the UV-based photosensitivity of silica glasses and optical fibers,�?? J. Lightwave. Technol. 15, 1329-1342 (1997). [CrossRef]
10. J. Rathje, M. Kristensen, and J. E. Pedersen, �??Continuous anneal method for characterizing the thermal stability of ultraviolet Bragg gratings,�?? J. Appl. Phys. 88, 1050-1055 (2000). [CrossRef]
11. H. Patrick, S. L. Gilbert, A. Lidgard, and M. D. Gallagher, �??Annealing of Bragg gratings in hydrogen-loaded optical fiber,�?? J. Appl. Phys. 78, 2940-2945 (1995). [CrossRef]
12. J. Nishii, K. Kintaka, H. Nishiyama, T. Sano, E. Ohmura, and I. Miyamoto, �??Thermally stabilized photoinduced Bragg gratings,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2364-2366 (2002). [CrossRef]
13. H. Nishiyama, K. Kintaka, J. Nishii, T. Sano, E. Ohmura, and I. Miyamoto, �??Thermo- and Photo-sensitive GeO2-B2O3-SiO2 thin glass films,�?? Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 559-563 (2003). [CrossRef]
14. H. Nishiyama, I. Miyamoto, S. Matsumoto, M. Saito, K. Fukumi, K. Kintaka, and J. Nishii, �??Periodic precipitation of crystalline Ge nanoparticles in Ge-B-SiO2 thin glass films�??, submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett.
15. H. Nishiyama, E. Ohmura, I. Miyamoto, K. Kintaka, and J. Nishii, �??Formation of the Bragg gratings attributed to the phase separation of Ge-B-SiO2 thin glass films�??, in Proceedings of Microoptics Conference, Paper L-12, Jena, Germany (2004).
16. B. O. Guan, H. Y. Tam, X. M. Tao, and X. Y. Dong, �??Highly stable fiber Bragg gratings written in hydrogen-loaded fiber,�?? IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1349-1351 (2000). [CrossRef]
17. G. Brambilla, �??Enhanced thermal stability of strong gratings written in H-loaded tin-phosphosilicate optical fibers,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 4151-4153 (2002). [CrossRef]
18. Y. Shen, T. Sun, K. T. V. Grattan, and M. Sun, �??Highly photosensitive Sb Er Ge-codoped silica fiber for writing fiber Bragg gratings with strong high-temperature sustainability,�?? Opt. Lett. 28, 2025-2027 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt.

• M. Lancry, P. Niay, S. Bailleux, M. Douay, C. Depecker, P. Cordier, and I. Riant, �??Thermal stability of the 248-nm-induced presensitization process in standard H2-loaded germanosilicate fibers,�?? Appl. Opt. 41, 7197-7204 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• D. Milanese, M. Ferraris, Y. Menke, M. Olivero, G. Perrone, C. B. E. Gawith, G. Brambilla, P. G. R. Smith, and E. R. Taylor, �??Photosensitive properties of a tin-doped sodium silicate glass for direct ultraviolet writing,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3259-3261 (2004). [CrossRef]
• J. Nishii, K. Kintaka, H. Nishiyama, T. Sano, E. Ohmura, and I. Miyamoto, �??Thermally stabilized photoinduced Bragg gratings,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2364-2366 (2002). [CrossRef]
• H. Nishiyama, I. Miyamoto, S. Matsumoto, M. Saito, K. Fukumi, K. Kintaka, and J. Nishii, �??Periodic precipitation of crystalline Ge nanoparticles in Ge-B-SiO2 thin glass films�??, submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett.
• G. Brambilla, �??Enhanced thermal stability of strong gratings written in H-loaded tin-phosphosilicate optical fibers,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 4151-4153 (2002). [CrossRef]

IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett.

• B. O. Guan, H. Y. Tam, X. M. Tao, and X. Y. Dong, �??Highly stable fiber Bragg gratings written in hydrogen-loaded fiber,�?? IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 1349-1351 (2000). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• J. Rathje, M. Kristensen, and J. E. Pedersen, �??Continuous anneal method for characterizing the thermal stability of ultraviolet Bragg gratings,�?? J. Appl. Phys. 88, 1050-1055 (2000). [CrossRef]
• H. Patrick, S. L. Gilbert, A. Lidgard, and M. D. Gallagher, �??Annealing of Bragg gratings in hydrogen-loaded optical fiber,�?? J. Appl. Phys. 78, 2940-2945 (1995). [CrossRef]
• T. Erdogan, V. Mizrahi, P. J. Lemaire, and D. Monroe, �??Decay of ultraviolet-induced fiber Bragg gratings,�?? J. Appl. Phys. 76, 73-80 (1994). [CrossRef]

J. Lightwave Technol.

• K. O. Hill, P. St. J. Russell, G. Meltz, and A. M. Vengsarkar, �??Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,�?? J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1263-1276 (1997). [CrossRef]
• S. R. Baker, H. N. Rourke, V. Baker, and D. Goodchild, �??Thermal decay of fiber Bragg gratings written in boron and germanium codoped silica fiber,�?? J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1470-1477 (1997). [CrossRef]

J. Lightwave. Technol.

• M. Douay, W. X. Xie, T. Taunay, P. Bernage, P. Niay, P. Cordier, B. Poumellec, L. Dong, J. F. Bayon, H. Poignant, and E. Delevaque, �??Densification involved in the UV-based photosensitivity of silica glasses and optical fibers,�?? J. Lightwave. Technol. 15, 1329-1342 (1997). [CrossRef]
• K. P. Chen, P. R. Herman, R. Taylor, and C. Hnatovsky, �??Vacuum-ultraviolet laser-induced refractive-index change and birefringence in standard optical fibers,�?? J. Lightwave. Technol. 21, 1969-1977 (2003). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

• A. M. Streltsov, and N. F. Borrelli, �??Study of femtosecond-laser-written waveguides in glasses,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2496-2504 (2002). [CrossRef]

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

• H. Nishiyama, K. Kintaka, J. Nishii, T. Sano, E. Ohmura, and I. Miyamoto, �??Thermo- and Photo-sensitive GeO2-B2O3-SiO2 thin glass films,�?? Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 559-563 (2003). [CrossRef]

Microoptics Conference

• H. Nishiyama, E. Ohmura, I. Miyamoto, K. Kintaka, and J. Nishii, �??Formation of the Bragg gratings attributed to the phase separation of Ge-B-SiO2 thin glass films�??, in Proceedings of Microoptics Conference, Paper L-12, Jena, Germany (2004).

Opt. Lett.

• Y. Shen, T. Sun, K. T. V. Grattan, and M. Sun, �??Highly photosensitive Sb Er Ge-codoped silica fiber for writing fiber Bragg gratings with strong high-temperature sustainability,�?? Opt. Lett. 28, 2025-2027 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• D. A. Guilhot, G. D. Emmerson, C. B. E. Gawith, S. P. Watts, D. P. Shepherd, R. B. Williams, and P. G. R. Smith, �??Single-mode direct-ultraviolet-written channel waveguide laser in neodymium-doped silica on silicon,�?? Opt. Lett. 29, 947-949 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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