By prism-coupling an ordinary radiation mode into a lithium niobate planar waveguide, a second harmonic extraordinary guided mode can be generated if the proper coupling angle is chosen. By measuring this angle, the effective index of the radiation mode and thus of the interacting guided mode can be determined. This fact is exploited for the characterization of reverse-proton-exchanged waveguides, whose lowest order modes cannot be efficiently prism-coupled due to their confinement inside the sample.

© 2004 Optical Society of America

1. Y. N. Korkishko, V. A. Fedorov, T. M. Morozova, F. Caccavale, F. Gonella and F. Segato, �??Reverse proton exchange for buried waveguides in LiNbO3,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am A 15, 1838-1842 (1998). [CrossRef]
2. K. R. Parameswaran, R. K. Route, J. R. Kurz, V. Roussev, M. M. Fejer and M. Fujimura, �??Highly efficient second-harmonic generation in buried waveguides formed by annealing and reverse proton exchange in periodically poled lithium niobate,�?? Opt. Lett. 27, 179-182 (2002). [CrossRef]
3. J. L. Jackel, C. E. Rice, and J. J. Veselka, �??Proton exchange for high-index waveguides in LiNbO3,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 607-609 (1982). [CrossRef]
4. P. K. Tien and R. Ulrich, �??Theory of prism-film coupler and thin-film light guides,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1325-1337 (1970). [CrossRef]
5. J. Olivares and J. M. Cabrera, �??Guided modes with ordinary refractive index in proton exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2468-2470 (1993). [CrossRef]
6. Y. N. Korkishko and V. A. Fedorov, Ion exchange in single crystals for integrated optics and optoelectronics (Cambridge International Science Publishing, Cambridge, 1999), Chap.3.
7. A. Di Lallo, C. Conti, A. Cino and G. Assanto, �??Efficient frequency doubling in reverse proton exchanged lithium niobate waveguides,�?? IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 13, 323 (2001). [CrossRef]
8. A. Amoroso, A. Di Falco, G. Leo, G. Assanto, A. Parisi, A. Cino, and S. Riva Sanseverino, �??Second harmonic generation in coupled LiNbO3 waveguides by reverse-proton exchange,�?? IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 15, 443 (2003). [CrossRef]
9. Y. N. Korkishko and V. A. Fedorov, �??Relationship between refractive indices and hydrogen concentration in proton exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides,�?? J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1010 (1997). [CrossRef]
10. R. Ramponi, M. Marangoni and R. Osellame, �??Dispersion of the ordinary refractive-index change in a proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguide,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 2098-2100 (2001). [CrossRef]
11. G. I. Stegeman, �??Introduction to nonlinear guided wave optics�??, in Guided Wave Nonlinear Optics, D. B. Ostrowsky and R. Reinisch, ed. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1992). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• J. L. Jackel, C. E. Rice, and J. J. Veselka, �??Proton exchange for high-index waveguides in LiNbO3,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 607-609 (1982). [CrossRef]
• J. Olivares and J. M. Cabrera, �??Guided modes with ordinary refractive index in proton exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2468-2470 (1993). [CrossRef]
• R. Ramponi, M. Marangoni and R. Osellame, �??Dispersion of the ordinary refractive-index change in a proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguide,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 2098-2100 (2001). [CrossRef]

Guided Wave Nonlinear Optics

• G. I. Stegeman, �??Introduction to nonlinear guided wave optics�??, in Guided Wave Nonlinear Optics, D. B. Ostrowsky and R. Reinisch, ed. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1992). [CrossRef]

IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett.

• A. Di Lallo, C. Conti, A. Cino and G. Assanto, �??Efficient frequency doubling in reverse proton exchanged lithium niobate waveguides,�?? IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 13, 323 (2001). [CrossRef]
• A. Amoroso, A. Di Falco, G. Leo, G. Assanto, A. Parisi, A. Cino, and S. Riva Sanseverino, �??Second harmonic generation in coupled LiNbO3 waveguides by reverse-proton exchange,�?? IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 15, 443 (2003). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• Y. N. Korkishko and V. A. Fedorov, �??Relationship between refractive indices and hydrogen concentration in proton exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides,�?? J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1010 (1997). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am A

• Y. N. Korkishko, V. A. Fedorov, T. M. Morozova, F. Caccavale, F. Gonella and F. Segato, �??Reverse proton exchange for buried waveguides in LiNbO3,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am A 15, 1838-1842 (1998). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am.

• P. K. Tien and R. Ulrich, �??Theory of prism-film coupler and thin-film light guides,�?? J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1325-1337 (1970). [CrossRef]

Opt. Lett.

• K. R. Parameswaran, R. K. Route, J. R. Kurz, V. Roussev, M. M. Fejer and M. Fujimura, �??Highly efficient second-harmonic generation in buried waveguides formed by annealing and reverse proton exchange in periodically poled lithium niobate,�?? Opt. Lett. 27, 179-182 (2002). [CrossRef]

Other

• Y. N. Korkishko and V. A. Fedorov, Ion exchange in single crystals for integrated optics and optoelectronics (Cambridge International Science Publishing, Cambridge, 1999), Chap.3.

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