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Doppler-free spectroscopy of xenon in the mid-infrared using difference-frequency radiation

G. Rusciano, A. C. De Luca, F. Pignatiello, and A. Sasso

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We report on the first Doppler-free spectroscopy investigation of an atomic species, xenon, performed in the mid-infrared using difference-frequency radiation. The absorption saturated spectrum of the xenon 6p[3/2]2→5d[5/2]3 transition (2p6→3d’1 in Paschen notation) at 3.1076 μm was investigated using about 60 microwatts of cw narrowband radiation (Δv=50 kHz) generated by difference-frequency mixing in a periodically-poled Lithium Niobate crystal. A single frequency Ti: Sapphire laser (power 800 mW) and a monolithic diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser (300 mW) were used as pump and signal waves respectively. We used natural enriched xenon, which contains nine stable isotopes, two of which, 129Xe and 131Xe, exhibit a hyperfine structure owing to their nuclear spin. The small isotope displacements expected for this atom and the complex hyperfine structure of the odd isotopes make it difficult to fully resolve the recorded saturated-absorption spectra. In spite of this, we have been able to analyze the isolated 129Xe F’’=5/2→F’=7/2 hyperfine component by means of first-derivative FM spectroscopy.

©2005 Optical Society of America

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Figures (5)
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Scheme of the experimental setup. Mid-IR radiation is produced by difference-frequency generation in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal by using a Ti:Sapphire (pump) laser and a Nd:YAG (signal) laser. The produced mid-IR beam is retroreflected through the discharge cell to observe sub-Doppler saturation spectra. L: lens; OI: optical isolator; HWP: half-wave plate; P: polarizer; M: mirror; DM: dichroic mirror; GF: germanium filter; BS: beam splitter; Doubled Nd-YVO: frequency-doubled Neodymium: Yttrium Orthovanadate laser.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Doppler-free (a) and Doppler-limited (b) spectra of the 2p6→3d’1 transition at 3.1076 μm. The saturation dips are not observed in the Doppler profile, while they are enhanced (indicated by arrows) with derivative spectroscopy using FM spectroscopy.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) A simplified energy-level scheme of Xe showing the mid-IR transition investigated in this work. In part (b) and (c) are shown the hyperfine structure levels of the 129Xe and 131Xe respectively. The circled numbers are the normalized intensities of the hyperfine components.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Saturated-absorption dip of the hyperfine component recorded as first-derivative FM spectrum. The continuous line represents the result of a fit procedure where the experimental points are compared to the derivative of the sum of a Gaussian and Lorentzian profile.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Behavior of the experimental contrast H versus the mid-IR radiation intensity.

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