A chip-scale atomic clock based on 87Rb with improved frequency stability

doi:10.1364/OPEX.13.001249

Optics Express

Editor: Michael Duncan
Vol. 13, Iss. 4 — Feb. 21, 2005
pp: 1249–1253

A chip-scale atomic clock based on 87Rb with improved frequency stability

S. Knappe, P. Schwindt, V. Shah, L. Hollberg, J. Kitching, L. Liew, and J. Moreland »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 13, Issue 4, pp. 1249-1253 (2005)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.001249

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Abstract

We demonstrate a microfabricated atomic clock physics package based on coherent population trapping (CPT) on the D₁ line of 87^Rb atoms. The package occupies a volume of 12 mm³ and requires 195 mW of power to operate at an ambient temperature of 200 °C. Compared to a previous microfabricated clock exciting the D₂ transition in Cs [1], this 87^Rb clock shows significantly improved short- and long-term stability. The instability at short times is 4×10^-11/τ^1/2 and the improvement over the Cs device is due mainly to an increase in resonance amplitude. At longer times (τ>50 s), the improvement results from the reduction of a slow drift to -5×10^-9/day. The drift is most likely caused by a chemical reaction of nitrogen and barium inside the cell. When probing the atoms on the D₁ line, spin-exchange collisions between Rb atoms and optical pumping appear to have increased importance compared to the D₂ line.

OCIS Codes
(300.6320) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, high-resolution
(350.3950) Other areas of optics : Micro-optics

ToC Category:
Research Papers

History
Original Manuscript: January 11, 2005
Revised Manuscript: January 10, 2005
Published: February 21, 2005

Citation
S. Knappe, P. Schwindt, V. Shah, L. Hollberg, J. Kitching, L. Liew, and J. Moreland, "A chip-scale atomic clock based on 87Rb with improved frequency stability," Opt. Express 13, 1249-1253 (2005)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-4-1249

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References

S. Knappe, V. Shah, P. Schwindt, L. Hollberg, J. Kitching, L. Liew, J. Moreland, ”A microfabricated atomic clock,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1460-1462 (2004) . [CrossRef]
J. Vig, “Military applications of high-accuracy frequency standards and clocks,” 40, 522-527 (1993).
H. Fruehoff, “Fast "direct-P(Y)" GPS signal acquisition using a special portable clock,” in Pro.c 33rd Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 27- 29, 359-369 (2001).
J. A. Kusters and C.A. Adams, “Performance requirements of communication base station time standards,” RF design, 28-38 (1999).
L. Liew, S. Knappe, J. Moreland, H.G. Robinson, L. Hollberg, and J. Kitching, “Microfabricated alkali atom vapor cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 2694-2696 (2004). [CrossRef]
S. Knappe, V. Velichansky, H.G. Robinson, L. Liew, J. Moreland, J. Kitching, and L. Hollberg, ”Atomic Vapor Cells for Miniature Frequency References,” in Proc. of the 2003 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition Jointly with the 17th European Frequency and Time Forum, (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 2003), 31-32.
P. R. Wallis and D. I. Pomeranz, “Field Assisted Glass-Metal Sealing,” J. Appl. Phys. 40, 3946-3949 (1969). [CrossRef]
E. Arimondo, “Coherent population trapping in laser spectroscopy,” in, Progress in Optics XXXV, E. Wolf, eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam,1996), pp. 257-354.
M. Stähler, R. Wynands, S. Knappe, J. Kitching, L. Hollberg, A. Taichenachev, V. Yudin, “Coherent population trapping resonances in thermal Rb-85 vapor: D-1 versus D-2 line excitation,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1472-1474 (2002). [CrossRef]
R. Lutwak, D. Emmons, T. English, W. Riley, A. Duwel, M. Varghese, D.K. Serkland, G.M. Peake, “The Chip-Scale Atomic Clock - Recent Development Progress,” in Proc. 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, San Diego, CA, December 2-4, 2003.
W. Happer, “Optical pumping,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 169-242 (1972). [CrossRef]
W. Franzen and A.G. Emslie, “Atomic Orientation by Optical Pumping,” Phys. Rev. 108, 1453-1458 (1957). [CrossRef]

2003 IEEE International Frequency Contro

S. Knappe, V. Velichansky, H.G. Robinson, L. Liew, J. Moreland, J. Kitching, and L. Hollberg, ”Atomic Vapor Cells for Miniature Frequency References,” in Proc. of the 2003 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition Jointly with the 17th European Frequency and Time Forum, (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 2003), 31-32.

34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interv

R. Lutwak, D. Emmons, T. English, W. Riley, A. Duwel, M. Varghese, D.K. Serkland, G.M. Peake, “The Chip-Scale Atomic Clock - Recent Development Progress,” in Proc. 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, San Diego, CA, December 2-4, 2003.

Appl. Phys.

L. Liew, S. Knappe, J. Moreland, H.G. Robinson, L. Hollberg, and J. Kitching, “Microfabricated alkali atom vapor cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 2694-2696 (2004). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

S. Knappe, V. Shah, P. Schwindt, L. Hollberg, J. Kitching, L. Liew, J. Moreland, ”A microfabricated atomic clock,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1460-1462 (2004) . [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

P. R. Wallis and D. I. Pomeranz, “Field Assisted Glass-Metal Sealing,” J. Appl. Phys. 40, 3946-3949 (1969). [CrossRef]

Opt. Lett.

M. Stähler, R. Wynands, S. Knappe, J. Kitching, L. Hollberg, A. Taichenachev, V. Yudin, “Coherent population trapping resonances in thermal Rb-85 vapor: D-1 versus D-2 line excitation,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1472-1474 (2002). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev.

W. Franzen and A.G. Emslie, “Atomic Orientation by Optical Pumping,” Phys. Rev. 108, 1453-1458 (1957). [CrossRef]

Pro.c 33rd Ann. PTTI Systems and Applica

H. Fruehoff, “Fast "direct-P(Y)" GPS signal acquisition using a special portable clock,” in Pro.c 33rd Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 27- 29, 359-369 (2001).

Progress in Optics XXXV

E. Arimondo, “Coherent population trapping in laser spectroscopy,” in, Progress in Optics XXXV, E. Wolf, eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam,1996), pp. 257-354.

Rev. Mod. Phys.

W. Happer, “Optical pumping,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 169-242 (1972). [CrossRef]

RF design

J. A. Kusters and C.A. Adams, “Performance requirements of communication base station time standards,” RF design, 28-38 (1999).

Other

J. Vig, “Military applications of high-accuracy frequency standards and clocks,” 40, 522-527 (1993).

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[1] S. Knappe, V. Shah, P. Schwindt, L. Hollberg, J. Kitching, L. Liew, J. Moreland, ”A microfabricated atomic clock,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1460-1462 (2004) . [CrossRef]

[2] J. Vig, “Military applications of high-accuracy frequency standards and clocks,” 40, 522-527 (1993).

[3] H. Fruehoff, “Fast "direct-P(Y)" GPS signal acquisition using a special portable clock,” in Pro.c 33rd Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 27- 29, 359-369 (2001).

[4] J. A. Kusters and C.A. Adams, “Performance requirements of communication base station time standards,” RF design, 28-38 (1999).

[5] L. Liew, S. Knappe, J. Moreland, H.G. Robinson, L. Hollberg, and J. Kitching, “Microfabricated alkali atom vapor cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 2694-2696 (2004). [CrossRef]

[6] S. Knappe, V. Velichansky, H.G. Robinson, L. Liew, J. Moreland, J. Kitching, and L. Hollberg, ”Atomic Vapor Cells for Miniature Frequency References,” in Proc. of the 2003 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition Jointly with the 17th European Frequency and Time Forum, (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 2003), 31-32.

[7] P. R. Wallis and D. I. Pomeranz, “Field Assisted Glass-Metal Sealing,” J. Appl. Phys. 40, 3946-3949 (1969). [CrossRef]

[8] E. Arimondo, “Coherent population trapping in laser spectroscopy,” in, Progress in Optics XXXV, E. Wolf, eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam,1996), pp. 257-354.

[9] M. Stähler, R. Wynands, S. Knappe, J. Kitching, L. Hollberg, A. Taichenachev, V. Yudin, “Coherent population trapping resonances in thermal Rb-85 vapor: D-1 versus D-2 line excitation,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1472-1474 (2002). [CrossRef]

[10] R. Lutwak, D. Emmons, T. English, W. Riley, A. Duwel, M. Varghese, D.K. Serkland, G.M. Peake, “The Chip-Scale Atomic Clock - Recent Development Progress,” in Proc. 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, San Diego, CA, December 2-4, 2003.

[11] W. Happer, “Optical pumping,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 169-242 (1972). [CrossRef]

[12] W. Franzen and A.G. Emslie, “Atomic Orientation by Optical Pumping,” Phys. Rev. 108, 1453-1458 (1957). [CrossRef]

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Optics Express

A chip-scale atomic clock based on 87Rb with improved frequency stability

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Abstract

References

2003 IEEE International Frequency Contro

34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interv

Appl. Phys.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

J. Appl. Phys.

Opt. Lett.

Phys. Rev.

Pro.c 33rd Ann. PTTI Systems and Applica

Progress in Optics XXXV

Rev. Mod. Phys.

RF design

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