The generalized phase contrast (GPC) method has been applied to transform a single TEM00 beam into a manifold of counterpropagating-beam traps capable of real-time interactive manipulation of multiple microparticles in three dimensions (3D). This paper reports on the use of low numerical aperture (NA), non-immersion, objective lenses in an implementation of the GPC-based 3D trapping system. Contrary to high-NA based optical tweezers, the GPC trapping system demonstrated here operates with long working distance (>10 mm), and offers a wider manipulation region and a larger field of view for imaging through each of the two opposing objective lenses. As a consequence of the large working distance, simultaneous monitoring of the trapped particles in a second orthogonal observation plane is demonstrated.

© 2005 Optical Society of America

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5. P. J. Rodrigo, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, �??Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high-and low-index particles,�?? Opt. Express 12, 1417-1425 (2004), <a href="http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1417">http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1417</a> [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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11. D. L. J.Vossen, A. van der Horst, M. Dogterom and A. van Blaaderen, �??Optical tweezers and confocal microscopy for simultaneous three-dimensional manipulation and imaging in concentrated colloidal dispersions,�?? Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2960-2970 (2004). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Opt.

• J. Glückstad and P. C. Mogensen, �??Optimal phase contrast in common-path interferometry,�?? Appl. Opt. 40, 268-282 (2001). [CrossRef]
• E. Sidick, S. D. Collins and A. Knoesen, �??Trapping forces in a multiple-beam fiber-optic trap,�?? Appl. Opt. 36, 6423-6433 (1997). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• V. R. Daria, P. J. Rodrigo and J. Glückstad, �??Dynamic array of dark optical traps,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 323-325 (2004). [CrossRef]
• P. J. Rodrigo, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, �??Four-dimensional optical manipulation of colloidal particles,�?? Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 074103 (2005). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

• J. Glückstad, �??Phase contrast image synthesis,�?? Opt. Commun. 130, 225-230 (1996). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, �??Fully dynamic multiple-beam optical tweezers,�?? Opt. Express 10, 597-602 (2002), <a href="http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597">http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597</a> [PubMed]
• P. J. Rodrigo, R. L Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, �??Interactive light-driven and parallel manipulation of inhomogeneous particles,�?? Opt. Express 10, 1550�??1556 (2002), <a href="http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550">http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550</a> [PubMed]
• P. J. Rodrigo, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, �??Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high-and low-index particles,�?? Opt. Express 12, 1417-1425 (2004), <a href="http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1417">http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-7-1417</a> [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• P. J. Rodrigo, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, �??Real-time three-dimensional optical micromanipulation of multiple particles and living cells,�?? Opt. Lett. 29, 2270-2272 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• A. Ashkin, �??Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure,�?? Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159 (1970). [CrossRef]
• S. A. Tatarkova, A. E. Carruthers and K. Dholakia, �??One-dimensional optically bound arrays of microscopic particles,�?? Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 283901 (2002). [CrossRef]

Rev. Sci. Instrum.

• D. L. J.Vossen, A. van der Horst, M. Dogterom and A. van Blaaderen, �??Optical tweezers and confocal microscopy for simultaneous three-dimensional manipulation and imaging in concentrated colloidal dispersions,�?? Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2960-2970 (2004). [CrossRef]

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