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Do GSM 900MHz signals affect cerebral blood circulation? A near-infrared spectrophotometry study
Martin Wolf, Daniel Haensse, Geert Morren, and Juerg Froehlich »View Author Affiliations
1Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Clinic of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, 8091 Zurich
2Laboratory of Electromagnetic Fields and Microwave Electronics, ETH Zurich, Gloriastr. 35, 8092 Zurich
Optics Express, Vol. 14, Issue 13, pp. 6128-6141 (2006)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.006128
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Abstract
Effects of GSM 900MHz signals (EMF) typical for a handheld mobile phone on the cerebral blood circulation were investigated using near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS) in a three armed (12W/kg, 1.2W/kg, sham), double blind, randomized crossover trial in 16 healthy volunteers. During exposure we observed borderline significant short term responses of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration, which correspond to a decrease of cerebral blood flow and volume and were smaller than regular physiological changes. Due to the relatively high number of statistical tests, these responses may be spurious and require further studies. There was no detectable dose-response relation or long term response within 20min. The detection limit was a fraction of the regular physiological changes elicited by functional activation. Compared to previous studies using PET, NIRS provides a much higher time resolution, which allowed investigating the short term effects efficiently, noninvasively, without the use of radioactive tracers and with high sensitivity.
© 2006 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(170.1470) Medical optics and biotechnology : Blood or tissue constituent monitoring
ToC Category:
Medical Optics and Biotechnology
History
Original Manuscript: April 28, 2006
Revised Manuscript: June 16, 2006
Manuscript Accepted: June 16, 2006
Published: June 26, 2006
Virtual Issues
Vol. 1, Iss. 7 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Martin Wolf, Daniel Haensse, Geert Morren, and Juerg Froehlich, "Do GSM 900MHz signals affect cerebral blood circulation? A near-infrared spectrophotometry study," Opt. Express 14, 6128-6141 (2006)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-13-6128
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References
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- A. Duncan, J. H. Meek, M. Clemence, C. E. Elwell, P. Fallon, L. Tyszczuk, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Measurement of cranial optical path length as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy," Pediatr. Res. 39, 889-894 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. Li, G. Dietsche, D. Iftime, S. E. Skipetrov, G. Maret, T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, and T. Gisler, "Noninvasive detection of functional brain activity with near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 44002 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- R. Wenzel, P. Wobst, H. H. Heekeren, K. K. Kwong, S. A. Brandt, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, "Saccadic suppression induces focal hypooxygenation in the occipital cortex," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20, 1103-1110 (2000). [CrossRef]
- K. Villringer, S. Minoshima, C. Hock, H. Obrig, S. Ziegler, U. Dirnagl, M. Schwaiger, and A. Villringer, "Assessment of local brain activation. A simultaneous PET and near-infrared spectroscopy study," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 413, 149-153 (1997). [PubMed]
- A. Duncan, J. H. Meek, M. Clemence, C. E. Elwell, P. Fallon, L. Tyszczuk, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Measurement of cranial optical path length as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy," Pediatr. Res. 39, 889-894 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. Li, G. Dietsche, D. Iftime, S. E. Skipetrov, G. Maret, T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, and T. Gisler, "Noninvasive detection of functional brain activity with near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 44002 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. D. Edwards, C. Richardson, P. van der Zee, C. Elwell, J. S. Wyatt, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, and E. O. Reynolds, "Measurement of hemoglobin flow and blood flow by near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Appl. Physiol. 75, 1884-1889 (1993). [PubMed]
- T. S. Leung, C. E. Elwell, J. R. Henty, and D. T. Delpy, "Simultaneous measurement of cerebral tissue oxygenation over the adult frontal and motor cortex during rest and functional activation," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 510, 385-389 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Duncan, J. H. Meek, M. Clemence, C. E. Elwell, P. Fallon, L. Tyszczuk, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Measurement of cranial optical path length as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy," Pediatr. Res. 39, 889-894 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms," Anal. Biochem. 227, 54-68 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, P. Evans, H. U. Bucher, V. Dietz, M. Keel, R. Strebel, and K. von Siebenthal, "Measurement of absolute cerebral haemoglobin concentration in adults and neonates," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 219-227 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Duncan, J. H. Meek, M. Clemence, C. E. Elwell, P. Fallon, L. Tyszczuk, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Measurement of cranial optical path length as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy," Pediatr. Res. 39, 889-894 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, "Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot," Exp. Brain. Res. 129, 457-461 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Borbely, R. Huber, T. Graf, B. Fuchs, E. Gallmann, and P. Achermann, "Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram," Neurosci. Lett. 275, 207-210 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Huber, T. Graf, K. A. Cote, L. Wittmann, E. Gallmann, D. Matter, J. Schuderer, N. Kuster, A. A. Borbely, and P. Achermann, "Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG," Neuroreport 11, 3321-3325 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Borbely, R. Huber, T. Graf, B. Fuchs, E. Gallmann, and P. Achermann, "Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram," Neurosci. Lett. 275, 207-210 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Li, G. Dietsche, D. Iftime, S. E. Skipetrov, G. Maret, T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, and T. Gisler, "Noninvasive detection of functional brain activity with near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 44002 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- R. Huber, J. Schuderer, T. Graf, K. Jutz, A. A. Borbely, N. Kuster, and P. Achermann, "Radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in humans: Estimation of SAR distribution in the brain, effects on sleep and heart rate," Bioelectromagnetics 24, 262-276 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- K. Villringer, S. Minoshima, C. Hock, H. Obrig, S. Ziegler, U. Dirnagl, M. Schwaiger, and A. Villringer, "Assessment of local brain activation. A simultaneous PET and near-infrared spectroscopy study," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 413, 149-153 (1997). [PubMed]
- K. Villringer, S. Minoshima, C. Hock, H. Obrig, S. Ziegler, U. Dirnagl, M. Schwaiger, and A. Villringer, "Assessment of local brain activation. A simultaneous PET and near-infrared spectroscopy study," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 413, 149-153 (1997). [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, P. Evans, H. U. Bucher, V. Dietz, M. Keel, R. Strebel, and K. von Siebenthal, "Measurement of absolute cerebral haemoglobin concentration in adults and neonates," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 219-227 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, N. Brun, G. Greisen, M. Keel, K. von Siebenthal, and H. Bucher, "Optimising the methodology of calculating the cerebral blood flow of newborn infants from near infra-red spectrophotometry data," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 34, 221-226 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Liebert, H. Wabnitz, J. Steinbrink, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, H. Rinneberg, A. Villringer, and H. Obrig, "Bed-side assessment of cerebral perfusion in stroke patients based on optical monitoring of a dye bolus by time-resolved diffuse reflectance," Neuroimage 24, 426-435 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Maki, Y. Yamashita, E. Watanabe, and H. Koizumi, "Visualizing human motor activity by using non-invasive optical topography," Front. Med. Biol. Eng. 7, 285-297 (1996). [PubMed]
- V. Toronov, A. Webb, J. H. Choi, M. Wolf, A. Michalos, E. Gratton, and D. Hueber, "Investigation of human brain hemodynamics by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging," Med. Phys. 28, 521-527 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, "Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation," Neuroimage 13, 520-530 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, "Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults," Neuroimage 12, 623-639 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Wenzel, P. Wobst, H. H. Heekeren, K. K. Kwong, S. A. Brandt, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, "Saccadic suppression induces focal hypooxygenation in the occipital cortex," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20, 1103-1110 (2000). [CrossRef]
- R. Huber, V. Treyer, A. A. Borbely, J. Schuderer, J. M. Gottselig, H. P. Landolt, E. Werth, T. Berthold, N. Kuster, A. Buck, and P. Achermann, "Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG," J. Sleep. Res. 11, 289-295 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Huber, T. Graf, K. A. Cote, L. Wittmann, E. Gallmann, D. Matter, J. Schuderer, N. Kuster, A. A. Borbely, and P. Achermann, "Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG," Neuroreport 11, 3321-3325 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, "Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation," Neuroimage 13, 520-530 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Wenzel, P. Wobst, H. H. Heekeren, K. K. Kwong, S. A. Brandt, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, "Saccadic suppression induces focal hypooxygenation in the occipital cortex," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20, 1103-1110 (2000). [CrossRef]
- D. Haensse, P. Szabo, D. Brown, J. C. Fauchere, P. Niederer, H. U. Bucher, and M. Wolf, "New multichannel near infrared spectrophotometry system for functional studies of the brain in adults and neonates," Opt. Express 13, 4525-4538 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, "Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study," Neuroimage 16, 704-712 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Toronov, A. Webb, J. H. Choi, M. Wolf, A. Michalos, E. Gratton, and D. Hueber, "Investigation of human brain hemodynamics by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging," Med. Phys. 28, 521-527 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, P. Evans, H. U. Bucher, V. Dietz, M. Keel, R. Strebel, and K. von Siebenthal, "Measurement of absolute cerebral haemoglobin concentration in adults and neonates," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 219-227 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, N. Brun, G. Greisen, M. Keel, K. von Siebenthal, and H. Bucher, "Optimising the methodology of calculating the cerebral blood flow of newborn infants from near infra-red spectrophotometry data," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 34, 221-226 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, "Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study," Neuroimage 16, 704-712 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, "Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation," Biochim. Biophys. Acta 933, 184-192 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. D. Edwards, C. Richardson, P. van der Zee, C. Elwell, J. S. Wyatt, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, and E. O. Reynolds, "Measurement of hemoglobin flow and blood flow by near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Appl. Physiol. 75, 1884-1889 (1993). [PubMed]
- S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, "Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation," Biochim. Biophys. Acta 933, 184-192 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Maki, Y. Yamashita, E. Watanabe, and H. Koizumi, "Visualizing human motor activity by using non-invasive optical topography," Front. Med. Biol. Eng. 7, 285-297 (1996). [PubMed]
- E. Keller, A. Nadler, H. Alkadhi, S. S. Kollias, Y. Yonekawa, and P. Niederer, "Noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood volume by near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green dye dilution," Neuroimage 20, 828-839 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Villringer, S. Minoshima, C. Hock, H. Obrig, S. Ziegler, U. Dirnagl, M. Schwaiger, and A. Villringer, "Assessment of local brain activation. A simultaneous PET and near-infrared spectroscopy study," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 413, 149-153 (1997). [PubMed]
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.
- K. Villringer, S. Minoshima, C. Hock, H. Obrig, S. Ziegler, U. Dirnagl, M. Schwaiger, and A. Villringer, "Assessment of local brain activation. A simultaneous PET and near-infrared spectroscopy study," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 413, 149-153 (1997). [PubMed]
- T. S. Leung, C. E. Elwell, J. R. Henty, and D. T. Delpy, "Simultaneous measurement of cerebral tissue oxygenation over the adult frontal and motor cortex during rest and functional activation," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 510, 385-389 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, P. Evans, H. U. Bucher, V. Dietz, M. Keel, R. Strebel, and K. von Siebenthal, "Measurement of absolute cerebral haemoglobin concentration in adults and neonates," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 219-227 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Anal. Biochem.
- S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms," Anal. Biochem. 227, 54-68 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
- S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, "Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation," Biochim. Biophys. Acta 933, 184-192 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Bioelectromagnetics
- R. Huber, J. Schuderer, T. Graf, K. Jutz, A. A. Borbely, N. Kuster, and P. Achermann, "Radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in humans: Estimation of SAR distribution in the brain, effects on sleep and heart rate," Bioelectromagnetics 24, 262-276 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Eur. J. Neurosci.
- R. Huber, V. Treyer, J. Schuderer, T. Berthold, A. Buck, N. Kuster, H. P. Landolt, and P. Achermann, "Exposure to pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields affects regional cerebral blood flow," Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 1000-1006 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Exp. Brain. Res.
- W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, "Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot," Exp. Brain. Res. 129, 457-461 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Front. Med. Biol. Eng.
- A. Maki, Y. Yamashita, E. Watanabe, and H. Koizumi, "Visualizing human motor activity by using non-invasive optical topography," Front. Med. Biol. Eng. 7, 285-297 (1996). [PubMed]
J. Appl. Physiol.
- A. D. Edwards, C. Richardson, P. van der Zee, C. Elwell, J. S. Wyatt, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, and E. O. Reynolds, "Measurement of hemoglobin flow and blood flow by near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Appl. Physiol. 75, 1884-1889 (1993). [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- J. Li, G. Dietsche, D. Iftime, S. E. Skipetrov, G. Maret, T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, and T. Gisler, "Noninvasive detection of functional brain activity with near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 44002 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab
- S. Aalto, C. Haarala, A. Bruck, H. Sipila, H. Hamalainen, and J. O. Rinne, "Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (2006).
J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.
- H. Obrig and A. Villringer, "Beyond the visible--imaging the human brain with light," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 23, 1-18 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. Wenzel, P. Wobst, H. H. Heekeren, K. K. Kwong, S. A. Brandt, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, "Saccadic suppression induces focal hypooxygenation in the occipital cortex," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20, 1103-1110 (2000). [CrossRef]
J. Sleep. Res.
- R. Huber, V. Treyer, A. A. Borbely, J. Schuderer, J. M. Gottselig, H. P. Landolt, E. Werth, T. Berthold, N. Kuster, A. Buck, and P. Achermann, "Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG," J. Sleep. Res. 11, 289-295 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
- M. Wolf, N. Brun, G. Greisen, M. Keel, K. von Siebenthal, and H. Bucher, "Optimising the methodology of calculating the cerebral blood flow of newborn infants from near infra-red spectrophotometry data," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 34, 221-226 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Med. Phys.
- V. Toronov, A. Webb, J. H. Choi, M. Wolf, A. Michalos, E. Gratton, and D. Hueber, "Investigation of human brain hemodynamics by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging," Med. Phys. 28, 521-527 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Neuroimage
- M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, "Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study," Neuroimage 16, 704-712 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Keller, A. Nadler, H. Alkadhi, S. S. Kollias, Y. Yonekawa, and P. Niederer, "Noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood volume by near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green dye dilution," Neuroimage 20, 828-839 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Liebert, H. Wabnitz, J. Steinbrink, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, H. Rinneberg, A. Villringer, and H. Obrig, "Bed-side assessment of cerebral perfusion in stroke patients based on optical monitoring of a dye bolus by time-resolved diffuse reflectance," Neuroimage 24, 426-435 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, "Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults," Neuroimage 12, 623-639 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, "Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation," Neuroimage 13, 520-530 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Neuroreport
- R. Huber, T. Graf, K. A. Cote, L. Wittmann, E. Gallmann, D. Matter, J. Schuderer, N. Kuster, A. A. Borbely, and P. Achermann, "Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG," Neuroreport 11, 3321-3325 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Neurosci. Lett.
- A. A. Borbely, R. Huber, T. Graf, B. Fuchs, E. Gallmann, and P. Achermann, "Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram," Neurosci. Lett. 275, 207-210 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- D. Haensse, P. Szabo, D. Brown, J. C. Fauchere, P. Niederer, H. U. Bucher, and M. Wolf, "New multichannel near infrared spectrophotometry system for functional studies of the brain in adults and neonates," Opt. Express 13, 4525-4538 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- T. Durduran, G. Yu, M. G. Burnett, J. A. Detre, J. H. Greenberg, J. Wang, C. Zhou, and A. G. Yodh, "Diffuse optical measurement of blood flow, blood oxygenation, and metabolism in a human brain during sensorimotor cortex activation," Opt. Lett. 29, 1766-1768 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pediatr. Res.
- A. Duncan, J. H. Meek, M. Clemence, C. E. Elwell, P. Fallon, L. Tyszczuk, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Measurement of cranial optical path length as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy," Pediatr. Res. 39, 889-894 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Med. Biol.
- C. D. Kurth, H. Liu, W. S. Thayer, and B. Chance, "A dynamic phantom brain model for near-infrared spectroscopy," Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 2079-2092 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Psychophysiology
- Y. Hoshi, "Functional near-infrared optical imaging: utility and limitations in human brain mapping," Psychophysiology 40, 511-520 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Trends Neurosci.
- A. Villringer and B. Chance, "Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function," Trends Neurosci. 20, 435-442 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2006, Aalto, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab
- S. Aalto, C. Haarala, A. Bruck, H. Sipila, H. Hamalainen, and J. O. Rinne, "Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (2006).
- R. Huber, V. Treyer, J. Schuderer, T. Berthold, A. Buck, N. Kuster, H. P. Landolt, and P. Achermann, "Exposure to pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields affects regional cerebral blood flow," Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 1000-1006 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Liebert, H. Wabnitz, J. Steinbrink, M. Moller, R. Macdonald, H. Rinneberg, A. Villringer, and H. Obrig, "Bed-side assessment of cerebral perfusion in stroke patients based on optical monitoring of a dye bolus by time-resolved diffuse reflectance," Neuroimage 24, 426-435 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Li, G. Dietsche, D. Iftime, S. E. Skipetrov, G. Maret, T. Elbert, B. Rockstroh, and T. Gisler, "Noninvasive detection of functional brain activity with near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 44002 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Keller, A. Nadler, H. Alkadhi, S. S. Kollias, Y. Yonekawa, and P. Niederer, "Noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood volume by near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green dye dilution," Neuroimage 20, 828-839 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. S. Leung, C. E. Elwell, J. R. Henty, and D. T. Delpy, "Simultaneous measurement of cerebral tissue oxygenation over the adult frontal and motor cortex during rest and functional activation," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 510, 385-389 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Obrig and A. Villringer, "Beyond the visible--imaging the human brain with light," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 23, 1-18 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. Huber, J. Schuderer, T. Graf, K. Jutz, A. A. Borbely, N. Kuster, and P. Achermann, "Radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in humans: Estimation of SAR distribution in the brain, effects on sleep and heart rate," Bioelectromagnetics 24, 262-276 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Hoshi, "Functional near-infrared optical imaging: utility and limitations in human brain mapping," Psychophysiology 40, 511-520 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, U. Wolf, V. Toronov, A. Michalos, L. A. Paunescu, J. H. Choi, and E. Gratton, "Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study," Neuroimage 16, 704-712 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Huber, V. Treyer, A. A. Borbely, J. Schuderer, J. M. Gottselig, H. P. Landolt, E. Werth, T. Berthold, N. Kuster, A. Buck, and P. Achermann, "Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG," J. Sleep. Res. 11, 289-295 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Toronov, A. Webb, J. H. Choi, M. Wolf, A. Michalos, E. Gratton, and D. Hueber, "Investigation of human brain hemodynamics by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging," Med. Phys. 28, 521-527 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Wobst, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, and A. Villringer, "Linear aspects of changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration and cytochrome oxidase oxidation during brain activation," Neuroimage 13, 520-530 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Wenzel, P. Wobst, H. H. Heekeren, K. K. Kwong, S. A. Brandt, M. Kohl, H. Obrig, U. Dirnagl, and A. Villringer, "Saccadic suppression induces focal hypooxygenation in the occipital cortex," J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20, 1103-1110 (2000). [CrossRef]
- H. Obrig, M. Neufang, R. Wenzel, M. Kohl, J. Steinbrink, K. Einhaupl, and A. Villringer, "Spontaneous low frequency oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in human adults," Neuroimage 12, 623-639 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Huber, T. Graf, K. A. Cote, L. Wittmann, E. Gallmann, D. Matter, J. Schuderer, N. Kuster, A. A. Borbely, and P. Achermann, "Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG," Neuroreport 11, 3321-3325 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Borbely, R. Huber, T. Graf, B. Fuchs, E. Gallmann, and P. Achermann, "Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep and sleep electroencephalogram," Neurosci. Lett. 275, 207-210 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. N. Colier, V. Quaresima, B. Oeseburg, and M. Ferrari, "Human motor-cortex oxygenation changes induced by cyclic coupled movements of hand and foot," Exp. Brain. Res. 129, 457-461 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, P. Evans, H. U. Bucher, V. Dietz, M. Keel, R. Strebel, and K. von Siebenthal, "Measurement of absolute cerebral haemoglobin concentration in adults and neonates," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 428, 219-227 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Villringer, S. Minoshima, C. Hock, H. Obrig, S. Ziegler, U. Dirnagl, M. Schwaiger, and A. Villringer, "Assessment of local brain activation. A simultaneous PET and near-infrared spectroscopy study," Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 413, 149-153 (1997). [PubMed]
- A. Villringer and B. Chance, "Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function," Trends Neurosci. 20, 435-442 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Duncan, J. H. Meek, M. Clemence, C. E. Elwell, P. Fallon, L. Tyszczuk, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Measurement of cranial optical path length as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy," Pediatr. Res. 39, 889-894 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Maki, Y. Yamashita, E. Watanabe, and H. Koizumi, "Visualizing human motor activity by using non-invasive optical topography," Front. Med. Biol. Eng. 7, 285-297 (1996). [PubMed]
- M. Wolf, N. Brun, G. Greisen, M. Keel, K. von Siebenthal, and H. Bucher, "Optimising the methodology of calculating the cerebral blood flow of newborn infants from near infra-red spectrophotometry data," Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 34, 221-226 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. D. Kurth, H. Liu, W. S. Thayer, and B. Chance, "A dynamic phantom brain model for near-infrared spectroscopy," Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 2079-2092 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. J. Matcher, C. E. Elwell, C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, "Performance comparison of several published tissue near-infrared spectroscopy algorithms," Anal. Biochem. 227, 54-68 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. D. Edwards, C. Richardson, P. van der Zee, C. Elwell, J. S. Wyatt, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, and E. O. Reynolds, "Measurement of hemoglobin flow and blood flow by near-infrared spectroscopy," J. Appl. Physiol. 75, 1884-1889 (1993). [PubMed]
- S. Wray, M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, J. S. Wyatt, and E. O. Reynolds, "Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation," Biochim. Biophys. Acta 933, 184-192 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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