Noise in cavity ring-down spectroscopy caused by transverse mode coupling

doi:10.1364/OE.15.008745

Noise in cavity ring-down spectroscopy caused by transverse mode coupling

Haifeng Huang and Kevin Lehmann »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 14, pp. 8745-8759 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.008745

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Abstract

In our continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CW-CRDS) experiments, we have often observed that the decay time constant drops to a lower value at some cavity lengths or some intercavity pressures. The resulting instabilities lead to a reduction in the sensitivity of our CRDS system. We have deduced that the cause of this noise is the coupling between the TEM₀₀ mode that the laser excites, and the higher order transverse modes of the cavity. The coupling will cause anti-crossings as the modes tune with cavity length. A consequence is that the decay of light intensity leaving the cavity is no longer a single exponential decay, but the signal can be quantitatively fit to a two-mode beating model. With a 4mm diameter intra-cavity aperture, the higher order modes are suppressed and the stability of the system improved greatly. One coupling mechanism is scattering from the mirror surfaces. This can explain some features of our data including the strength of this coupling and the relative tuning rate of the coupled modes. Remarkably, a scattering intensity between modes of ~ 10^-12 can produce observable changes in the cavity decay rate. However, the tuning rate between the TEM₀₀ mode and the higher order modes in a cavity pressure scan is larger than predicted and is still not explained. Images of higher order transverse modes excited at certain cavity conditions were recorded by an Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) area camera.

OCIS Codes
(280.3420) Remote sensing and sensors : Laser sensors
(290.5880) Scattering : Scattering, rough surfaces

ToC Category:
Remote sensing and sensors

History
Original Manuscript: March 27, 2007
Revised Manuscript: May 18, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: June 23, 2007
Published: June 28, 2007

Citation
Haifeng Huang and Kevin Lehmann, "Noise in cavity ring-down spectroscopy caused by transverse mode coupling," Opt. Express 15, 8745-8759 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-14-8745

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References

A. O’Keefe and D. A. G. Deacon, "Cavity Ring-Down Optical Spectrometer for absoption measurements using Pulsed Laser Sources," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544 (1988). [CrossRef]
D. Romanini and K. K. Lehmann, "Ring-down cavity absorption spectroscopy of the very weak HCN overtone bands with six, seven, and eight stretching quanta," J. Chem. Phys. 99, 6287-6301 (1993). [CrossRef]
K. K. Lehmann, "Ring-down cavity spectroscopy cell using continuous wave excitation for trace species detection, U.S. Patent 5,528,040," (1996).
J. Dudek, P. Rabinowitz, K. K. Lehmann, and A. Velasquez, "Trace gas detection with cw cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy," in 52nd Ohio State University International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy, p. 36 WG05 (Columbus OH, June 1997), http://molspect.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/symposium 52/Abstracts/p346.pdf.
D. Romanini, A. A. Kachanov, N. Sadeghi, and F. Stoeckel, "CW cavity ring down spectroscopy," Chem. Phys. Lett. 264, 316-322 (1997). [CrossRef]
J. B. Dudek, P. B. Tarsa, A. Velasquez, M. Wladyslawski, P. Rabinowitz, and K. K. Lehmann, "Trace moisture detection using continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy," Anal. Chem. 75, 4599-4605 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. R. Bevington and D. K. Robinson, Data reduction and error analysis for the Physical Sciences, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill Inc., 1992). pp 96, 141 and 69.
A. E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1986). Pp. 691 and 762.
P. Horowitz and W. Hill, The Art of Electronics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1989). Pp. 430.
K. K. Lehmann and D. Romanini, "The superposition principle and cavity ring-down spectroscopy," J. Chem. Phys. 105, 10,263-10,277 (1996). [CrossRef]
C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, and F. Laloe, Quantum Mechanics, (John Wiley & Sons, 1977) Vol. 1, pp. 405.
J. C. Stover, Optical Scattering, Measurement, and Analysis (McGraw-Hill Inc., 1990).
T. Klaassen, J. D. Jong, M. V. Exter, and J. P. Woerdman, "Transverse mode coupling in an optical resonator," Opt. Lett. 30, 1959-1961 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Anal. Chem.

J. B. Dudek, P. B. Tarsa, A. Velasquez, M. Wladyslawski, P. Rabinowitz, and K. K. Lehmann, "Trace moisture detection using continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy," Anal. Chem. 75, 4599-4605 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Chem. Phys. Lett.

D. Romanini, A. A. Kachanov, N. Sadeghi, and F. Stoeckel, "CW cavity ring down spectroscopy," Chem. Phys. Lett. 264, 316-322 (1997). [CrossRef]

J. Chem. Phys.

D. Romanini and K. K. Lehmann, "Ring-down cavity absorption spectroscopy of the very weak HCN overtone bands with six, seven, and eight stretching quanta," J. Chem. Phys. 99, 6287-6301 (1993). [CrossRef]
K. K. Lehmann and D. Romanini, "The superposition principle and cavity ring-down spectroscopy," J. Chem. Phys. 105, 10,263-10,277 (1996). [CrossRef]

Opt. Lett.

T. Klaassen, J. D. Jong, M. V. Exter, and J. P. Woerdman, "Transverse mode coupling in an optical resonator," Opt. Lett. 30, 1959-1961 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Rev. Sci. Instrum.

A. O’Keefe and D. A. G. Deacon, "Cavity Ring-Down Optical Spectrometer for absoption measurements using Pulsed Laser Sources," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544 (1988). [CrossRef]

Other

K. K. Lehmann, "Ring-down cavity spectroscopy cell using continuous wave excitation for trace species detection, U.S. Patent 5,528,040," (1996).
J. Dudek, P. Rabinowitz, K. K. Lehmann, and A. Velasquez, "Trace gas detection with cw cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy," in 52nd Ohio State University International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy, p. 36 WG05 (Columbus OH, June 1997), http://molspect.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/symposium 52/Abstracts/p346.pdf.
P. R. Bevington and D. K. Robinson, Data reduction and error analysis for the Physical Sciences, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill Inc., 1992). pp 96, 141 and 69.
A. E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1986). Pp. 691 and 762.
P. Horowitz and W. Hill, The Art of Electronics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1989). Pp. 430.
C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, and F. Laloe, Quantum Mechanics, (John Wiley & Sons, 1977) Vol. 1, pp. 405.
J. C. Stover, Optical Scattering, Measurement, and Analysis (McGraw-Hill Inc., 1990).

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