A soft x-ray laser from Ni-like Mo, pumped in grazing incidence (GRIP), is analyzed with regard to high repetition rate operation. Reliable lasing is obtained, but with significant energy fluctuations attributed mainly to beam pointing jitter from the pump laser. Two modes of operation are compared: continuously moving target and stationary target. With a moving target the soft X-ray output is constant on average, whereas the repeated use of the same target position leads to a pulse energy which increases for several tens of shots. This effect might be caused by improved guiding of the pump laser in the formed groove and the removal, through laser ablation, of the oxide layer on the target surface.

© 2007 Optical Society of America

1. D. T. Attwood, K. Halbach, and K. J. Kim, "Tunable coherent X-rays," Science 228, 1264 (1985). [CrossRef]
2. A. Rundquist, C. G. Durfee, Z. H. Chang, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, "Phasematched generation of coherent soft X-rays," Science 280, 1412 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. O. Guilbaud, A. Klisnick, D. Joyeux, D. Benredjem, K. Cassou, S. Kazamias, D. Ros, D. Phalippou, G. Jamelot, and C. Moller, "Longitudinal coherence and spectral profile of a nickel-like silver transient soft X-ray laser," Euro. Phys. J. D 40, 125 (2006). [CrossRef]
4. A. Klisnick, J. Kuba, D. Ros, R. Smith, G. Jamelot, C. Chenais-Popovics, R. Keenan, S. J. Topping, C. L. S. Lewis, F. Strati, G. J. Tallents, D. Neely, R. Clarke, J. Collier, A. G. MacPhee, F. Bortolotto, P. V. Nickles, and K. A. Janulewicz, "Demonstration of a 2-ps transient X-ray laser," Phys. Rev. A 65, 033810 (2002). [CrossRef]
5. D. L. Matthews, P. L. Hagelstein, M. D. Rosen, M. J. Eckart, N. M. Ceglio, A. U. Hazi, H. Medecki, B. J. MacGowan, J. E. Trebes, B. L. Whitten, E. M. Campbell, C. W. Hatcher, A. M. Hawryluk, R. L. Kauffman, L. D. Pleasance, G. Rambach, J. H. Scofield, G. Stone, and T. A. Weaver, "Demonstration of a soft-x-ray amplifier," Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 110 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. P. V. Nickles, V. N. Shlyaptsev, M. Kalachnikov, M. Schnrer, I. Will, and W. Sandner, "Short pulse X-ray laser 32.6 nm based on transient gain in Ne-like titanium," Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2748 (1997). [CrossRef]
7. R. Keenan, J. Dunn, P. K. Patel, D. F. Price, R. F. Smith, and V. N. Shlyaptsev, "High-repetition-rate grazingincidence pumped X-ray laser operating at 18.9 nm," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 103901 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. J. J. Rocca, Y. Wang, M. A. Larotonda, B. M. Luther, M. Berrill, and D. Alessi, "Saturated 13.2 nm highrepetition-rate laser in nickellike cadmium," Opt. Lett. 30, 2581 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. A. Weith, M. A. Larotonda, Y. Wang, B. M. Luther, D. Alessi, M. C. Marconi, J. J. Rocca, and J. Dunn, "Continuous high-repetition-rate operation of collisional soft-x-ray lasers with solid targets," Opt. Lett. 31, 1994 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. K. Cassou, S. Kazamias, D. Ros, F. Plé, G. Jamelot, A. Klisnick, O. Lundh, F. Lindau, A. Persson, C.-G. Wahström, S. de Rossi, D. Joyeux, B. Zielbauer, D. Ursescu and T. Kühl, "Optimization toward a high-averagebrightness soft-x-ray laser pumped at grazing incidence," Opt. Lett. 32, 139 (2007) [CrossRef]
11. Y. Li, J. Dunn, J. Nilsen, T. W. Barbee, A. L. Osterheld and V. N. Shlyaptsev, "Saturated tabletop x-ray laser system at 19 nm," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B,  17, 1098 (2000). [CrossRef]
12. D. Strickland and G. Mourou, "Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses," Opt. Commun. 56, 219 (1985). [CrossRef]
13. K. Cassou, P. Zeitoun, P. Velarde, F. Roy, F. Ogando, M. Fajardo, G. Faivre, and D. Ros, "Transverse spatial improvement of a transiently pumped soft-x-ray amplifier," Phys. Rev. A 74, 045802 (2006). [CrossRef]
14. R. Tommasini, F. Löwenthal, and J. E. Balmer, "Saturation in a Ni-like Pd soft-x-ray laser at 14.7 nm," Phys. Rev. A 59, 1577 (1999). [CrossRef]
15. J. G. Lunney, "Wave-guiding in soft-x-ray laser experiments," Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 891 (1986). [CrossRef]
16. J. Filevich, J. J. Rocca, M. C. Marconi, R. F. Smith, J. Dunn, R. Keenan, J. R. Hunter, S. J. Moon, J. Nilsen, A. Ng, and V. N. Shlyaptsev, "Picosecond-resolution soft-x-ray laser plasma interferometry," Appl. Opt. 43, 3938 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. D. L. Douglass, Oxidation of Metals and Alloys, (American Society of Metals, USA, 1970).
18. O. Kubaschewki and B. E. Hopkins, Oxidation of Metals and Alloys, (Butterworths, UK, 1967).

Appl. Opt.

• J. Filevich, J. J. Rocca, M. C. Marconi, R. F. Smith, J. Dunn, R. Keenan, J. R. Hunter, S. J. Moon, J. Nilsen, A. Ng, and V. N. Shlyaptsev, "Picosecond-resolution soft-x-ray laser plasma interferometry," Appl. Opt. 43, 3938 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• J. G. Lunney, "Wave-guiding in soft-x-ray laser experiments," Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 891 (1986). [CrossRef]

Euro. Phys. J. D

• O. Guilbaud, A. Klisnick, D. Joyeux, D. Benredjem, K. Cassou, S. Kazamias, D. Ros, D. Phalippou, G. Jamelot, and C. Moller, "Longitudinal coherence and spectral profile of a nickel-like silver transient soft X-ray laser," Euro. Phys. J. D 40, 125 (2006). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

• Y. Li, J. Dunn, J. Nilsen, T. W. Barbee, A. L. Osterheld and V. N. Shlyaptsev, "Saturated tabletop x-ray laser system at 19 nm," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B,  17, 1098 (2000). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

• D. Strickland and G. Mourou, "Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses," Opt. Commun. 56, 219 (1985). [CrossRef]

Opt. Lett.

• J. J. Rocca, Y. Wang, M. A. Larotonda, B. M. Luther, M. Berrill, and D. Alessi, "Saturated 13.2 nm highrepetition-rate laser in nickellike cadmium," Opt. Lett. 30, 2581 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. Weith, M. A. Larotonda, Y. Wang, B. M. Luther, D. Alessi, M. C. Marconi, J. J. Rocca, and J. Dunn, "Continuous high-repetition-rate operation of collisional soft-x-ray lasers with solid targets," Opt. Lett. 31, 1994 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• K. Cassou, S. Kazamias, D. Ros, F. Plé, G. Jamelot, A. Klisnick, O. Lundh, F. Lindau, A. Persson, C.-G. Wahström, S. de Rossi, D. Joyeux, B. Zielbauer, D. Ursescu and T. Kühl, "Optimization toward a high-averagebrightness soft-x-ray laser pumped at grazing incidence," Opt. Lett. 32, 139 (2007) [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. A

• A. Klisnick, J. Kuba, D. Ros, R. Smith, G. Jamelot, C. Chenais-Popovics, R. Keenan, S. J. Topping, C. L. S. Lewis, F. Strati, G. J. Tallents, D. Neely, R. Clarke, J. Collier, A. G. MacPhee, F. Bortolotto, P. V. Nickles, and K. A. Janulewicz, "Demonstration of a 2-ps transient X-ray laser," Phys. Rev. A 65, 033810 (2002). [CrossRef]
• K. Cassou, P. Zeitoun, P. Velarde, F. Roy, F. Ogando, M. Fajardo, G. Faivre, and D. Ros, "Transverse spatial improvement of a transiently pumped soft-x-ray amplifier," Phys. Rev. A 74, 045802 (2006). [CrossRef]
• R. Tommasini, F. Löwenthal, and J. E. Balmer, "Saturation in a Ni-like Pd soft-x-ray laser at 14.7 nm," Phys. Rev. A 59, 1577 (1999). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• D. L. Matthews, P. L. Hagelstein, M. D. Rosen, M. J. Eckart, N. M. Ceglio, A. U. Hazi, H. Medecki, B. J. MacGowan, J. E. Trebes, B. L. Whitten, E. M. Campbell, C. W. Hatcher, A. M. Hawryluk, R. L. Kauffman, L. D. Pleasance, G. Rambach, J. H. Scofield, G. Stone, and T. A. Weaver, "Demonstration of a soft-x-ray amplifier," Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 110 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. V. Nickles, V. N. Shlyaptsev, M. Kalachnikov, M. Schnrer, I. Will, and W. Sandner, "Short pulse X-ray laser 32.6 nm based on transient gain in Ne-like titanium," Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2748 (1997). [CrossRef]
• R. Keenan, J. Dunn, P. K. Patel, D. F. Price, R. F. Smith, and V. N. Shlyaptsev, "High-repetition-rate grazingincidence pumped X-ray laser operating at 18.9 nm," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 103901 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

• D. T. Attwood, K. Halbach, and K. J. Kim, "Tunable coherent X-rays," Science 228, 1264 (1985). [CrossRef]
• A. Rundquist, C. G. Durfee, Z. H. Chang, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, "Phasematched generation of coherent soft X-rays," Science 280, 1412 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

• D. L. Douglass, Oxidation of Metals and Alloys, (American Society of Metals, USA, 1970).
• O. Kubaschewki and B. E. Hopkins, Oxidation of Metals and Alloys, (Butterworths, UK, 1967).

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