Design of spherically corrected, achromatic variable-focus liquid lenses

doi:10.1364/OE.15.014146

Design of spherically corrected, achromatic variable-focus liquid lenses

Stephan Reichelt and Hans Zappe »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 21, pp. 14146-14154 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.014146

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Abstract
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Abstract

A design method for correcting chromatic as well as spherical aberrations of variable-focus, multi-chamber liquid lenses is described. By combining suitable optical liquids with appropriate radii of the liquid’s interfaces, liquid lenses with superior, diffraction-limited resolution over a wide focal tuning range are possible. For an infinite object distance, the analytic thin-lens approximation of an achromatic positive/negative varifocal liquid lens is derived and the obtained results are compared with ray-traced optimized designs which consider finite thicknesses and rigid cover glasses. As a design example, the optical performance of a 4 mm-diameter positive/negative f/3.6 achromatic liquid lens is given in detail.

OCIS Codes
(080.2740) Geometric optics : Geometric optical design
(080.3620) Geometric optics : Lens system design
(220.1000) Optical design and fabrication : Aberration compensation
(220.4830) Optical design and fabrication : Systems design

ToC Category:
Optical Design and Fabrication

History
Original Manuscript: July 11, 2007
Revised Manuscript: August 23, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: August 27, 2007
Published: October 12, 2007

Citation
Stephan Reichelt and Hans Zappe, "Design of spherically corrected, achromatic variable-focus liquid lenses," Opt. Express 15, 14146-14154 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-21-14146

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References

E. F. Flint, "Variable Focus Lens," US Patent 2,300,251 (1942).
B. Berge and J. Peseux, "Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: an application of electrowetting," Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 159-163 (2000). [CrossRef]
S. Kuiper and B. H. W. Hendriks, "Variable-focus liquid lens for miniature cameras," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1128-1130 (2004). [CrossRef]
F. Krogmann, W. M¨onch, and H. Zappe, "A MEMS-based variable micro-lens system," J. Opt. A: Pure and Applied Optics 8, 330-+ (2006). [CrossRef]
D.-Y. Zhang, V. Lien, Y. Berdichevsky, J. Choi, and Y.-H. Lo, "Fluidic adaptive lens with high focal length tunability," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3171-3172 (2003). [CrossRef]
K.-H. Jeong, G. L. Liu, N. Chronis, and L. P. Lee, "Tunable microdoublet lens array," Opt. Express 12, 2494-+ (2004). URL http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-11-2494>. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Werber and H. Zappe, "Tunable microfluidic microlenses," Appl. Opt. 44, 3238-3245 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Moran, S. Dharmatilleke, A. Khaw, K. Tan, M. Chan, and I. Rodrigez, "Fluidic lenses with variable focal length," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 041,120 (2006). [CrossRef]
L. Pang, U. Levy, K. Campbell, A. Groisman, and Y. Fainman, "Set of two orthogonal adaptive cylindrical lenses in a monolith elastomer device," Opt. Express 13, 9003-+ (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Kuiper, B. Hendriks, J. Suijver, S. Deladi, and I. H. and, "Zoom camera based on liquid lenses," Proc. SPIE, 6466, 64,660F-1-64,660F-7 (2007).
R. Kingslake, Lens Design Fundamentals (Academic Press, 1978).
A. E. Conrady, Applied Optics and Optical Design, Part 1, New edition 1992 (Oxford University Press and Dover Publications, 1929).
Cargille Laboratories, Specifications of Cargille Optical Liquids, URL www.cargille.com (personal communication, 2007).
M. Herzberger and N. R. McClure, "The Design of Superachromatic Lenses," Appl. Opt. 2, 553-560 (1963). [CrossRef]

Berdichevsky, Y.
Berge, B.
Campbell, K.
Chan, M.
Choi, J.
Deladi, S.
Dharmatilleke, S.
Fainman, Y.
Groisman, A.
Hendriks, B.
Hendriks, B. H. W.
Herzberger, M.
Khaw, A.
Krogmann, F.
Kuiper, S.
Levy, U.
Lien, V.
Lo, Y.-H.
McClure, N. R.
Moran, P.
Pang, L.
Peseux, J.
Rodrigez, I.
Suijver, J.
Tan, K.
Werber, A.
Zappe, H.
Zhang, D.-Y.

Appl. Opt.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

D.-Y. Zhang, V. Lien, Y. Berdichevsky, J. Choi, and Y.-H. Lo, "Fluidic adaptive lens with high focal length tunability," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3171-3172 (2003). [CrossRef]
P. Moran, S. Dharmatilleke, A. Khaw, K. Tan, M. Chan, and I. Rodrigez, "Fluidic lenses with variable focal length," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 041,120 (2006). [CrossRef]
S. Kuiper and B. H. W. Hendriks, "Variable-focus liquid lens for miniature cameras," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1128-1130 (2004). [CrossRef]

Eur. Phys. J. E

B. Berge and J. Peseux, "Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: an application of electrowetting," Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 159-163 (2000). [CrossRef]

Other

E. F. Flint, "Variable Focus Lens," US Patent 2,300,251 (1942).
F. Krogmann, W. M¨onch, and H. Zappe, "A MEMS-based variable micro-lens system," J. Opt. A: Pure and Applied Optics 8, 330-+ (2006). [CrossRef]
L. Pang, U. Levy, K. Campbell, A. Groisman, and Y. Fainman, "Set of two orthogonal adaptive cylindrical lenses in a monolith elastomer device," Opt. Express 13, 9003-+ (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Kuiper, B. Hendriks, J. Suijver, S. Deladi, and I. H. and, "Zoom camera based on liquid lenses," Proc. SPIE, 6466, 64,660F-1-64,660F-7 (2007).
R. Kingslake, Lens Design Fundamentals (Academic Press, 1978).
A. E. Conrady, Applied Optics and Optical Design, Part 1, New edition 1992 (Oxford University Press and Dover Publications, 1929).
Cargille Laboratories, Specifications of Cargille Optical Liquids, URL www.cargille.com (personal communication, 2007).
K.-H. Jeong, G. L. Liu, N. Chronis, and L. P. Lee, "Tunable microdoublet lens array," Opt. Express 12, 2494-+ (2004). URL http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-11-2494>. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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