Direct electron beam writing of channel waveguides in nonlinear optical organic crystals

doi:10.1364/OE.15.016828

Direct electron beam writing of channel waveguides in nonlinear optical organic crystals

Lukas Mutter, Manuel Koechlin, Mojca Jazbinšek, and Peter Günter »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 25, pp. 16828-16838 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.016828

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Abstract

We report on optical channel waveguiding in an organic crystalline waveguide produced by direct electron beam patterning. The refractive index profile as a function of the applied electron fluence has been determined by a reflection scan method in the nonlinear optical organic crystal 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST). A maximal refractive index reduction of Δn₁=-0.3 at a probing wavelength of 633 nm has been measured for an electron fluence of 2.6mC/cm². Furthermore, a new concept of direct channel waveguide patterning in bulk crystals is presented and waveguiding has been demonstrated in the produced structures by end-fire coupling. Mach-Zehnder modulators have been successfully realized and a first electro-optic modulation at a wavelength of λ=1.55 µm has been demonstrated therein.

OCIS Codes
(160.2100) Materials : Electro-optical materials
(230.7380) Optical devices : Waveguides, channeled
(130.4110) Integrated optics : Modulators

ToC Category:
Optical Devices

History
Original Manuscript: November 15, 2007
Revised Manuscript: November 29, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: November 30, 2007
Published: December 4, 2007

Citation
Lukas Mutter, Manuel Koechlin, Mojca Jazbinšek, and Peter Günter, "Direct electron beam writing of channel waveguides in nonlinear optical organic crystals," Opt. Express 15, 16828-16838 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-25-16828

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References

Y. Shi, C. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. H. Bechtel, L. R. Dalton, B. H. Robinson, and W. H. Steier, "Low (sub-1-Volt) halfwave voltage polymeric electro-optic modulators achieved by controlling chromophore shape," Science 288, 119-122 (2000). [CrossRef]
M. Lee, H. E. Katz, C. Erben, D. M. Gill, P. Gopalan, J. D. Heber, D. J. McGee,"Broadband modulation of light by using an electro-optic polymer," Science 298, 1401-1403 (2002). [CrossRef]
Y. Enami, C.T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen and N. Peyghambarian, "Hybrid polymer/so-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients," Nat. Photonics 1, 180-185 (2007). [CrossRef]
S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, and W. P. Schaefer, "Synthesis of organic salts with large second-order optical nonlinearities," Science 245, 626-628 (1989). [CrossRef]
F. Pan, G. Knopfle, Ch. Bosshard, S. Follonier, R. Spreiter, M. S. Wong, and P. Gu nter, "Electro-optic properties of the organic salt 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate," Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 13-15 (1996). [CrossRef]
R. Spreiter, Ch. Bosshard, F. Pan, and P. Günter, "High-frequency response and acoustic phonon contribution of the linear electro-optic effect in DAST," Opt. Lett. 22, 564-566 (1997). [CrossRef]
L. Mutter, A. Guarino, M. Jazbin¡sek, M. Zgonik, P. Gunter and M. Dobeli,"Ion implanted optical waveguides in nonlinear optical organic crystal," Opt. Express 15, 629-638 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Mutter, M . Jazbin¡sek, M . Zgonik, U. Meier, Ch . Bosshard, and P. Günter,"Photobleaching and optical properties of organic crystal 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl stilbazolium tosylate," J. Appl. Phys. 94, 1356-1361 (2003). [CrossRef]
T. Kaino, B. Cai, and K. Takayama, "Fabrication of DAST channel optical waveguides," Adv. Funct. Mater. 12, 599-603 (2002). [CrossRef]
Ph. Dittrich, R. Bartlome, G. Montemezzani, and P. Günter, "Femtosecond laser ablation of DAST," Appl. Surf. Sci. 220, 88-95 (2003). [CrossRef]
W. Geis, R. Sinta, W. Mowers, S. J. Deneault, M. F. Marchant, K. E. Krohn, S. J. Spector, D. R. Calawa, and T. M. Lyszczarz, "Fabrication of crystalline organic waveguides with an exceptionally large electro-optic coefficient," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3729-3731 (2004). [CrossRef]
S. Manetta, M. Ehrensperger, Ch. Bosshard, and P. Günter, "Organic thin film crystal growth for nonlinear optics: present methods and exploratory developments," C. R. Physique, 3, 449-462, (2002). [CrossRef]
M. Thakur, J. Xu, A. Bhowmik, and L. Zhou, "Single-pass thin-film electro-optic modulator based on an organic molecular salt," Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 635-637 (1999). [CrossRef]
A. J. Houghton and P. D. Townsend, "Optical waveguides formed by low energy electron irradiation of silica," Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 565-566 (1976). [CrossRef]
S. G. Blanco, A. Glidle, J. H. Davies, J. S. Aitchison, and J. M. Cooper, "Electron-beam-induced densification of Ge-doped flame hydrolysis silica for waveguide fabrication," Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2889-2891 (2001). [CrossRef]
K. Komatsu, T. Abe, O. Sugihara, and T. Kaino, "Waveguide pattern formation in organic nonlinear optical crystal by electron beam irradiation," Proc. SPIE. 5724, 131-138 (2005). [CrossRef]
F. Pan, M. S. Wong, Ch. Bosshard, and P. Gunter, "Crystal growth and characterization of the organic salt 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST)," Adv. Mater. 8, 592-595 (1996). [CrossRef]
C. Solcia, D. Fluck, T. Pliska, P. Gunter, St. Bauer, M. Fleuster, L. Beckers, and Ch. Buchal, "The refractive index distribution nc(z) of ion implanted KNbO3 waveguides," Opt. Commun. 120, 39-46 (1995). [CrossRef]
Ch. Bosshard, K. Sutter, Ph. Pretre, J. Hulliger, M . Florsheimer, P. Kaatz, and P. Gunter, Organic nonlinar optical materials, (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1995).

Abe, T.
Aitchison, J. S.
Bartlome, R.
Bechtel, J. H.
Bhowmik, A.
Blanco, S. G.
Bosshard, Ch
Bosshard, Ch.
Cai, B.
Calawa, D. R.
Cooper, J. M.
Dalton, L. R.
Davies, J. H.
Deneault, S. J.
Derose, C.T.
Dittrich, Ph.
Ehrensperger, M.
Enami, Y.
Erben, C.
Fluck, D.
G nter, P.
G ünter, P.
Geis, W.
Gill, D. M.
Glidle, A.
Gopalan, P.
Greenlee, C.
Gü nter, P.
Guarino, A.
Heber, J. D.
Houghton, A. J.
Jazbin¡sek, M
Jen, A. K. Y.
Kaino, T.
Katz, H. E.
Kim, T.D.
Komatsu, K.
Krohn, K. E.
Lee, M.
Loychik, C.
Luo, J.
Lyszczarz, T.M.
Manetta, S.
Marchant, M. F.
Marder, S. R.
Mathine, D.
McGee, D. J.
Meier, U.
Montemezzani, G.
Mowers, W.
Mutter, L.
Norwood, R. A.
Pan, F.
Perry, J. W.
Peyghambarian, N.
Pliska, T.
Robinson, B. H.
Schaefer, W. P.
Shi, Y.
Sinta, R.
Solcia, C.
Spector, S. J.
Spreiter, R.
Steier, W. H.
Sugihara, O.
Takayama, K.
Thakur, M.
Tian, Y.
Townsend, P. D.
Wong, M. S.
Xu, J.
Zgonik, M
Zhang, C.
Zhang, H.
Zhou, L.

Adv. Funct. Mater.

T. Kaino, B. Cai, and K. Takayama, "Fabrication of DAST channel optical waveguides," Adv. Funct. Mater. 12, 599-603 (2002). [CrossRef]

Adv. Mater.

F. Pan, M. S. Wong, Ch. Bosshard, and P. Gunter, "Crystal growth and characterization of the organic salt 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST)," Adv. Mater. 8, 592-595 (1996). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

W. Geis, R. Sinta, W. Mowers, S. J. Deneault, M. F. Marchant, K. E. Krohn, S. J. Spector, D. R. Calawa, and T. M. Lyszczarz, "Fabrication of crystalline organic waveguides with an exceptionally large electro-optic coefficient," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3729-3731 (2004). [CrossRef]
M. Thakur, J. Xu, A. Bhowmik, and L. Zhou, "Single-pass thin-film electro-optic modulator based on an organic molecular salt," Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 635-637 (1999). [CrossRef]
A. J. Houghton and P. D. Townsend, "Optical waveguides formed by low energy electron irradiation of silica," Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 565-566 (1976). [CrossRef]
S. G. Blanco, A. Glidle, J. H. Davies, J. S. Aitchison, and J. M. Cooper, "Electron-beam-induced densification of Ge-doped flame hydrolysis silica for waveguide fabrication," Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 2889-2891 (2001). [CrossRef]
F. Pan, G. Knopfle, Ch. Bosshard, S. Follonier, R. Spreiter, M. S. Wong, and P. Gu nter, "Electro-optic properties of the organic salt 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate," Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 13-15 (1996). [CrossRef]

Appl. Surf. Sci.

Ph. Dittrich, R. Bartlome, G. Montemezzani, and P. Günter, "Femtosecond laser ablation of DAST," Appl. Surf. Sci. 220, 88-95 (2003). [CrossRef]

C. R. Physique

S. Manetta, M. Ehrensperger, Ch. Bosshard, and P. Günter, "Organic thin film crystal growth for nonlinear optics: present methods and exploratory developments," C. R. Physique, 3, 449-462, (2002). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

L. Mutter, M . Jazbin¡sek, M . Zgonik, U. Meier, Ch . Bosshard, and P. Günter,"Photobleaching and optical properties of organic crystal 4-N, N-dimethylamino-4’-N’-methyl stilbazolium tosylate," J. Appl. Phys. 94, 1356-1361 (2003). [CrossRef]

Nature Photonics

Y. Enami, C.T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen and N. Peyghambarian, "Hybrid polymer/so-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients," Nat. Photonics 1, 180-185 (2007). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

C. Solcia, D. Fluck, T. Pliska, P. Gunter, St. Bauer, M. Fleuster, L. Beckers, and Ch. Buchal, "The refractive index distribution nc(z) of ion implanted KNbO3 waveguides," Opt. Commun. 120, 39-46 (1995). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

L. Mutter, A. Guarino, M. Jazbin¡sek, M. Zgonik, P. Gunter and M. Dobeli,"Ion implanted optical waveguides in nonlinear optical organic crystal," Opt. Express 15, 629-638 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

R. Spreiter, Ch. Bosshard, F. Pan, and P. Günter, "High-frequency response and acoustic phonon contribution of the linear electro-optic effect in DAST," Opt. Lett. 22, 564-566 (1997). [CrossRef]

Proc. of SPIE.

K. Komatsu, T. Abe, O. Sugihara, and T. Kaino, "Waveguide pattern formation in organic nonlinear optical crystal by electron beam irradiation," Proc. SPIE. 5724, 131-138 (2005). [CrossRef]

Science

S. R. Marder, J. W. Perry, and W. P. Schaefer, "Synthesis of organic salts with large second-order optical nonlinearities," Science 245, 626-628 (1989). [CrossRef]
Y. Shi, C. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. H. Bechtel, L. R. Dalton, B. H. Robinson, and W. H. Steier, "Low (sub-1-Volt) halfwave voltage polymeric electro-optic modulators achieved by controlling chromophore shape," Science 288, 119-122 (2000). [CrossRef]
M. Lee, H. E. Katz, C. Erben, D. M. Gill, P. Gopalan, J. D. Heber, D. J. McGee,"Broadband modulation of light by using an electro-optic polymer," Science 298, 1401-1403 (2002). [CrossRef]

Other

Ch. Bosshard, K. Sutter, Ph. Pretre, J. Hulliger, M . Florsheimer, P. Kaatz, and P. Gunter, Organic nonlinar optical materials, (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1995).

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