Line defects and temperature effects in liquid
crystal tunable planar Bragg gratings

doi:10.1364/OE.15.017129

Line defects and temperature effects in liquid crystal tunable planar Bragg gratings

B. D. Snow, F. R. M. Adikan, J. C. Gates, C. B. E. Gawith, A. Dyadyusha, M. Kaczmarek, and P. G. R. Smith »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 15, Issue 25, pp. 17129-17135 (2007)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.017129

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Abstract
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References (12)
Cited By
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Abstract

Liquid crystal tunable planar Bragg Gratings produced by Direct UV Writing are capable of wavelength tuning of over 100GHz. However, such devices exhibit non-linear tuning curves with threshold points and hysteresis. We show that these effects are due to the formation of disclination structures in the liquid crystal and discuss the role of electrode defects and sample temperature on wavelength tuning.

OCIS Codes
(130.3120) Integrated optics : Integrated optics devices
(130.6010) Integrated optics : Sensors
(130.4815) Integrated optics : Optical switching devices
(230.7408) Optical devices : Wavelength filtering devices

ToC Category:
Integrated Optics

History
Original Manuscript: August 15, 2007
Revised Manuscript: October 29, 2007
Manuscript Accepted: October 30, 2007
Published: December 6, 2007

Citation
B. D. Snow, F. R. M. Adikan, J. C. Gates, C. B. E. Gawith, A. Dyadyusha, M. Kaczmarek, and P. G. R. Smith, "Line defects and temperature effects in liquid crystal tunable planar Bragg gratings," Opt. Express 15, 17129-17135 (2007)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-25-17129

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References

C. Dragone, "Low-loss wavelength routers for WDM optical networks and high-capacity IP routers," J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 66-79 (2005). [CrossRef]
L. Sirleto, L. Petti, P. Mormille, G. C. Righini and G. Abbate, "Fast Integrated Electro-Optical Switch and Beam Deflector Based on Nematic Liquid Crystal Waveguides," Fiber Integr. Opt. 21, 435-449 (2002). [CrossRef]
X.-Z. Lin, Y. Zhang, H.-L. An, and H.-D. Liu, "Electrically tunable singlemode fibre Bragg reflective filter," Electron. Lett. 30, 887-888 (1994). [CrossRef]
H. G. Limberger, N. H. Ky, D. M. Costantini, R. P. Salathé, C. A. P. Muller, and G. R. Fox, "Efficient miniature fiber-optic tunable filter based on intracore Bragg grating and electrically resistive coating," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 361-363 (1998). [CrossRef]
A. Iocco, H. G. Limberger, R. P. Salathé, L. A. Everall, K. E. Chisholm, J. A. R. Williams, and I. Bennion, "Bragg grating fast tunable filter for wavelength division multiplexing," J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 1217-1221 (1999). [CrossRef]
B. Srinivasan and R. K. Jain, "First Demonstration of Thermally Poled Electrooptically Tunable Fiber Bragg Gratings," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 170-172 (2000). [CrossRef]
S. Baek, C. Jeong, S. Y. Noh, Y. Jeong, S.-D. Lee, and B. Lee, "Electrically tunable fiber Bragg gratings using liquid crystal cladding," in Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO - Technical Digest, (CLEO/Pacific Rim, 2005), pp. 1078-1079.
I. J. G. Sparrow, D. A. Sager, C. B. E. Gawith, P. G. R. Smith, G. D. Emmerson, M. Kaczmarek, and A. Dyadyusha, "25GHz tunability of planar bragg grating using liquid crystal cladding and electric field," Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference 2, 963-965 (2005). [CrossRef]
G. D. Emmerson, S. P. Watts, C. B. E. Gawith, V. Albanis, M. Ibsen, R. B. Williams, and P. G. R. Smith, "Fabrication of directly UV-written channel waveguides with simultaneously defined integral Bragg gratings," Electron. Lett. 38, 1531-1532 (2002). [CrossRef]
F. R. M. Adikan, J. C. Gates, A. Dyadyusha, H. E. Major, C. B. E. Gawith, I. J. G. Sparrow, G. D. Emmerson, M. Kaczmarek, and P. G. R. Smith, "Demonstration of 100GHz electrically tunable liquid-crystal Bragg gratings for application in dynamic optical networks," Opt. Lett. 32, 1542-1544 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. J. Collings and M. Hird, Introduction to Liquid Crystals, (Taylor & Francis, London, 1997). [CrossRef]
I. J. G. Sparrow, G. D. Emmerson, C. B. E. Gawith, P. G. R. Smith, M. Kaczmarek, A. Dyadyusha, "First order phase change detection using planar waveguide Bragg grating refractometer," Appl. Phys. B 81, 1-4 (2005). [CrossRef]

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[1] C. Dragone, "Low-loss wavelength routers for WDM optical networks and high-capacity IP routers," J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 66-79 (2005). [CrossRef]

[2] L. Sirleto, L. Petti, P. Mormille, G. C. Righini and G. Abbate, "Fast Integrated Electro-Optical Switch and Beam Deflector Based on Nematic Liquid Crystal Waveguides," Fiber Integr. Opt. 21, 435-449 (2002). [CrossRef]

[3] X.-Z. Lin, Y. Zhang, H.-L. An, and H.-D. Liu, "Electrically tunable singlemode fibre Bragg reflective filter," Electron. Lett. 30, 887-888 (1994). [CrossRef]

[4] H. G. Limberger, N. H. Ky, D. M. Costantini, R. P. Salathé, C. A. P. Muller, and G. R. Fox, "Efficient miniature fiber-optic tunable filter based on intracore Bragg grating and electrically resistive coating," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 361-363 (1998). [CrossRef]

[5] A. Iocco, H. G. Limberger, R. P. Salathé, L. A. Everall, K. E. Chisholm, J. A. R. Williams, and I. Bennion, "Bragg grating fast tunable filter for wavelength division multiplexing," J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 1217-1221 (1999). [CrossRef]

[6] B. Srinivasan and R. K. Jain, "First Demonstration of Thermally Poled Electrooptically Tunable Fiber Bragg Gratings," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 170-172 (2000). [CrossRef]

[7] S. Baek, C. Jeong, S. Y. Noh, Y. Jeong, S.-D. Lee, and B. Lee, "Electrically tunable fiber Bragg gratings using liquid crystal cladding," in Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO - Technical Digest, (CLEO/Pacific Rim, 2005), pp. 1078-1079.

[8] I. J. G. Sparrow, D. A. Sager, C. B. E. Gawith, P. G. R. Smith, G. D. Emmerson, M. Kaczmarek, and A. Dyadyusha, "25GHz tunability of planar bragg grating using liquid crystal cladding and electric field," Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference 2, 963-965 (2005). [CrossRef]

[9] G. D. Emmerson, S. P. Watts, C. B. E. Gawith, V. Albanis, M. Ibsen, R. B. Williams, and P. G. R. Smith, "Fabrication of directly UV-written channel waveguides with simultaneously defined integral Bragg gratings," Electron. Lett. 38, 1531-1532 (2002). [CrossRef]

[10] F. R. M. Adikan, J. C. Gates, A. Dyadyusha, H. E. Major, C. B. E. Gawith, I. J. G. Sparrow, G. D. Emmerson, M. Kaczmarek, and P. G. R. Smith, "Demonstration of 100GHz electrically tunable liquid-crystal Bragg gratings for application in dynamic optical networks," Opt. Lett. 32, 1542-1544 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] P. J. Collings and M. Hird, Introduction to Liquid Crystals, (Taylor & Francis, London, 1997). [CrossRef]

[12] I. J. G. Sparrow, G. D. Emmerson, C. B. E. Gawith, P. G. R. Smith, M. Kaczmarek, A. Dyadyusha, "First order phase change detection using planar waveguide Bragg grating refractometer," Appl. Phys. B 81, 1-4 (2005). [CrossRef]

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Line defects and temperature effects in liquid crystal tunable planar Bragg gratings