Size-dependent optical properties of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> - SrTiO<sub>3</sub> superlattices

doi:10.1364/OE.16.008219

Size-dependent optical properties of BaTiO₃ - SrTiO₃ superlattices

J. Hiltunen, J. Lappalainen, J. Puustinen, V. Lantto, and H. Tuller »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 11, pp. 8219-8228 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.008219

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Abstract

Artificial BaTiO₃ - SrTiO₃ superlattices with stacking periodicity varying between 27 and 1670 Å in separate films were grown on MgO substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Both the static and active optical properties were found to be sensitive on the stacking periodicity. Birefringence decreased with increasing individual layer thickness due to relaxation of the interface originated stress. The electro-optic response also showed a layer thickness dependence, reaching a maximum at an individual layer thickness of 13 unit cells.

OCIS Codes
(160.2100) Materials : Electro-optical materials
(160.2260) Materials : Ferroelectrics
(260.1440) Physical optics : Birefringence
(310.6860) Thin films : Thin films, optical properties

ToC Category:
Materials

History
Original Manuscript: March 10, 2008
Revised Manuscript: May 9, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: May 9, 2008
Published: May 21, 2008

Citation
J. Hiltunen, J. Lappalainen, J. Puustinen, V. Lantto, and H. Tuller, "Size-dependent optical properties of BaTiO₃ - SrTiO₃ superlattices," Opt. Express 16, 8219-8228 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-11-8219

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References

M. E. Lines and A. M. Glass, Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials (Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1977).
B. Jaffe, W. R. Cook, and H. Jaffe, Piezoelectric ceramics (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1971).
Z. Yuan, Y. Lin, J. Weaver, X. Chen, C. L. Chen, G. Subramanyam, J. C. Jiang, and E. I. Meletis, "Large dielectric tunability and microwave properties of Mn-doped (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 152901 (2005). [CrossRef]
S. Gevorgian, P. K. Petrov, Z. Ivanov, and E. Wikborg, "Tailoring the temperature coefficient of capacitance in ferroelectric varactors," Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1861-1863 (2001). [CrossRef]
S. Zhong, S. P. Alpay, and J. V. Mantese, "High dielectric tunability in ferroelectric-paraelectric bilayers and multilayer superlattices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 132904 (2006). [CrossRef]
D. G. Schlom, J. H. Haeni, J. Lettieri, C. D. Theis, W. Tian, J. C. Jiang, and X. Q. Pan, "Oxide nano-engineering using MBE," Mater. Sci. Eng. B 87, 282-291 (2001). [CrossRef]
H. Tabata, H. Tanaka, and T. Kawai, "Formation of artificial BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices using pulsed laser deposition and their dielectric properties," Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1970-1972 (1994). [CrossRef]
J. Kim, Y. Kim, Y. S. Kim, J. Lee, L. Kim, and D. Jung, "Large nonlinear dielectric properties of artificial BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3581- 3583 (2002). [CrossRef]
Powder Diffraction File, Card No 00-035-0734, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA.
Powder Diffraction File, Card No 00-005-0626, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA.
K. Johnston, X. Huang, J. B. Neaton, and K. Rabe, "First-principles study of symmetry lowering and polarization in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices with in-plane expansion," Phys. Rev. B 71, 100103 (2005). [CrossRef]
K. J. Choi, M. Biegalski, Y. L. Li, A. Sharan, J. Schubert, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y. B. Chen, X. Q. Pan, V. Gopalan, L.-Q. Chen D. G. Schlom, and C. B. Eom, "Enhancement of Ferroelectricity in Strained BaTiO3 Thin Films," Science 306, 1005-1009 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. H. Haeni, P. Irvin, W. Chang, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y. L. Li, S. Choudhury, W. Tian, M. E. Hawley, B. Craigo, A. K. Tagantsev, X. Q. Pan, S. K. Streiffer, L. Q. Chen, S. W. Kirchoefer, J. Levy, and D. G. Schlom, "Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO3," Nature 430, 758-760 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. A. Pertsev, A. G. Zembilgotov, and A. K. Tagantsev, "Effect of Mechanical Boundary Conditions on Phase Diagrams of Epitaxial Ferroelectric Thin Films," Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1988-1991 (1998). [CrossRef]
S. Lisenkov and L. Bellaiche, "Phase diagrams of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices from first principles," Phys. Rev. B 76, 020102 (2007). [CrossRef]
L. Kim, J. Kim, U. V. Waghmare, D. Jung, and J. Lee, "Structural transition and dielectric response of an epitaxially strained BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice: A first-principles study," Phys. Rev. B 72, 214121 (2005). [CrossRef]
A. Q. Jiang, J. F. Scott, H. Lu, and Z. Chen, "Phase transition and polarizations in epitaxial BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices studied by second-harmonic generation," J. Appl. Phys. 93, 1180-1185 (2003). [CrossRef]
D. A. Tenne, A. Bruchhausen, N. D. Lanzillotti-Kimura, A. Fainstein, R. S. Katiyar, A. Cantarero, A. Soukissan, V. Vaithyanathan, J. H. Haeni, W. Tian, D. G. Schlom, K. J. Choi, D. M Kim, C. B. Eom, H. P. Sun, X. Q. Pan, Y. L. Li, L. Q. Chen, Q. X. Jia, S. M. Nakhmanson, K. M. Rabe, and X. X. Xi, "Probing Nanoscale Ferroelectricity by Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy," Science 313, 1614-1616 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Hiltunen, D. Seneviratne, R. Sun, M. Stolfi, H. L. Tuller, J. Lappalainen, and V. Lantto, "BaTiO3 - SrTiO3 multilayer thin film electro-optic waveguide modulator," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 242904 (2006). [CrossRef]
Ch. Buchal, L. Beckers, A. Eckau, J. Schubert, and W. Zander, "Epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films on MgO," Mater. Sci. Eng. B 56, 234-238 (1998). [CrossRef]
H. Adachi and K. Wasa, "Sputtering Preparation of Ferroelectric PLZT Thin Films and Their Optical Applications," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 38, 645-655 (1991). [CrossRef]
B. D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray Diffraction (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA, 1967).
Powder Diffraction File, Card No 00-045-0946, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA.
V. Srikant, E. J. Tarsa, D. R. Clarke, and J. S. Speck, "Crystallographic orientation of epitaxial BaTiO3 films: The role of thermal-expansion mismatch the substrate," J. Appl. Phys. 77, 1517-1522 (1995). [CrossRef]
L. Beckers, J. Schubert, Q. Zander, J. Ziesmann, A. Eckau, P. Leinenbach, and Ch. Buchal, "Structural and optical characterization of epitaxial Waveguiding BaTiO3 thin films on MgO," J. Appl. Phys. 83, 3305-3310 (1998). [CrossRef]
J. A. Bellotti, W. Chang, S. B. Qadri, S. W. Kirchoefer, and J. M. Pond, "Directionally dependent ferroelectric phase transition order of anisotropic epitaxial BaxSr1-xTiO3 thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 012902 (2006). [CrossRef]
B. R. Kim, T.-U. Kim, W. -J. Lee, J. H. Moon, B.-T. Lee, H. S. Kim, and J. H. Kim, "Effects of periodicity and oxygen partial pressure on the crystallinity and dielectric property of artificial SrTiO3/BaTiO3 superlattices integrated on Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition method," Thin Solid Films 515, 6438-6441 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Hiltunen, D. Seneviratne, R. Sun, M. Stolfi, H. L. Tuller, J. Lappalainen, and V. Lantto, "Optical properties of BaTiO3 thin films: Influence of oxygen pressure utilized during pulsed laser deposition," J. Electrocer. (published online, DOI 10.1007/s10832-008-9463-9).
P. Tang, D. J. Towner, A. L. Meier, and B. W. Wessels, "Low-Loss Electrooptic BaTiO3 Thin Film Waveguide Modulator," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16,1837-1839 (2004). [CrossRef]
P. Tang, A. L. Meier, D. J. Towner, and B. W. Wessels, "BaTiO3 thin-film waveguide modulator with a low voltage-length product at near-infrared wavelengths of 0.98 and 1.55µm," Opt. Lett. 30, 254-256 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Y. Meng, Z. Z. Wang, and C. Chen, "Mechanism of the electro-optic effect in BaTiO3," Chem. Phys. Lett. 411, 357-360 (2005). [CrossRef]
T. Harigai, D. Tanaka, H. Kakemoto, S. Wada, and T. Tsurumi, "Dielectric properties of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices measured with interdigital electrodes and electromagnetic field analysis," J. Appl. Phys. 94, 7923-7925 (2003). [CrossRef]
A. Sarkar, and S. B. Krupanidhi, "Ferroelectric interaction and polarization studies in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice," J. Appl. Phys. 101, 104113 (2007). [CrossRef]
Y. Lu and R. J. Knize, "Enhanced dielectric and electro-optic effects in relaxor oxide heterostructured superlattices," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, 2432-2436 (2004). [CrossRef]
A. Petraru, J. Schubert, M. Schmid, and Ch. Buchal, "Ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin-film optical waveguide modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1375-1377 (2002). [CrossRef]
K. Uchino, Ferroelectric Devices (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York - Basel, 2000), Chap. 8.
T. Zhao, Z.-H. Chen, F. Chen, W.-S. Shi,H.-B. Lu, and G.-Z. Yang, "Enhancement of second-harmonic generation in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices," Phys. Rev. B 60, 1697-1700 (1999). [CrossRef]

Adachi, H.
Alpay, S. P.
Beckers, L.
Bellaiche, L.
Bellotti, J. A.
Biegalski, M.
Bruchhausen, A.
Buchal, Ch.
Cantarero, A.
Chang, W.
Chen, C.
Chen, C. L.
Chen, F.
Chen, L. Q.
Chen, X.
Chen, Y. B.
Chen, Z.
Chen, Z.-H.
Choi, K. J.
Choudhury, S.
Clarke, D. R.
Craigo, B.
Eckau, A.
Eom, C. B.
Fainstein, A.
Gevorgian, S.
Gopalan, V.
Haeni, J. H.
Harigai, T.
Hawley, M. E.
Hiltunen, J.
Huang, X.
Irvin, P.
Ivanov, Z.
Jia, Q. X.
Jiang, A. Q.
Jiang, J. C.
Johnston, K.
Jung, D.
Kakemoto, H.
Katiyar, R. S.
Kawai, T.
Kim, B. R.
Kim, D. M
Kim, H. S.
Kim, J.
Kim, J. H.
Kim, L.
Kim, T.-U.
Kim, Y.
Kim, Y. S.
Kirchoefer, S. W.
Knize, R. J.
Krupanidhi, S. B.
Lantto, V.
Lanzillotti-Kimura, N. D.
Lappalainen, J.
Lee, B.-T.
Lee, J.
Lee, W. -J.
Leinenbach, P.
Lettieri, J.
Levy, J.
Li, Y. L.
Lin, Y.
Lisenkov, S.
Lu, H.
Lu, H.-B.
Lu, Y.
Mantese, J. V.
Meier, A. L.
Meletis, E. I.
Meng, X. Y.
Moon, J. H.
Nakhmanson, S. M.
Neaton, J. B.
Pan, X. Q.
Pertsev, N. A.
Petraru, A.
Petrov, P. K.
Pond, J. M.
Qadri, S. B.
Rabe, K.
Rabe, K. M.
Reiche, P.
Sarkar, A.
Schlom, D. G.
Schmid, M.
Schubert, J.
Scott, J. F.
Seneviratne, D.
Sharan, A.
Shi, W.-S.
Soukissan, A.
Speck, J. S.
Srikant, V.
Stolfi, M.
Streiffer, S. K.
Subramanyam, G.
Sun, H. P.
Sun, R.
Tabata, H.
Tagantsev, A. K.
Tanaka, D.
Tanaka, H.
Tang, P.
Tarsa, E. J.
Tenne, D. A.
Theis, C. D.
Tian, W.
Towner, D. J.
Tsurumi, T.
Tuller, H. L.
Uecker, R.
Vaithyanathan, V.
Wada, S.
Waghmare, U. V.
Wang, Z. Z.
Wasa, K.
Weaver, J.
Wessels, B. W.
Wikborg, E.
Xi, X. X.
Yang, G.-Z.
Yuan, Z.
Zander, Q.
Zander, W.
Zembilgotov, A. G.
Zhao, T.
Zhong, S.
Ziesmann, J.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Z. Yuan, Y. Lin, J. Weaver, X. Chen, C. L. Chen, G. Subramanyam, J. C. Jiang, and E. I. Meletis, "Large dielectric tunability and microwave properties of Mn-doped (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 152901 (2005). [CrossRef]
S. Gevorgian, P. K. Petrov, Z. Ivanov, and E. Wikborg, "Tailoring the temperature coefficient of capacitance in ferroelectric varactors," Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1861-1863 (2001). [CrossRef]
S. Zhong, S. P. Alpay, and J. V. Mantese, "High dielectric tunability in ferroelectric-paraelectric bilayers and multilayer superlattices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 132904 (2006). [CrossRef]
H. Tabata, H. Tanaka, and T. Kawai, "Formation of artificial BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices using pulsed laser deposition and their dielectric properties," Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1970-1972 (1994). [CrossRef]
J. Kim, Y. Kim, Y. S. Kim, J. Lee, L. Kim, and D. Jung, "Large nonlinear dielectric properties of artificial BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3581- 3583 (2002). [CrossRef]
J. Hiltunen, D. Seneviratne, R. Sun, M. Stolfi, H. L. Tuller, J. Lappalainen, and V. Lantto, "BaTiO3 - SrTiO3 multilayer thin film electro-optic waveguide modulator," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 242904 (2006). [CrossRef]
J. A. Bellotti, W. Chang, S. B. Qadri, S. W. Kirchoefer, and J. M. Pond, "Directionally dependent ferroelectric phase transition order of anisotropic epitaxial BaxSr1-xTiO3 thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 012902 (2006). [CrossRef]
A. Petraru, J. Schubert, M. Schmid, and Ch. Buchal, "Ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin-film optical waveguide modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1375-1377 (2002). [CrossRef]

Chem. Phys. Lett.

X. Y. Meng, Z. Z. Wang, and C. Chen, "Mechanism of the electro-optic effect in BaTiO3," Chem. Phys. Lett. 411, 357-360 (2005). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

P. Tang, D. J. Towner, A. L. Meier, and B. W. Wessels, "Low-Loss Electrooptic BaTiO3 Thin Film Waveguide Modulator," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16,1837-1839 (2004). [CrossRef]

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control

H. Adachi and K. Wasa, "Sputtering Preparation of Ferroelectric PLZT Thin Films and Their Optical Applications," IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 38, 645-655 (1991). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

V. Srikant, E. J. Tarsa, D. R. Clarke, and J. S. Speck, "Crystallographic orientation of epitaxial BaTiO3 films: The role of thermal-expansion mismatch the substrate," J. Appl. Phys. 77, 1517-1522 (1995). [CrossRef]
L. Beckers, J. Schubert, Q. Zander, J. Ziesmann, A. Eckau, P. Leinenbach, and Ch. Buchal, "Structural and optical characterization of epitaxial Waveguiding BaTiO3 thin films on MgO," J. Appl. Phys. 83, 3305-3310 (1998). [CrossRef]
A. Q. Jiang, J. F. Scott, H. Lu, and Z. Chen, "Phase transition and polarizations in epitaxial BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices studied by second-harmonic generation," J. Appl. Phys. 93, 1180-1185 (2003). [CrossRef]
T. Harigai, D. Tanaka, H. Kakemoto, S. Wada, and T. Tsurumi, "Dielectric properties of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices measured with interdigital electrodes and electromagnetic field analysis," J. Appl. Phys. 94, 7923-7925 (2003). [CrossRef]
A. Sarkar, and S. B. Krupanidhi, "Ferroelectric interaction and polarization studies in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice," J. Appl. Phys. 101, 104113 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Electrocer.

J. Hiltunen, D. Seneviratne, R. Sun, M. Stolfi, H. L. Tuller, J. Lappalainen, and V. Lantto, "Optical properties of BaTiO3 thin films: Influence of oxygen pressure utilized during pulsed laser deposition," J. Electrocer. (published online, DOI 10.1007/s10832-008-9463-9).

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

Y. Lu and R. J. Knize, "Enhanced dielectric and electro-optic effects in relaxor oxide heterostructured superlattices," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, 2432-2436 (2004). [CrossRef]

Mater. Sci. Eng. B

Ch. Buchal, L. Beckers, A. Eckau, J. Schubert, and W. Zander, "Epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films on MgO," Mater. Sci. Eng. B 56, 234-238 (1998). [CrossRef]
D. G. Schlom, J. H. Haeni, J. Lettieri, C. D. Theis, W. Tian, J. C. Jiang, and X. Q. Pan, "Oxide nano-engineering using MBE," Mater. Sci. Eng. B 87, 282-291 (2001). [CrossRef]

Nature

J. H. Haeni, P. Irvin, W. Chang, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y. L. Li, S. Choudhury, W. Tian, M. E. Hawley, B. Craigo, A. K. Tagantsev, X. Q. Pan, S. K. Streiffer, L. Q. Chen, S. W. Kirchoefer, J. Levy, and D. G. Schlom, "Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO3," Nature 430, 758-760 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

P. Tang, A. L. Meier, D. J. Towner, and B. W. Wessels, "BaTiO3 thin-film waveguide modulator with a low voltage-length product at near-infrared wavelengths of 0.98 and 1.55µm," Opt. Lett. 30, 254-256 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. B

S. Lisenkov and L. Bellaiche, "Phase diagrams of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices from first principles," Phys. Rev. B 76, 020102 (2007). [CrossRef]
L. Kim, J. Kim, U. V. Waghmare, D. Jung, and J. Lee, "Structural transition and dielectric response of an epitaxially strained BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice: A first-principles study," Phys. Rev. B 72, 214121 (2005). [CrossRef]
K. Johnston, X. Huang, J. B. Neaton, and K. Rabe, "First-principles study of symmetry lowering and polarization in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices with in-plane expansion," Phys. Rev. B 71, 100103 (2005). [CrossRef]
T. Zhao, Z.-H. Chen, F. Chen, W.-S. Shi,H.-B. Lu, and G.-Z. Yang, "Enhancement of second-harmonic generation in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices," Phys. Rev. B 60, 1697-1700 (1999). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

N. A. Pertsev, A. G. Zembilgotov, and A. K. Tagantsev, "Effect of Mechanical Boundary Conditions on Phase Diagrams of Epitaxial Ferroelectric Thin Films," Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1988-1991 (1998). [CrossRef]

Science

K. J. Choi, M. Biegalski, Y. L. Li, A. Sharan, J. Schubert, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y. B. Chen, X. Q. Pan, V. Gopalan, L.-Q. Chen D. G. Schlom, and C. B. Eom, "Enhancement of Ferroelectricity in Strained BaTiO3 Thin Films," Science 306, 1005-1009 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. A. Tenne, A. Bruchhausen, N. D. Lanzillotti-Kimura, A. Fainstein, R. S. Katiyar, A. Cantarero, A. Soukissan, V. Vaithyanathan, J. H. Haeni, W. Tian, D. G. Schlom, K. J. Choi, D. M Kim, C. B. Eom, H. P. Sun, X. Q. Pan, Y. L. Li, L. Q. Chen, Q. X. Jia, S. M. Nakhmanson, K. M. Rabe, and X. X. Xi, "Probing Nanoscale Ferroelectricity by Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy," Science 313, 1614-1616 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Thin Solid Films

B. R. Kim, T.-U. Kim, W. -J. Lee, J. H. Moon, B.-T. Lee, H. S. Kim, and J. H. Kim, "Effects of periodicity and oxygen partial pressure on the crystallinity and dielectric property of artificial SrTiO3/BaTiO3 superlattices integrated on Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition method," Thin Solid Films 515, 6438-6441 (2007). [CrossRef]

Other

B. D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray Diffraction (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA, 1967).
Powder Diffraction File, Card No 00-045-0946, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA.
M. E. Lines and A. M. Glass, Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials (Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1977).
B. Jaffe, W. R. Cook, and H. Jaffe, Piezoelectric ceramics (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1971).
Powder Diffraction File, Card No 00-035-0734, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA.
Powder Diffraction File, Card No 00-005-0626, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA.
K. Uchino, Ferroelectric Devices (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York - Basel, 2000), Chap. 8.

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[1] M. E. Lines and A. M. Glass, Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials (Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1977).

[2] B. Jaffe, W. R. Cook, and H. Jaffe, Piezoelectric ceramics (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1971).

[3] Z. Yuan, Y. Lin, J. Weaver, X. Chen, C. L. Chen, G. Subramanyam, J. C. Jiang, and E. I. Meletis, "Large dielectric tunability and microwave properties of Mn-doped (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 152901 (2005). [CrossRef]

[4] S. Gevorgian, P. K. Petrov, Z. Ivanov, and E. Wikborg, "Tailoring the temperature coefficient of capacitance in ferroelectric varactors," Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1861-1863 (2001). [CrossRef]

[5] S. Zhong, S. P. Alpay, and J. V. Mantese, "High dielectric tunability in ferroelectric-paraelectric bilayers and multilayer superlattices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 132904 (2006). [CrossRef]

[6] D. G. Schlom, J. H. Haeni, J. Lettieri, C. D. Theis, W. Tian, J. C. Jiang, and X. Q. Pan, "Oxide nano-engineering using MBE," Mater. Sci. Eng. B 87, 282-291 (2001). [CrossRef]

[7] H. Tabata, H. Tanaka, and T. Kawai, "Formation of artificial BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices using pulsed laser deposition and their dielectric properties," Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1970-1972 (1994). [CrossRef]

[8] J. Kim, Y. Kim, Y. S. Kim, J. Lee, L. Kim, and D. Jung, "Large nonlinear dielectric properties of artificial BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3581- 3583 (2002). [CrossRef]

[9] Powder Diffraction File, Card No 00-035-0734, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA.

[10] Powder Diffraction File, Card No 00-005-0626, International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newton Square, PA, USA.

[11] K. Johnston, X. Huang, J. B. Neaton, and K. Rabe, "First-principles study of symmetry lowering and polarization in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices with in-plane expansion," Phys. Rev. B 71, 100103 (2005). [CrossRef]

[12] K. J. Choi, M. Biegalski, Y. L. Li, A. Sharan, J. Schubert, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y. B. Chen, X. Q. Pan, V. Gopalan, L.-Q. Chen D. G. Schlom, and C. B. Eom, "Enhancement of Ferroelectricity in Strained BaTiO3 Thin Films," Science 306, 1005-1009 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] J. H. Haeni, P. Irvin, W. Chang, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y. L. Li, S. Choudhury, W. Tian, M. E. Hawley, B. Craigo, A. K. Tagantsev, X. Q. Pan, S. K. Streiffer, L. Q. Chen, S. W. Kirchoefer, J. Levy, and D. G. Schlom, "Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO3," Nature 430, 758-760 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] N. A. Pertsev, A. G. Zembilgotov, and A. K. Tagantsev, "Effect of Mechanical Boundary Conditions on Phase Diagrams of Epitaxial Ferroelectric Thin Films," Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1988-1991 (1998). [CrossRef]

[15] S. Lisenkov and L. Bellaiche, "Phase diagrams of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices from first principles," Phys. Rev. B 76, 020102 (2007). [CrossRef]

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Size-dependent optical properties of BaTiO3 - SrTiO3 superlattices