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Reversible switching of quantum cascade laser-modes using a pH-responsive polymeric cladding as transducer
Bernhard Basnar, Stephan Schartner, Maximilian Austerer, Aaron Maxwell Andrews, Tomas Roch, Werner Schrenk, and Gottfried Strasser »View Author Affiliations
1Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, Vienna University of Technology, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
2Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
3The State University of New York at Buffalo, 332 Bonner Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1920, USA
*Corresponding author: basnar@tuwien.ac.at
Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 12, pp. 8557-8569 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.008557
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Abstract
We present a novel approach for the reversible switching of the emission wavelength of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) using a halochromic cladding. An air-waveguide laser ridge is coated with a thin layer of polyacrylic acid. This cladding introduces losses corresponding to the absorption spectrum of the polymer. By changing the state of the polymer, the absorption spectrum and losses change, inducing a shift of 7 cm-1 in the emission wavelength. This change is induced by exposure to acidic or alkaline vapors under ambient conditions and is fully reversible. Such lasers can be used as multi-color light source and as sensor for atmospheric pH.
© 2008 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(160.5470) Materials : Polymers
(300.6340) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, infrared
(310.3915) Thin films : Metallic, opaque, and absorbing coatings
(310.4925) Thin films : Other properties (stress, chemical, etc.)
(140.5965) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: May 1, 2008
Revised Manuscript: May 21, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: May 21, 2008
Published: May 27, 2008
Citation
Bernhard Basnar, Stephan Schartner, Maximilian Austerer, Aaron Maxwell Andrews, Tomas Roch, Werner Schrenk, and Gottfried Strasser, "Reversible switching of quantum cascade laser-modes using a pH-responsive polymeric cladding as transducer," Opt. Express 16, 8557-8569 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-12-8557
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References
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- L. Diehl, B. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Lon??ar, M. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 14, 11660-11667 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Dioumaev, "Infrared methods for monitoring the protonation state of carboxylic amino acids in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin," Biochemistry (Moscow) 66, 1269-1276 (2001). [CrossRef]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 041115 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- L. Diehl, B. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Lon??ar, M. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 14, 11660-11667 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, "Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769-3771 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670-2672(1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sitori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, and A. Y. Cho, "Ultra-broadband semiconductor laser," Nature 415, 883-887(2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, C. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670-2672(1997). [CrossRef]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 041115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C. F. Gmachl, D. M. Tennant, A. M. Sergent, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, F. Capasso, "Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser," Science 302, 1374-1377 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Pflügl, M. Austerer, W. Schrenk, S. Golka, G. Strasser, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, J. W. Cockburn, A. B. Krysa, and J. S. Roberts, "Single-mode surface-emitting quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 211102 (2005). [CrossRef]
- C. Pflügl, M. Austerer, W. Schrenk, S. Golka, G. Strasser, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, J. W. Cockburn, A. B. Krysa, and J. S. Roberts, "Single-mode surface-emitting quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 211102 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, E. A. Zibik, D. G. Revin, J. W. Cockburn, C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, C. M. Tey, and A. G. Cullis, "High-performance distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5529-5531 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Yang, Y. Zhang, Y. Guan, S. Tan, J. Xu, S. Cheng, and X. Zhang, "Water uptake behavior of hydrogen-bonded PVPON-PAA LBL film," Soft Matter 2, 699-704 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. Buchanan, B. Hird, and T. M. Letcher, "Primary hydration of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salts" Polym. Bull. 16, 493-498 (1985).
- H. Hoffmann, M. L. T. Liveri, and F. P. Cavasino, "Electric birefringence and zero-shear vixcosity studies of the conformational changes of polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids with pH and concentration," J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 93, 3161-3165 (1997). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, B. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Lon??ar, M. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 14, 11660-11667 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, "Surface-emitting 10.1 µm quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3769-3771 (1999). [CrossRef]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 041115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Sarangan, W. P. Huang, G. P. Li, and T. Makino, "A ridge waveguide DFB laser model including transverse carrier and optical effects," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 408-416 (1996). [CrossRef]
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Langmuir
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Nat. Photon.
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Nature
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