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Lamb-dip-locked quantum cascade laser for comb-referenced IR absolute frequency measurements
S. Borri, S. Bartalini, I. Galli, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, A. Castrillo, L. Gianfrani, and P. De Natale »View Author Affiliations
1Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata (INOA) - CNR Largo Fermi 6, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
2European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS) Via Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
3Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Firenze Via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
4Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli and CNISM - Unità Napoli 2 Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy saverio.bartalini@inoa.it
Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 15, pp. 11637-11646 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.011637
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Abstract
The frequency of a DFB quantum cascade laser (QCL) emitting at 4.3 μm has been long-term stabilized to the Lamb-dip center of a CO2 ro-vibrational transition by means of first-derivative locking to the saturated absorption signal. Thanks to the non-linear sum-frequency generation (SFG) process with a fiber-amplified Nd:YAG laser, the QCL mid-infrared (IR) radiation has been linked to an optical frequency-comb synthesizer (OFCS) and its absolute frequency counted with a kHz-level precision and an overall uncertainty of 75 kHz.
© 2008 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(120.3930) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Metrological instrumentation
(190.7220) Nonlinear optics : Upconversion
(300.6390) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, molecular
(300.6460) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, saturation
(140.3425) Lasers and laser optics : Laser stabilization
(140.5965) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: April 21, 2008
Revised Manuscript: June 12, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: June 20, 2008
Published: July 18, 2008
Citation
S. Borri, S. Bartalini, I. Galli, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, A. Castrillo, L. Gianfrani, and P. De Natale, "Lamb-dip-locked quantum cascade laser for comb-referenced IR absolute frequency measurements," Opt. Express 16, 11637-11646 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-15-11637
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References
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- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon, R. M. Williams, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency stabilization of quantum cascade lasers by use of optical cavities," Opt. Lett. 27, 2164-2166 (2002) [CrossRef]
- T. L. Myers, R. M. Williams, M. S. Taubman, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho "Free-running frequency stability of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 27, 170-172 (2002) [CrossRef]
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- X. J. Wang, J. Y. Fan, T. Tanbun-Ek and F.-S. Choa, "Low threshold quantum cascade lasers of room temperature continuous-wave operation grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 211103 (2007) [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. H¨ofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above 400 K," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201115 (2006) [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall and S. T. Cundiff, "Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis," Science 288, 635- 639 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 82, 149-154 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Bartalini, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, S. Borri, I. Galli, T. Leveque and L. Gianfrani, "Frequency-comb-referenced quantum cascade laser at 4.4 μm," Opt. Lett. 32, 988-990 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Borri, S. Bartalini, P. De Natale, M. Inguscio, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency modulation spectroscopy by means of quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. B 85, 223-229 (2006) [CrossRef]
- P. Maddaloni, P. Malara, G. Gagliardi and P. De Natale, "Two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy for ambient-air trace gas detection using a portable difference-frequency source around 3 μm," Appl. Phys. B 85, 219-222 (2006) [CrossRef]
- D. Mazzotti, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, P. De Natale and M. Prevedelli, "Frequency-comb-based absolute frequency measurements in the mid-infrared with a difference-frequency spectrometer," Opt. Lett. 30, 997-999 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Mazzotti, G. Giusfredi, P. Cancio and P. De Natale, "High-sensitivity spectroscopy of CO2 around 4.25 μm with difference-frequency radiation," Opt. Lasers Eng. 37, 143-158 (2002) [CrossRef]
- D. Mazzotti, S. Borri, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi and P. De Natale, "Low-power Lamb-dip spectroscopy of very weak CO2 transitions near 4.25 μm," Opt. Lett. 27, 1256-1258 (2002) [CrossRef]
- L. H. Deng, X. M. Gao, Z. S. Cao,W. D. Chen, Y. Q. Yuan,W. J. Zhang and Z. B. Gong, "Widely phase-matched tunable difference-frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal," Opt. Commun. 281, 1686-1692 (2008) [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall and S. T. Cundiff, "Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis," Science 288, 635- 639 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. H¨ofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above 400 K," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201115 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, A. B¨achle, S. Jochum, L. Hvozdara, G. Vandeputte, S. Brunner, S. Hansmann, A. Muller and J. Faist, "Low-consumption (below 2 W) continuous-wave single-mode quantum cascade lasers grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy," Electron. Lett. 43, 1201-1202 (2007) [CrossRef]
- A. Mohan, A. Wittmann, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of an external-cavity quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 32, 2792-2794 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Castrillo, E. De Tommasi, L. Gianfrani, L. Sirigu and J. Faist, "Doppler-free saturated-absorption spectroscopy of CO2 at 4.3 μm by means of a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 31, 3040-3042 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 82, 149-154 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum cascade lasers at ??? _ 5.4 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041109 (2005) [CrossRef]
- X. J. Wang, J. Y. Fan, T. Tanbun-Ek and F.-S. Choa, "Low threshold quantum cascade lasers of room temperature continuous-wave operation grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 211103 (2007) [CrossRef]
- P. Maddaloni, P. Malara, G. Gagliardi and P. De Natale, "Two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy for ambient-air trace gas detection using a portable difference-frequency source around 3 μm," Appl. Phys. B 85, 219-222 (2006) [CrossRef]
- L. H. Deng, X. M. Gao, Z. S. Cao,W. D. Chen, Y. Q. Yuan,W. J. Zhang and Z. B. Gong, "Widely phase-matched tunable difference-frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal," Opt. Commun. 281, 1686-1692 (2008) [CrossRef]
- S. Bartalini, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, S. Borri, I. Galli, T. Leveque and L. Gianfrani, "Frequency-comb-referenced quantum cascade laser at 4.4 μm," Opt. Lett. 32, 988-990 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Castrillo, G. Casa and L. Gianfrani, "Oxygen isotope ratio measurements in CO2 by means of a continuouswave quantum cascade laser at 4.3 μm," Opt. Lett. 32, 3047-3049 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Castrillo, E. De Tommasi, L. Gianfrani, L. Sirigu and J. Faist, "Doppler-free saturated-absorption spectroscopy of CO2 at 4.3 μm by means of a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 31, 3040-3042 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Mohan, A. Wittmann, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of an external-cavity quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 32, 2792-2794 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 82, 149-154 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum cascade lasers at ??? _ 5.4 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041109 (2005) [CrossRef]
- S. Bartalini, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, S. Borri, I. Galli, T. Leveque and L. Gianfrani, "Frequency-comb-referenced quantum cascade laser at 4.4 μm," Opt. Lett. 32, 988-990 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Mazzotti, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, P. De Natale and M. Prevedelli, "Frequency-comb-based absolute frequency measurements in the mid-infrared with a difference-frequency spectrometer," Opt. Lett. 30, 997-999 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Mazzotti, S. Borri, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi and P. De Natale, "Low-power Lamb-dip spectroscopy of very weak CO2 transitions near 4.25 μm," Opt. Lett. 27, 1256-1258 (2002) [CrossRef]
- D. Mazzotti, G. Giusfredi, P. Cancio and P. De Natale, "High-sensitivity spectroscopy of CO2 around 4.25 μm with difference-frequency radiation," Opt. Lasers Eng. 37, 143-158 (2002) [CrossRef]
- S. Borri, S. Bartalini, P. De Natale, M. Inguscio, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency modulation spectroscopy by means of quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. B 85, 223-229 (2006) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon, R. M. Williams, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency stabilization of quantum cascade lasers by use of optical cavities," Opt. Lett. 27, 2164-2166 (2002) [CrossRef]
- T. L. Myers, R. M. Williams, M. S. Taubman, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho "Free-running frequency stability of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 27, 170-172 (2002) [CrossRef]
- J. T. Remillard, D. Uy,W. H. Weber, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho, "Sub-Doppler resolution limited Lamb-dip spectroscopy of NO with a quantum cascade distributed feedback laser," Opt. Express 7, 243-248 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Williams, J. F. Kelly, J. S. Hartman, S. W. Sharpe, M. S. Taubman, J. L. Hall, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Kilohertz linewidth from frequency-stabilized mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 24, 1844-1846 (1999) [CrossRef]
- L. H. Deng, X. M. Gao, Z. S. Cao,W. D. Chen, Y. Q. Yuan,W. J. Zhang and Z. B. Gong, "Widely phase-matched tunable difference-frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal," Opt. Commun. 281, 1686-1692 (2008) [CrossRef]
- T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth and T.W. H¨ansch, "Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568-3571 (1999) [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. H¨ofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above 400 K," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201115 (2006) [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall and S. T. Cundiff, "Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis," Science 288, 635- 639 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Williams, J. F. Kelly, J. S. Hartman, S. W. Sharpe, M. S. Taubman, J. L. Hall, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Kilohertz linewidth from frequency-stabilized mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 24, 1844-1846 (1999) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, A. B¨achle, S. Jochum, L. Hvozdara, G. Vandeputte, S. Brunner, S. Hansmann, A. Muller and J. Faist, "Low-consumption (below 2 W) continuous-wave single-mode quantum cascade lasers grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy," Electron. Lett. 43, 1201-1202 (2007) [CrossRef]
- T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth and T.W. H¨ansch, "Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568-3571 (1999) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, A. B¨achle, S. Jochum, L. Hvozdara, G. Vandeputte, S. Brunner, S. Hansmann, A. Muller and J. Faist, "Low-consumption (below 2 W) continuous-wave single-mode quantum cascade lasers grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy," Electron. Lett. 43, 1201-1202 (2007) [CrossRef]
- Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 82, 149-154 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum cascade lasers at ??? _ 5.4 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041109 (2005) [CrossRef]
- S. Borri, S. Bartalini, P. De Natale, M. Inguscio, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency modulation spectroscopy by means of quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. B 85, 223-229 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, A. B¨achle, S. Jochum, L. Hvozdara, G. Vandeputte, S. Brunner, S. Hansmann, A. Muller and J. Faist, "Low-consumption (below 2 W) continuous-wave single-mode quantum cascade lasers grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy," Electron. Lett. 43, 1201-1202 (2007) [CrossRef]
- S. M. Foreman, D. J. Jones and J. Ye, "Flexible and rapidly configurable femtosecond pulse generation in the mid-IR," Opt. Lett. 28, 370-372 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall and S. T. Cundiff, "Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis," Science 288, 635- 639 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 82, 149-154 (2006) [CrossRef]
- H. R. Telle, B. Lipphardt and J. Stenger, "Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers as transfer oscillators for optical frequency measurements," Appl. Phys. B 74, 1-6 (2002) [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. H¨ofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above 400 K," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201115 (2006) [CrossRef]
- P. Maddaloni, P. Malara, G. Gagliardi and P. De Natale, "Two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy for ambient-air trace gas detection using a portable difference-frequency source around 3 μm," Appl. Phys. B 85, 219-222 (2006) [CrossRef]
- P. Maddaloni, P. Malara, G. Gagliardi and P. De Natale, "Two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy for ambient-air trace gas detection using a portable difference-frequency source around 3 μm," Appl. Phys. B 85, 219-222 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Bartalini, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, S. Borri, I. Galli, T. Leveque and L. Gianfrani, "Frequency-comb-referenced quantum cascade laser at 4.4 μm," Opt. Lett. 32, 988-990 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Mazzotti, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, P. De Natale and M. Prevedelli, "Frequency-comb-based absolute frequency measurements in the mid-infrared with a difference-frequency spectrometer," Opt. Lett. 30, 997-999 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Mazzotti, G. Giusfredi, P. Cancio and P. De Natale, "High-sensitivity spectroscopy of CO2 around 4.25 μm with difference-frequency radiation," Opt. Lasers Eng. 37, 143-158 (2002) [CrossRef]
- D. Mazzotti, S. Borri, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi and P. De Natale, "Low-power Lamb-dip spectroscopy of very weak CO2 transitions near 4.25 μm," Opt. Lett. 27, 1256-1258 (2002) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, A. B¨achle, S. Jochum, L. Hvozdara, G. Vandeputte, S. Brunner, S. Hansmann, A. Muller and J. Faist, "Low-consumption (below 2 W) continuous-wave single-mode quantum cascade lasers grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy," Electron. Lett. 43, 1201-1202 (2007) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum cascade lasers at ??? _ 5.4 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041109 (2005) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon and R. M. Williams, "Stabilization, injection and control of quantum cascade lasers, and their application to chemical sensing in the infrared," Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 60, 3457- 3468 (2004) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon, R. M. Williams, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency stabilization of quantum cascade lasers by use of optical cavities," Opt. Lett. 27, 2164-2166 (2002) [CrossRef]
- T. L. Myers, R. M. Williams, M. S. Taubman, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho "Free-running frequency stability of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 27, 170-172 (2002) [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall and S. T. Cundiff, "Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis," Science 288, 635- 639 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth and T.W. H¨ansch, "Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568-3571 (1999) [CrossRef]
- S. Borri, S. Bartalini, P. De Natale, M. Inguscio, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency modulation spectroscopy by means of quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. B 85, 223-229 (2006) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon, R. M. Williams, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency stabilization of quantum cascade lasers by use of optical cavities," Opt. Lett. 27, 2164-2166 (2002) [CrossRef]
- T. L. Myers, R. M. Williams, M. S. Taubman, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho "Free-running frequency stability of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 27, 170-172 (2002) [CrossRef]
- R. M. Williams, J. F. Kelly, J. S. Hartman, S. W. Sharpe, M. S. Taubman, J. L. Hall, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Kilohertz linewidth from frequency-stabilized mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 24, 1844-1846 (1999) [CrossRef]
- H. R. Telle, B. Lipphardt and J. Stenger, "Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers as transfer oscillators for optical frequency measurements," Appl. Phys. B 74, 1-6 (2002) [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall and S. T. Cundiff, "Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis," Science 288, 635- 639 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. J. Wang, J. Y. Fan, T. Tanbun-Ek and F.-S. Choa, "Low threshold quantum cascade lasers of room temperature continuous-wave operation grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 211103 (2007) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon and R. M. Williams, "Stabilization, injection and control of quantum cascade lasers, and their application to chemical sensing in the infrared," Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 60, 3457- 3468 (2004) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon, R. M. Williams, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency stabilization of quantum cascade lasers by use of optical cavities," Opt. Lett. 27, 2164-2166 (2002) [CrossRef]
- T. L. Myers, R. M. Williams, M. S. Taubman, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho "Free-running frequency stability of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 27, 170-172 (2002) [CrossRef]
- R. M. Williams, J. F. Kelly, J. S. Hartman, S. W. Sharpe, M. S. Taubman, J. L. Hall, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Kilohertz linewidth from frequency-stabilized mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 24, 1844-1846 (1999) [CrossRef]
- H. R. Telle, B. Lipphardt and J. Stenger, "Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers as transfer oscillators for optical frequency measurements," Appl. Phys. B 74, 1-6 (2002) [CrossRef]
- Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 82, 149-154 (2006) [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. H¨ofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above 400 K," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201115 (2006) [CrossRef]
- T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth and T.W. H¨ansch, "Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568-3571 (1999) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, A. B¨achle, S. Jochum, L. Hvozdara, G. Vandeputte, S. Brunner, S. Hansmann, A. Muller and J. Faist, "Low-consumption (below 2 W) continuous-wave single-mode quantum cascade lasers grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy," Electron. Lett. 43, 1201-1202 (2007) [CrossRef]
- X. J. Wang, J. Y. Fan, T. Tanbun-Ek and F.-S. Choa, "Low threshold quantum cascade lasers of room temperature continuous-wave operation grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 211103 (2007) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon and R. M. Williams, "Stabilization, injection and control of quantum cascade lasers, and their application to chemical sensing in the infrared," Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 60, 3457- 3468 (2004) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon, R. M. Williams, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency stabilization of quantum cascade lasers by use of optical cavities," Opt. Lett. 27, 2164-2166 (2002) [CrossRef]
- T. L. Myers, R. M. Williams, M. S. Taubman, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho "Free-running frequency stability of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 27, 170-172 (2002) [CrossRef]
- R. M. Williams, J. F. Kelly, J. S. Hartman, S. W. Sharpe, M. S. Taubman, J. L. Hall, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Kilohertz linewidth from frequency-stabilized mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 24, 1844-1846 (1999) [CrossRef]
- D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall and S. T. Cundiff, "Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers and Direct Optical Frequency Synthesis," Science 288, 635- 639 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 82, 149-154 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Blaser, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum cascade lasers at ??? _ 5.4 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041109 (2005) [CrossRef]
- L. H. Deng, X. M. Gao, Z. S. Cao,W. D. Chen, Y. Q. Yuan,W. J. Zhang and Z. B. Gong, "Widely phase-matched tunable difference-frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal," Opt. Commun. 281, 1686-1692 (2008) [CrossRef]
- L. H. Deng, X. M. Gao, Z. S. Cao,W. D. Chen, Y. Q. Yuan,W. J. Zhang and Z. B. Gong, "Widely phase-matched tunable difference-frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal," Opt. Commun. 281, 1686-1692 (2008) [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. H¨ofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above 400 K," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201115 (2006) [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- P. Maddaloni, P. Malara, G. Gagliardi and P. De Natale, "Two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy for ambient-air trace gas detection using a portable difference-frequency source around 3 μm," Appl. Phys. B 85, 219-222 (2006) [CrossRef]
- Y. A. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Sub-ppbv nitric oxide concentration measurements using cw thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B 82, 149-154 (2006) [CrossRef]
- S. Borri, S. Bartalini, P. De Natale, M. Inguscio, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency modulation spectroscopy by means of quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. B 85, 223-229 (2006) [CrossRef]
- H. R. Telle, B. Lipphardt and J. Stenger, "Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers as transfer oscillators for optical frequency measurements," Appl. Phys. B 74, 1-6 (2002) [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- S. Blaser, D. A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum cascade lasers at ??? _ 5.4 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041109 (2005) [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. H¨ofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above 400 K," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201115 (2006) [CrossRef]
- X. J. Wang, J. Y. Fan, T. Tanbun-Ek and F.-S. Choa, "Low threshold quantum cascade lasers of room temperature continuous-wave operation grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 211103 (2007) [CrossRef]
Electron. Lett.
- S. Blaser, A. B¨achle, S. Jochum, L. Hvozdara, G. Vandeputte, S. Brunner, S. Hansmann, A. Muller and J. Faist, "Low-consumption (below 2 W) continuous-wave single-mode quantum cascade lasers grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy," Electron. Lett. 43, 1201-1202 (2007) [CrossRef]
Opt. Commun.
- L. H. Deng, X. M. Gao, Z. S. Cao,W. D. Chen, Y. Q. Yuan,W. J. Zhang and Z. B. Gong, "Widely phase-matched tunable difference-frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal," Opt. Commun. 281, 1686-1692 (2008) [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- J. T. Remillard, D. Uy,W. H. Weber, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho, "Sub-Doppler resolution limited Lamb-dip spectroscopy of NO with a quantum cascade distributed feedback laser," Opt. Express 7, 243-248 (2000) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lasers Eng.
- D. Mazzotti, G. Giusfredi, P. Cancio and P. De Natale, "High-sensitivity spectroscopy of CO2 around 4.25 μm with difference-frequency radiation," Opt. Lasers Eng. 37, 143-158 (2002) [CrossRef]
Opt. Lett.
- D. Mazzotti, S. Borri, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi and P. De Natale, "Low-power Lamb-dip spectroscopy of very weak CO2 transitions near 4.25 μm," Opt. Lett. 27, 1256-1258 (2002) [CrossRef]
- L. E. Myers, R. C. Eckardt, M. M. Fejer and R. L. Byer, "Multigrating quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillator in periodically poled LiNbO3," Opt. Lett. 21, 591-593 (1996) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. M. Foreman, D. J. Jones and J. Ye, "Flexible and rapidly configurable femtosecond pulse generation in the mid-IR," Opt. Lett. 28, 370-372 (2003) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Mazzotti, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, P. De Natale and M. Prevedelli, "Frequency-comb-based absolute frequency measurements in the mid-infrared with a difference-frequency spectrometer," Opt. Lett. 30, 997-999 (2005) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Mohan, A. Wittmann, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, M. Giovannini and J. Faist, "Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of an external-cavity quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 32, 2792-2794 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. M. Williams, J. F. Kelly, J. S. Hartman, S. W. Sharpe, M. S. Taubman, J. L. Hall, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Kilohertz linewidth from frequency-stabilized mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 24, 1844-1846 (1999) [CrossRef]
- M. S. Taubman, T. L. Myers, B. D. Cannon, R. M. Williams, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco and A. Y. Cho, "Frequency stabilization of quantum cascade lasers by use of optical cavities," Opt. Lett. 27, 2164-2166 (2002) [CrossRef]
- A. Castrillo, E. De Tommasi, L. Gianfrani, L. Sirigu and J. Faist, "Doppler-free saturated-absorption spectroscopy of CO2 at 4.3 μm by means of a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 31, 3040-3042 (2006) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Castrillo, G. Casa and L. Gianfrani, "Oxygen isotope ratio measurements in CO2 by means of a continuouswave quantum cascade laser at 4.3 μm," Opt. Lett. 32, 3047-3049 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Bartalini, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, S. Borri, I. Galli, T. Leveque and L. Gianfrani, "Frequency-comb-referenced quantum cascade laser at 4.4 μm," Opt. Lett. 32, 988-990 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Bielsa, A. Douillet, T. Valenzuela, J. Karr, and L. Hilico, "Narrow-line phase-locked quantum cascade laser in the 9.2 μm range," Opt. Lett. 32, 1641-1643 (2007) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. L. Myers, R. M. Williams, M. S. Taubman, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon and A. Y. Cho "Free-running frequency stability of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Lett. 27, 170-172 (2002) [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- T. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth and T.W. H¨ansch, "Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement of the Cesium D1 Line with a Mode-Locked Laser," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3568-3571 (1999) [CrossRef]
Science
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