Coded output photonic A/D converter based on
photonic crystal slow-light structures

doi:10.1364/OE.16.013752

Coded output photonic A/D converter based on photonic crystal slow-light structures

Sunkyu Yu, Sukmo Koo, and Namkyoo Park »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 18, pp. 13752-13757 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.013752

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Abstract

A photonic analog-to-digital converter (PADC) utilizing a slow-light photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is proposed, to enable the optically coded output of a PADC with reduced device size and power consumption. Assuming an index modulation for the MZI on the Taylor’s PADC structure, limiting factors in device size, speed, and effective number of bits are derived considering the signal transition time of the light and the slow light dispersion effects. Details of the device design and results of a time domain assessment of the device performance is described with discussions on the feasibility of sub-mm size, 20GS/s operation of the device having the ENOB (effective number of bits) >5.

OCIS Codes
(000.0000) General : General
(130.0130) Integrated optics : Integrated optics
(200.4740) Optics in computing : Optical processing
(230.4555) Optical devices : Coupled resonators
(050.5298) Diffraction and gratings : Photonic crystals
(250.4110) Optoelectronics : Modulators

ToC Category:
Integrated Optics

History
Original Manuscript: June 24, 2008
Revised Manuscript: August 10, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: August 10, 2008
Published: August 21, 2008

Citation
Sunkyu Yu, Sukmo Koo, and Namkyoo Park, "Coded output photonic A/D converter based on photonic crystal slow-light structures," Opt. Express 16, 13752-13757 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-18-13752

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References

R. H. Walden, "Analog-to-Digital Converter Survey and Analysis," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 17, 539 (1999). [CrossRef]
M. Westlund, P. A. Andrekson, H. Sunnerud, J. Hansryd, and J. Li, "High-Performance Optical-Fiber-Nonlinearity-based Optical Waveform Monitoring," J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 2012-2022 (2005). [CrossRef]
G. C. Valley, "Photonic analog-to-digital converters," Opt. Express 15, 1955 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. F. Taylor, "An Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter-Design and Analysis," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15, 210 (1979). [CrossRef]
F. X. Kärtner, R. Amatya, M. Araghchini, J. Birge, H. Byun, J. Chen, M. Dahlem, N. A. DiLello, F. Gan, C. W. Holzwarth, J. L. Hoyt, E. P. Ippen, A. Khilo, J. Kim, M. Kim, A. Motamedi, J. S. Orcutt, M. Park, M. Perrott, M. A. Popovi�?, R. J. Ram, H. I. Smith, G. R. Zhou, S. J. Spector, T. M. Lyszczarz, M. W. Geis, D. M. Lennon, J. U. Yoon, M. E. Grein, and R. T. Schulein, "Photonic analog-to-digital conversion with electronic-photonic integrated circuits," Proc. SPIE 6898, 689806 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Scheuer, G. T. Paloczi, J. K. S. Poon, and A. Yariv, "Coupled Resonator Optical Waveguides: toward the slowing and storage of light," Opt. Photonics News 16, 36-40 (2005). [CrossRef]
M. Solja�?i�?, S. G. Johnson, S. Fan, M. Ibanescu, E. Ippen, and J. D. Joannopoulos, "Photonic-crystal slow-light enhancement of nonlinear phase sensitivity," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2052-2059 (2002).
Z. Shi, R. W. Boyd, R. M. Camacho, P. K. Vudyasetu, and J. C. Howell, "Slow-Light Fourier Transform Interferometer," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 240801 (2007) [CrossRef]
A. R. Shroff and P. M. Fauchet, "Optical Jitter and Pulse Distortion in High Bit-rate, Slow-Light Mach-Zehnder Interferometers," OSA Slow and Fast Light topical meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, July (2007)
E. Parra and J. R. Lowell, "Toward Applications of Slow Light Technology," Opt. Photonics News 18, 40 (2007). [CrossRef]
R. A. Becker, C. E. Woodward, F. J. Leonberger, and R. C. Williamson, "Wide-band electrooptic guided-wave analog-to-digital converters," Proc. IEEE 72, 802-819 (1984). [CrossRef]
F. J. Leonberger, C. E. Woodward, D. L. Spears, "Design and development of a high-speed electrooptic A/D converter," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Sys. 26, 1125-1131 (1979). [CrossRef]
Y.-H. Ye, J. Ding, D. Y. Jeong, I. C. Khoo, and Q. M. Zhang, "Finite-size effect on one-dimensional coupled-resonator optical waveguides," Phys. Rev. E 69, 056604 (2004)
M. Koshiba, "Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing with Photonic Crystal Waveguide Couplers," J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 1970-1975 (2001). [CrossRef]
U. Peschel, A. L. Reynolds, B. Arredondo, F. Lederer, P. J. Roberts, T. F. Krauss, and P. J. I. de Maagt, "Transmission and reflection analysis of functional coupled cavity components," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 830-836 (2002). [CrossRef]
A. Taflove, and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electromagnetics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, (Boston, Artech House, 2000) pp. 852.
L. Yang, J. Motohisa, and T. Fukui, "Suggested procedure for the use of the effective-index method for high-index-contrast photonic crystal slabs," Opt. Eng. 44, 078002 (2005). [CrossRef]
F. Gan and F. X. Kartner, "High-Speed Silicon Electrooptic Modulator Design," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 1007-1009 (2005). [CrossRef]
A. Liu, L. Liao, D. Rubin, H. Nguyen, B. Ciftcioglu, Y. Chetrit, N. Izhaky, and M. Paniccia, "High-speed optical modulation based on carrier depletion in a silicon waveguide," Opt. Express 15, 660-668 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Amatya, R.
Andrekson, P. A.
Araghchini, M.
Arredondo, B.
Becker, R. A.
Birge, J.
Boyd, R. W.
Byun, H.
Camacho, R. M.
Chen, J.
Chetrit, Y.
Ciftcioglu, B.
Dahlem, M.
de Maagt, P. J. I.
DiLello, N. A.
Ding, J.
Fan, S.
Fukui, T.
Gan, F.
Geis, M. W.
Grein, M. E.
Hansryd, J.
Holzwarth, C. W.
Howell, J. C.
Hoyt, J. L.
Ibanescu, M.
Ippen, E.
Ippen, E. P.
Izhaky, N.
Jeong, D. Y.
Joannopoulos, J. D.
Johnson, S. G.
Kartner, F. X.
Kärtner, F. X.
Khilo, A.
Khoo, I. C.
Kim, J.
Kim, M.
Koshiba, M.
Krauss, T. F.
Lederer, F.
Lennon, D. M.
Leonberger, F. J.
Li, J.
Liao, L.
Liu, A.
Lowell, J. R.
Lyszczarz, T. M.
Motamedi, A.
Motohisa, J.
Nguyen, H.
Orcutt, J. S.
Paloczi, G. T.
Paniccia, M.
Park, M.
Parra, E.
Perrott, M.
Peschel, U.
Poon, J. K. S.
Popovi??, M. A.
Ram, R. J.
Reynolds, A. L.
Roberts, P. J.
Rubin, D.
Scheuer, J.
Schulein, R. T.
Shi, Z.
Smith, H. I.
Solja??i??, M.
Spears, D. L.
Spector, S. J.
Sunnerud, H.
Taylor, H. F.
Valley, G. C.
Vudyasetu, P. K.
Walden, R. H.
Westlund, M.
Williamson, R. C.
Woodward, C. E.
Yang, L.
Yariv, A.
Ye, Y.-H.
Yoon, J. U.
Zhang, Q. M.
Zhou, G. R.

J. Lightwave Technol.

M. Westlund, P. A. Andrekson, H. Sunnerud, J. Hansryd, and J. Li, "High-Performance Optical-Fiber-Nonlinearity-based Optical Waveform Monitoring," J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 2012-2022 (2005). [CrossRef]
M. Koshiba, "Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing with Photonic Crystal Waveguide Couplers," J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 1970-1975 (2001). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

U. Peschel, A. L. Reynolds, B. Arredondo, F. Lederer, P. J. Roberts, T. F. Krauss, and P. J. I. de Maagt, "Transmission and reflection analysis of functional coupled cavity components," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 830-836 (2002). [CrossRef]
H. F. Taylor, "An Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter-Design and Analysis," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15, 210 (1979). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.

R. H. Walden, "Analog-to-Digital Converter Survey and Analysis," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 17, 539 (1999). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

F. Gan and F. X. Kartner, "High-Speed Silicon Electrooptic Modulator Design," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 1007-1009 (2005). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. Circuits and Sys.

F. J. Leonberger, C. E. Woodward, D. L. Spears, "Design and development of a high-speed electrooptic A/D converter," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Sys. 26, 1125-1131 (1979). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

M. Solja�?i�?, S. G. Johnson, S. Fan, M. Ibanescu, E. Ippen, and J. D. Joannopoulos, "Photonic-crystal slow-light enhancement of nonlinear phase sensitivity," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2052-2059 (2002).

Opt. Eng.

L. Yang, J. Motohisa, and T. Fukui, "Suggested procedure for the use of the effective-index method for high-index-contrast photonic crystal slabs," Opt. Eng. 44, 078002 (2005). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Opt. Photonics News

E. Parra and J. R. Lowell, "Toward Applications of Slow Light Technology," Opt. Photonics News 18, 40 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Scheuer, G. T. Paloczi, J. K. S. Poon, and A. Yariv, "Coupled Resonator Optical Waveguides: toward the slowing and storage of light," Opt. Photonics News 16, 36-40 (2005). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. E

Y.-H. Ye, J. Ding, D. Y. Jeong, I. C. Khoo, and Q. M. Zhang, "Finite-size effect on one-dimensional coupled-resonator optical waveguides," Phys. Rev. E 69, 056604 (2004)

Phys. Rev. Lett.

Z. Shi, R. W. Boyd, R. M. Camacho, P. K. Vudyasetu, and J. C. Howell, "Slow-Light Fourier Transform Interferometer," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 240801 (2007) [CrossRef]

Proc. IEEE

R. A. Becker, C. E. Woodward, F. J. Leonberger, and R. C. Williamson, "Wide-band electrooptic guided-wave analog-to-digital converters," Proc. IEEE 72, 802-819 (1984). [CrossRef]

Proc. SPIE

F. X. Kärtner, R. Amatya, M. Araghchini, J. Birge, H. Byun, J. Chen, M. Dahlem, N. A. DiLello, F. Gan, C. W. Holzwarth, J. L. Hoyt, E. P. Ippen, A. Khilo, J. Kim, M. Kim, A. Motamedi, J. S. Orcutt, M. Park, M. Perrott, M. A. Popovi�?, R. J. Ram, H. I. Smith, G. R. Zhou, S. J. Spector, T. M. Lyszczarz, M. W. Geis, D. M. Lennon, J. U. Yoon, M. E. Grein, and R. T. Schulein, "Photonic analog-to-digital conversion with electronic-photonic integrated circuits," Proc. SPIE 6898, 689806 (2008). [CrossRef]

Other

A. R. Shroff and P. M. Fauchet, "Optical Jitter and Pulse Distortion in High Bit-rate, Slow-Light Mach-Zehnder Interferometers," OSA Slow and Fast Light topical meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, July (2007)
A. Taflove, and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electromagnetics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, (Boston, Artech House, 2000) pp. 852.

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[1] R. H. Walden, "Analog-to-Digital Converter Survey and Analysis," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 17, 539 (1999). [CrossRef]

[2] M. Westlund, P. A. Andrekson, H. Sunnerud, J. Hansryd, and J. Li, "High-Performance Optical-Fiber-Nonlinearity-based Optical Waveform Monitoring," J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 2012-2022 (2005). [CrossRef]

[3] G. C. Valley, "Photonic analog-to-digital converters," Opt. Express 15, 1955 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] H. F. Taylor, "An Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter-Design and Analysis," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 15, 210 (1979). [CrossRef]

[5] F. X. Kärtner, R. Amatya, M. Araghchini, J. Birge, H. Byun, J. Chen, M. Dahlem, N. A. DiLello, F. Gan, C. W. Holzwarth, J. L. Hoyt, E. P. Ippen, A. Khilo, J. Kim, M. Kim, A. Motamedi, J. S. Orcutt, M. Park, M. Perrott, M. A. Popovi�?, R. J. Ram, H. I. Smith, G. R. Zhou, S. J. Spector, T. M. Lyszczarz, M. W. Geis, D. M. Lennon, J. U. Yoon, M. E. Grein, and R. T. Schulein, "Photonic analog-to-digital conversion with electronic-photonic integrated circuits," Proc. SPIE 6898, 689806 (2008). [CrossRef]

[6] J. Scheuer, G. T. Paloczi, J. K. S. Poon, and A. Yariv, "Coupled Resonator Optical Waveguides: toward the slowing and storage of light," Opt. Photonics News 16, 36-40 (2005). [CrossRef]

[7] M. Solja�?i�?, S. G. Johnson, S. Fan, M. Ibanescu, E. Ippen, and J. D. Joannopoulos, "Photonic-crystal slow-light enhancement of nonlinear phase sensitivity," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2052-2059 (2002).

[8] Z. Shi, R. W. Boyd, R. M. Camacho, P. K. Vudyasetu, and J. C. Howell, "Slow-Light Fourier Transform Interferometer," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 240801 (2007) [CrossRef]

[9] A. R. Shroff and P. M. Fauchet, "Optical Jitter and Pulse Distortion in High Bit-rate, Slow-Light Mach-Zehnder Interferometers," OSA Slow and Fast Light topical meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, July (2007)

[10] E. Parra and J. R. Lowell, "Toward Applications of Slow Light Technology," Opt. Photonics News 18, 40 (2007). [CrossRef]

[11] R. A. Becker, C. E. Woodward, F. J. Leonberger, and R. C. Williamson, "Wide-band electrooptic guided-wave analog-to-digital converters," Proc. IEEE 72, 802-819 (1984). [CrossRef]

[12] F. J. Leonberger, C. E. Woodward, D. L. Spears, "Design and development of a high-speed electrooptic A/D converter," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Sys. 26, 1125-1131 (1979). [CrossRef]

[13] Y.-H. Ye, J. Ding, D. Y. Jeong, I. C. Khoo, and Q. M. Zhang, "Finite-size effect on one-dimensional coupled-resonator optical waveguides," Phys. Rev. E 69, 056604 (2004)

[14] M. Koshiba, "Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing with Photonic Crystal Waveguide Couplers," J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 1970-1975 (2001). [CrossRef]

[15] U. Peschel, A. L. Reynolds, B. Arredondo, F. Lederer, P. J. Roberts, T. F. Krauss, and P. J. I. de Maagt, "Transmission and reflection analysis of functional coupled cavity components," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 830-836 (2002). [CrossRef]

[16] A. Taflove, and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electromagnetics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, (Boston, Artech House, 2000) pp. 852.

[17] L. Yang, J. Motohisa, and T. Fukui, "Suggested procedure for the use of the effective-index method for high-index-contrast photonic crystal slabs," Opt. Eng. 44, 078002 (2005). [CrossRef]

[18] F. Gan and F. X. Kartner, "High-Speed Silicon Electrooptic Modulator Design," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 1007-1009 (2005). [CrossRef]

[19] A. Liu, L. Liao, D. Rubin, H. Nguyen, B. Ciftcioglu, Y. Chetrit, N. Izhaky, and M. Paniccia, "High-speed optical modulation based on carrier depletion in a silicon waveguide," Opt. Express 15, 660-668 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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