Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescent probe used in clinical imaging. However, its utility remains limited by optical instability, rapid circulation kinetics, and exclusive uptake by the liver. Using mesocapsule (MC) constructs to encapsulate ICG, we have developed a technology to stabilize ICG’s optical properties and alter its biodistribution. We present in vivo fluorescence images of mammalian organs to demonstrate the potential application of our ICG encapsulation technology for optical imaging of specific tissues.

© 2008 Optical Society of America

1. V. Ntziachristos, "Fluorescence molecular imaging," Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 8, 1-33 (2006).
2. N. Beckmann, R. Kneuer, H.-U. Gremlich, H. Karmouty-Quintana, F.-X. Blé, and M. Müller, "In Vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery," NMR Biomed. 20, 154-185 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. M. L. J. Landsman, G. Kwant, G. A. Mook, and W. G. Zijlstra, "Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green," J. Appl. Physiol. 40, 575-583 (1976). [PubMed]
4. S. A. Prahl, "Optical Absorption Properties of Indocyanine Green (ICG)," http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/icg/index.html, 2008.
5. J. G. Webster, "Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood," in Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, G. Webster, ed. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1998).
6. T. Desmettre, J. M. Devoiselle, and S. Mordon, "Fluorescence Properties and Metabolic Features of Indocyanine Green (ICG) as Related to Angiography," Surv. Ophthalmol. 45, 15-27 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. W. Holzer, M. Mauerer, A. Penzkofer, R. M. Szeimies, C. Abels, M. Landthaler, and W. Bäumler, "Photostability and thermal stability of indocyanine green," J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 47, 155-164 (1998). [CrossRef]
8. I. Roberts, P. Fallon, F. J. Kirkham, A. Lloyd-Thomas, C. Cooper, M. Eliot, and A. D. Edwards, "Estimation of cerbral blood flow with near infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green," Lancet 342, 1425-1425 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. M. M. Haglund, D. W. Hochman, A. M. Spence, and M. S. Berger, "Enhanced optical imaging of rat gliomas and tumor margins," Neurosurgery 35, 930-940 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. A. Raabe, J. Beck, R. Gerlach, M. Zimmermann, and V. Seifert, "Near-infrared indocyanine video angiography: a new method for intraoperative assessment of vascular flow," J. Neurosurg. 87, 738-745 (2003).
11. T. Fischer, I. Gemeinhardt, S. Wagner, D. V. Stieglitz, J. Schnorr, K.-G. A. Hermann, B. Ebert, D. Petzelt, R. MacDonald, K. Licha, M. Schirner, V. Krenn, T. Kamradt, and M. Taupitz, "Assessment of Unspecific Near-Infrared Dyes in Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Experimental Arthritis," Acad. Radiol. 13, 4-13 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. A. N. Pande, R. N. Kohler, E. Aikawa, R. Weissleider, and F. A. Jaffer, "Detection of macrophage activity in atherosclerosis in vivo using multichannel, high-resolution laser scanning fluorescence microscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 021009 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. E. Tanaka, H. S. Choi, H. Fujii, M. G. Bawendi, and J. V. Frangioni, "Image-guided oncologic surgery using invisible light: Completed pre-clinical development for sentinel lymph node mapping," Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13, 1671-1681 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. F. Ogata, R. Azuma, M. Kikuchi, I. Koshima, and Y. Morimoto, "Novel lymphography using indocyanine green dye for near-infrared fluorescence labeling," Ann. Plast. Surg. 58, 652-655 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. J. V. Frangioni, "In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging," Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 7, 626-634 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. S. Mordon, T. Desmettre, J.-M. Devoiselle, and V. Mitchell, "Selective Laser Photocoagulation of Blood Vessels in a Hamster Skin Flap Model Using a Specific ICG Formulation," Lasers Surg. Med. 21, 365-373 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. V. Saxena, M. Sadoqi, and J. Shao, "Indocyanine green-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles: preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro release," Int. J. Pharm. 278, 293-301 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. G. Kim, S.-W. Huang, K. C. Day, M. O'Donnell, R. R. Agayan, M. A. Day, R. Kopelman, and S. Ashkenazi, "Indocyanine-green-embedded PEBBLEs as a contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging," J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 044020 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. V. B. Rodriguez, S. M. Henry, A. S. Hoffman, P. S. Stayton, X. Li, and S. H. Pun, "Encapsulation and stabilization of indocyanine green within poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) block-poly(styrene) micelles for near-infrared imaging," J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 014025 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. A. J. Gomes, L. O. Lunardi, J. M. Marchetti, C. N. Lunardi, and A. C. Tedesco, "Indocyanine Green Nanoparticles Useful for Photomedicine," Photomed. Laser Surg. 34, 514-521 (2006). [CrossRef]
21. V. Saxena, M. Sadoqi, and J. Shao, "Enhanced photo-stability, thermal-stability and aqueous-stability of indocyanine green in polymeric nanoparticulate systems," J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 74, 29-38 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. V. Saxena, M. Sadoqi, and J. Shao, "Polymeric nanoparticulate delivery system for Indocyanine green: Biodistribution in healthy mice," Int. J. Pharm. 308, 200-204 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. J. Yu, M. A. Yaseen, B. Anvari, and M. S. Wong, "Synthesis of Near-Infrared-Absorbing Nanoparticle-Assembled Capsules," Chem. Mater. 19, 1277-1284 (2007). [CrossRef]
24. R. K. Rana, V. S. Murthy, J. Yu, and M. S. Wong, "Nanoparticle Self-Assembly of Heirarchically Ordered Microcapsule Structures," Adv. Mater. 17, 1145-1150 (2005). [CrossRef]
25. M. A. Yaseen, J. Yu, M. S. Wong, and B. Anvari, "Tissue Distribution of Encapsulated Indocyanine Green in Healthy Mice," submitted toAnn. Biomed. Eng. [PubMed]
26. M. A. Yaseen, J. Yu, M. S. Wong, and B. Anvari, "Stability assessment of indocyanine green within dextran-coated mesocapsules by absorbance spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 064031 (2007). [CrossRef]
27. M. A. Yaseen, J. Yu, M. S. Wong, and B. Anvari, "Laser-Induced Heating of Dextran-Coated Mesocapsules Containing Indocyanine Green," Biotechnol. Prog. 23, 1431-1440 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. J. P. Houston, S. Ke, W. Wang, C. Li, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, "Quality analysis of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence and conventional gamma images acquired using a dual labeled tumor targeting probe," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 054010 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. R. E. Coleman, C. M. Laymon, and T. G. Turkington, "FDG Imaging of Lung Nodules: A Phantom Study Comparing Spect, Camera-based PET, and Dedicated PET," Radiology 210, 823 -838 (1999). [PubMed]
30. H. Palmedo, H. Bender, F. Grünwald, P. Mallman, P. Zamora, D. Krebs, and H. J. Biersack, "Comparison of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile scintimammography in the detection of breast tumors," Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 1138-1145 (1997). [PubMed]
31. W. T. Phillips, "Delivery of gamma-imaging agents by liposomes," Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. 37, 13-32 (1999). [CrossRef]
32. R. Gref, Y. Minamitake, M. T. Peracchia, V. Trubetskoy, V. Torchilin, and R. Langer, "Biodegradable Long-Circulating Polymeric Nanospheres," Science 263, 1600-1603 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. D. E. OwensIII and N. A. Peppas, "Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles," Int J. Pharm. 307, 93-102 (2006). [CrossRef]
34. S.-D. Li and L. Huang, "Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Nanoparticles," Mol. Pharm. 5, 496-504 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. F. Alexis, E. Pridgen, L. K. Molnar, and O. C. Farokhzad, "Factors Affecting the Clearance and Biodistribution of Polymeric Nanoparticles," Mol. Pharm. 5, 505-515 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. J.-C. Leroux, F. De Jaeghere, B. Anner, E. Doelker, and R. Gurny, "An investigation on the role of plasma and serum opsonins on the internalization of biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic acid) nanoparticles by human monocytes," Life Sci. 57, 695-703 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. M. T. Peracchia, S. Harnisch, H. Pinto-Alphandary, A. Gulik, J. C. Dedieu, D. Desmaële, J. d'Angelo, R. H. Müller, and P. Couvreur, "Visualization of in vitro protein-rejecting properties of PEGylated stealth ® polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles," Biomaterials 20, 1269-1275 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. S. M. Moghimi and J. Szebeni, "Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties," Prog. Lipid Res. 42, 463-478 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. R. Gref, A. Domb, P. Quellec, T. Blunk, R. H. Muller, J. M. Verbavatz, and R. Langer, "The controlled intravenous delivery of drugs using PEG-coated sterically stabilized nanospheres," Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. 16, 215-233 (1995). [CrossRef]
40. S. C. Semple, A. Chonn, and P. R. Cullis, "Interactions of liposomes and lipid-based carrier systems with blood proteins: Relation to clearance behaviour in vivo," Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 32, 3-17 (1998). [CrossRef]
41. R. Gref, M. Lück, P. Quellec, M. Marchland, E. Dellacherie, S. Harnisch, T. Blunk, and R. H. Müller, "'Stealth' corona-core nanoparticles surface modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG): influences of the corona (PEG chain length and surface density) and of the core composition on phagocytic uptake and plasma protein adsorption," Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 18, 301-313 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. V. P. Torchilin and V. S. Trubetskoy, "Which polymers can make nanoparticulate drug carriers long-circulating?," Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 16, 141-155 (1995). [CrossRef]
43. I. Brigger, C. Dubernet, and P. Couvreur, "Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis," Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 54, 631-651 (2002). [CrossRef]
44. G. Storm, S. O. Belliot, T. Daemen, and D. D. Lasic, "Surface modification of nanoparticles to oppose uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system," Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 17, 31-48 (1995). [CrossRef]
45. Q. le Masne de Chermont, C. Chanéac, J. Seguin, F. Pellé, S. Maîtrejean, J.-P. Jolivet, D. Gourier, M. Bessodes, and D. Scherman, "Nanoprobes with near-infrared persistent luminescence for in vivo imaging," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104, 9266-9271 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. O. Veiseh, C. Sun, J. Gunn, N. Kohler, P. Gabikian, D. Lee, N. Bhattarai, R. Ellenbogen, R. Sze, A. Hallahan, J. Olson, and M. Zhang, "Optical and MRI Multifunctional Nanoprobe for Targeting Gliomas," Nano Lett. 5, 1003-1008 (2005). [CrossRef]
47. L. Levy, Y. Sahoo, K. S. Kim, E. J. Bergey, and P. N. Prasad, "Nanochemistry: Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Nanoclinics for Biological Applications," Chem. Mater. 14, 3715-3721 (2002). [CrossRef]
48. J. Kim, S. Park, J. E. Lee, S. M. Jin, J. H. Lee, I. S. Lee, I. Yang, J.-S. Kim, S. K. Kim, M. H. Cho, and T. Hyeon, "Designed Fabrication of Multifunctional Magnetic Gold Nanoshells and Their Application to Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Photothermal Therapy," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45, 7754-7758 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. A. N. Mathur, and P. N. Mathur, "Lasers in Interventional Pulmonology," in Biomedical Photonics Handbook, T. Vo-Dinh, ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2003), pp. 41-41 - 41-17.

Acad. Radiol.

• T. Fischer, I. Gemeinhardt, S. Wagner, D. V. Stieglitz, J. Schnorr, K.-G. A. Hermann, B. Ebert, D. Petzelt, R. MacDonald, K. Licha, M. Schirner, V. Krenn, T. Kamradt, and M. Taupitz, "Assessment of Unspecific Near-Infrared Dyes in Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Experimental Arthritis," Acad. Radiol. 13, 4-13 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Adv. Drug Delivery Rev.

• V. P. Torchilin and V. S. Trubetskoy, "Which polymers can make nanoparticulate drug carriers long-circulating?," Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 16, 141-155 (1995). [CrossRef]
• I. Brigger, C. Dubernet, and P. Couvreur, "Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis," Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 54, 631-651 (2002). [CrossRef]
• G. Storm, S. O. Belliot, T. Daemen, and D. D. Lasic, "Surface modification of nanoparticles to oppose uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system," Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 17, 31-48 (1995). [CrossRef]
• S. C. Semple, A. Chonn, and P. R. Cullis, "Interactions of liposomes and lipid-based carrier systems with blood proteins: Relation to clearance behaviour in vivo," Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 32, 3-17 (1998). [CrossRef]

Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev.

• R. Gref, A. Domb, P. Quellec, T. Blunk, R. H. Muller, J. M. Verbavatz, and R. Langer, "The controlled intravenous delivery of drugs using PEG-coated sterically stabilized nanospheres," Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. 16, 215-233 (1995). [CrossRef]
• W. T. Phillips, "Delivery of gamma-imaging agents by liposomes," Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. 37, 13-32 (1999). [CrossRef]

Adv. Mater.

• R. K. Rana, V. S. Murthy, J. Yu, and M. S. Wong, "Nanoparticle Self-Assembly of Heirarchically Ordered Microcapsule Structures," Adv. Mater. 17, 1145-1150 (2005). [CrossRef]

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

• J. Kim, S. Park, J. E. Lee, S. M. Jin, J. H. Lee, I. S. Lee, I. Yang, J.-S. Kim, S. K. Kim, M. H. Cho, and T. Hyeon, "Designed Fabrication of Multifunctional Magnetic Gold Nanoshells and Their Application to Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Photothermal Therapy," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45, 7754-7758 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Ann. Biomed. Eng.

• M. A. Yaseen, J. Yu, M. S. Wong, and B. Anvari, "Tissue Distribution of Encapsulated Indocyanine Green in Healthy Mice," submitted toAnn. Biomed. Eng. [PubMed]

Ann. Plast. Surg.

• F. Ogata, R. Azuma, M. Kikuchi, I. Koshima, and Y. Morimoto, "Novel lymphography using indocyanine green dye for near-infrared fluorescence labeling," Ann. Plast. Surg. 58, 652-655 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Ann. Surg. Oncol.

• E. Tanaka, H. S. Choi, H. Fujii, M. G. Bawendi, and J. V. Frangioni, "Image-guided oncologic surgery using invisible light: Completed pre-clinical development for sentinel lymph node mapping," Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13, 1671-1681 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.

• V. Ntziachristos, "Fluorescence molecular imaging," Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 8, 1-33 (2006).

Biomaterials

• M. T. Peracchia, S. Harnisch, H. Pinto-Alphandary, A. Gulik, J. C. Dedieu, D. Desmaële, J. d'Angelo, R. H. Müller, and P. Couvreur, "Visualization of in vitro protein-rejecting properties of PEGylated stealth ® polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles," Biomaterials 20, 1269-1275 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Biotechnol. Prog.

• M. A. Yaseen, J. Yu, M. S. Wong, and B. Anvari, "Laser-Induced Heating of Dextran-Coated Mesocapsules Containing Indocyanine Green," Biotechnol. Prog. 23, 1431-1440 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Chem. Mater.

• J. Yu, M. A. Yaseen, B. Anvari, and M. S. Wong, "Synthesis of Near-Infrared-Absorbing Nanoparticle-Assembled Capsules," Chem. Mater. 19, 1277-1284 (2007). [CrossRef]
• L. Levy, Y. Sahoo, K. S. Kim, E. J. Bergey, and P. N. Prasad, "Nanochemistry: Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Nanoclinics for Biological Applications," Chem. Mater. 14, 3715-3721 (2002). [CrossRef]

Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces

• R. Gref, M. Lück, P. Quellec, M. Marchland, E. Dellacherie, S. Harnisch, T. Blunk, and R. H. Müller, "'Stealth' corona-core nanoparticles surface modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG): influences of the corona (PEG chain length and surface density) and of the core composition on phagocytic uptake and plasma protein adsorption," Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 18, 301-313 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.

• J. V. Frangioni, "In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging," Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 7, 626-634 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Eur. J. Nucl. Med.

• H. Palmedo, H. Bender, F. Grünwald, P. Mallman, P. Zamora, D. Krebs, and H. J. Biersack, "Comparison of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile scintimammography in the detection of breast tumors," Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 1138-1145 (1997). [PubMed]

Int J. Pharm.

• D. E. OwensIII and N. A. Peppas, "Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles," Int J. Pharm. 307, 93-102 (2006). [CrossRef]

Int. J. Pharm.

• V. Saxena, M. Sadoqi, and J. Shao, "Polymeric nanoparticulate delivery system for Indocyanine green: Biodistribution in healthy mice," Int. J. Pharm. 308, 200-204 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• V. Saxena, M. Sadoqi, and J. Shao, "Indocyanine green-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles: preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro release," Int. J. Pharm. 278, 293-301 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Appl. Physiol.

• M. L. J. Landsman, G. Kwant, G. A. Mook, and W. G. Zijlstra, "Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green," J. Appl. Physiol. 40, 575-583 (1976). [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt.

• G. Kim, S.-W. Huang, K. C. Day, M. O'Donnell, R. R. Agayan, M. A. Day, R. Kopelman, and S. Ashkenazi, "Indocyanine-green-embedded PEBBLEs as a contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging," J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 044020 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• V. B. Rodriguez, S. M. Henry, A. S. Hoffman, P. S. Stayton, X. Li, and S. H. Pun, "Encapsulation and stabilization of indocyanine green within poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) block-poly(styrene) micelles for near-infrared imaging," J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 014025 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. N. Pande, R. N. Kohler, E. Aikawa, R. Weissleider, and F. A. Jaffer, "Detection of macrophage activity in atherosclerosis in vivo using multichannel, high-resolution laser scanning fluorescence microscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 021009 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• J. P. Houston, S. Ke, W. Wang, C. Li, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, "Quality analysis of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence and conventional gamma images acquired using a dual labeled tumor targeting probe," J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 054010 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. A. Yaseen, J. Yu, M. S. Wong, and B. Anvari, "Stability assessment of indocyanine green within dextran-coated mesocapsules by absorbance spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 064031 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Neurosurg.

• A. Raabe, J. Beck, R. Gerlach, M. Zimmermann, and V. Seifert, "Near-infrared indocyanine video angiography: a new method for intraoperative assessment of vascular flow," J. Neurosurg. 87, 738-745 (2003).

J. Photochem. Photobiol. B

• W. Holzer, M. Mauerer, A. Penzkofer, R. M. Szeimies, C. Abels, M. Landthaler, and W. Bäumler, "Photostability and thermal stability of indocyanine green," J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 47, 155-164 (1998). [CrossRef]
• V. Saxena, M. Sadoqi, and J. Shao, "Enhanced photo-stability, thermal-stability and aqueous-stability of indocyanine green in polymeric nanoparticulate systems," J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 74, 29-38 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Lancet

• I. Roberts, P. Fallon, F. J. Kirkham, A. Lloyd-Thomas, C. Cooper, M. Eliot, and A. D. Edwards, "Estimation of cerbral blood flow with near infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green," Lancet 342, 1425-1425 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Lasers Surg. Med.

• S. Mordon, T. Desmettre, J.-M. Devoiselle, and V. Mitchell, "Selective Laser Photocoagulation of Blood Vessels in a Hamster Skin Flap Model Using a Specific ICG Formulation," Lasers Surg. Med. 21, 365-373 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Life Sci.

• J.-C. Leroux, F. De Jaeghere, B. Anner, E. Doelker, and R. Gurny, "An investigation on the role of plasma and serum opsonins on the internalization of biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic acid) nanoparticles by human monocytes," Life Sci. 57, 695-703 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Mol. Pharm.

• S.-D. Li and L. Huang, "Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Nanoparticles," Mol. Pharm. 5, 496-504 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• F. Alexis, E. Pridgen, L. K. Molnar, and O. C. Farokhzad, "Factors Affecting the Clearance and Biodistribution of Polymeric Nanoparticles," Mol. Pharm. 5, 505-515 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nano Lett.

• O. Veiseh, C. Sun, J. Gunn, N. Kohler, P. Gabikian, D. Lee, N. Bhattarai, R. Ellenbogen, R. Sze, A. Hallahan, J. Olson, and M. Zhang, "Optical and MRI Multifunctional Nanoprobe for Targeting Gliomas," Nano Lett. 5, 1003-1008 (2005). [CrossRef]

Neurosurgery

• M. M. Haglund, D. W. Hochman, A. M. Spence, and M. S. Berger, "Enhanced optical imaging of rat gliomas and tumor margins," Neurosurgery 35, 930-940 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

NMR Biomed.

• N. Beckmann, R. Kneuer, H.-U. Gremlich, H. Karmouty-Quintana, F.-X. Blé, and M. Müller, "In Vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery," NMR Biomed. 20, 154-185 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Photomed. Laser Surg.

• A. J. Gomes, L. O. Lunardi, J. M. Marchetti, C. N. Lunardi, and A. C. Tedesco, "Indocyanine Green Nanoparticles Useful for Photomedicine," Photomed. Laser Surg. 34, 514-521 (2006). [CrossRef]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.

• Q. le Masne de Chermont, C. Chanéac, J. Seguin, F. Pellé, S. Maîtrejean, J.-P. Jolivet, D. Gourier, M. Bessodes, and D. Scherman, "Nanoprobes with near-infrared persistent luminescence for in vivo imaging," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104, 9266-9271 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Prog. Lipid Res.

• S. M. Moghimi and J. Szebeni, "Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties," Prog. Lipid Res. 42, 463-478 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Radiology

• R. E. Coleman, C. M. Laymon, and T. G. Turkington, "FDG Imaging of Lung Nodules: A Phantom Study Comparing Spect, Camera-based PET, and Dedicated PET," Radiology 210, 823 -838 (1999). [PubMed]

Science

• R. Gref, Y. Minamitake, M. T. Peracchia, V. Trubetskoy, V. Torchilin, and R. Langer, "Biodegradable Long-Circulating Polymeric Nanospheres," Science 263, 1600-1603 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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