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Large enhancement of femtosecond laser micromachining speed in dye-doped hydrogel polymers
Li Ding, Dharmendra Jani, Jeffrey Linhardt, Jay F. Künzler, Siddhesh Pawar, Glen Labenski, Thomas Smith, and Wayne H. Knox »View Author Affiliations
1The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
2Bausch & Lomb, 1400 N Goodman Street, PO Box 30450, Rochester, New York 14603
3Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623
*Corresponding author: dingli@optics.rochester.edu
Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 26, pp. 21914-21921 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.021914
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Abstract
Ophthalmologic hydrogel polymers are doped with Fluorescein or Coumarin dyes prior to the femtosecond laser micromachining process. We find that the achievable micromachining writing speed can be greatly increased while maintaining large refractive index changes (up to +0.08). Compared with previous results in dye-doped polymers that do not contain water such as PMMA, we obtain much larger index changes and much faster writing speeds.
© 2008 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(140.3390) Lasers and laser optics : Laser materials processing
(160.5470) Materials : Polymers
(320.7110) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast nonlinear optics
ToC Category:
Laser Micromachining
History
Original Manuscript: November 7, 2008
Revised Manuscript: December 14, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: December 15, 2008
Published: December 17, 2008
Virtual Issues
Vol. 4, Iss. 2 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Li Ding, Dharmendra Jani, Jeffrey Linhardt, Jay F. Künzler, Siddhesh Pawar, Glen Labenski, Thomas Smith, and Wayne H. Knox, "Large enhancement of femtosecond laser micromachining speed in dye-doped hydrogel polymers," Opt. Express 16, 21914-21921 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-26-21914
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References
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- J. Serbin, A. Egbert, A. Ostendorf, B. N. Chichkov, R. Houbertz, G. Domann, J. Schulz, C. Cronauer, L. Frohlich, and M. Popall, "Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic-organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics," Opt. Lett. 28, 301-303 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Higgins, T. A. Everett, A. F. Xie, S. M. Forman, and T. Ito, "High-resolution direct-write multiphoton photolithography in poly(methylmethacrylate) films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 184101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- N. Tetreault, G. von Freymann, M. Deubel, M. Hermatschweiler, F. Perez-Willard, S. John, M. Wegener, and G. A. Ozin, "New route to three-dimensional photonic bandgap materials: Silicon double inversion of polymer templates," Adv. Mater. 18, 457-460 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. C. S. Karlgard, D. K. Sarkar, L. W. Jones, C. Moresoli, and K. T. Leung, "Drying methods for XPS analysis of PureVisionTM, Focus® Night and DayTM and conventional hydrogel contact lens," Appl. Surf. Sci. 230, 106-114 (2004). [CrossRef]
- C. C. S. Karlgard, D. K. Sarkar, L. W. Jones, C. Moresoli, and K. T. Leung, "Drying methods for XPS analysis of PureVisionTM, Focus® Night and DayTM and conventional hydrogel contact lens," Appl. Surf. Sci. 230, 106-114 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Katayama, M. Horiike, K. Hirao, and N. Tsutsumi, "Structure induced by irradiation of femtosecond laser pulse in dyed polymeric materials," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 40, 2800-2806 (2002). [CrossRef]
- S. Katayama, M. Horiike, K. Hirao, and N. Tsutsumi, "Structures induced by irradiation of femto-second laser pulse in polymeric materials," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 40, 537-544 (2002). [CrossRef]
- T. N. Kim, K. Campbell, A. Groisman, D. Kleinfeld, and C. B. Schaffer, "Femtosecond laser-drilled capillary integrated into a microfluidic device," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 201106 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. N. Kim, K. Campbell, A. Groisman, D. Kleinfeld, and C. B. Schaffer, "Femtosecond laser-drilled capillary integrated into a microfluidic device," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 201106 (2005). [CrossRef]
- L. Ding, R. I. Blackwell, J. F. Kunzler, and W. H. Knox, "Femtosecond laser micromachining of waveguides in silicone-based hydrogel polymers," Appl. Opt. 47, 3100-3108 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Ding, R. Blackwell, J. F. Künzler, and W. H. Knox, "Large refractive index change in silicone-based and non-silicone-based hydrogel polymers induced by femtosecond laser micro-machining," Opt. Express 14, 11901-11909 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-24-11901. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. P. Meshalkin, V. A. Svetlichnyi, A. V. Reznichenko, A. Y. Myachin, S. S. Bakhareva, S. M. Dolotov, T. N. Kopylova, and E. P. Ponomarenko, "Two-photon excitation of dyes in a polymer matrix by femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser," Quantum Electron. 33, 803-806 (2003). [CrossRef]
- B. H. Cumpston, S. P. Ananthavel, S. Barlow, D. L. Dyer, J. E. Ehrlich, L. L. Erskine, A. A. Heikal, S. M. Kuebler, I. Y. S. Lee, D. McCord-Maughon, J. Q. Qin, H. Rockel, M. Rumi, X. L. Wu, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication," Nature 398, 51-54 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. Ding, R. Blackwell, J. F. Künzler, and W. H. Knox, "Large refractive index change in silicone-based and non-silicone-based hydrogel polymers induced by femtosecond laser micro-machining," Opt. Express 14, 11901-11909 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-24-11901. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. H. Cumpston, S. P. Ananthavel, S. Barlow, D. L. Dyer, J. E. Ehrlich, L. L. Erskine, A. A. Heikal, S. M. Kuebler, I. Y. S. Lee, D. McCord-Maughon, J. Q. Qin, H. Rockel, M. Rumi, X. L. Wu, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication," Nature 398, 51-54 (1999). [CrossRef]
- C. C. S. Karlgard, D. K. Sarkar, L. W. Jones, C. Moresoli, and K. T. Leung, "Drying methods for XPS analysis of PureVisionTM, Focus® Night and DayTM and conventional hydrogel contact lens," Appl. Surf. Sci. 230, 106-114 (2004). [CrossRef]
- W. Haske, V. W. Chen, J. M. Hales, W. T. Dong, S. Barlow, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "65 nm feature sizes using visible wavelength 3-D multiphoton lithography," Opt. Express 15, 3426-3436 (2007), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-15-6-3426. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. H. Cumpston, S. P. Ananthavel, S. Barlow, D. L. Dyer, J. E. Ehrlich, L. L. Erskine, A. A. Heikal, S. M. Kuebler, I. Y. S. Lee, D. McCord-Maughon, J. Q. Qin, H. Rockel, M. Rumi, X. L. Wu, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication," Nature 398, 51-54 (1999). [CrossRef]
- C. R. Mendonca, L. R. Cerami, T. Shih, R. W. Tilghman, T. Baldacchini, and E. Mazur, "Femtosecond laser waveguide micromachining of PMMA films with azoaromatic chromophores," Opt. Express 16, 200-206 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-1-200. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. N. Glezer, M. Milosavljevic, L. Huang, R. J. Finlay, T. H. Her, J. P. Callan, and E. Mazur, "Three-dimensional optical storage inside transparent materials," Opt. Lett. 21, 2023-2025 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. C. S. Karlgard, D. K. Sarkar, L. W. Jones, C. Moresoli, and K. T. Leung, "Drying methods for XPS analysis of PureVisionTM, Focus® Night and DayTM and conventional hydrogel contact lens," Appl. Surf. Sci. 230, 106-114 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Meshalkin, V. A. Svetlichnyi, A. V. Reznichenko, A. Y. Myachin, S. S. Bakhareva, S. M. Dolotov, T. N. Kopylova, and E. P. Ponomarenko, "Two-photon excitation of dyes in a polymer matrix by femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser," Quantum Electron. 33, 803-806 (2003). [CrossRef]
- D. N. Nikogosyan, "Multi-photon high-excitation-energy approach to fibre grating inscription," Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, R1-R29 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- A. Marcinkevicius, S. Juodkazis, W. Watanabe, M. Miwa, S. Matsuo, H. Misawa, and J. Nishii, "Femtosecond laser-assisted three-dimensional microfabrication in silica," Opt. Lett. 26, 277-279 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Serbin, A. Egbert, A. Ostendorf, B. N. Chichkov, R. Houbertz, G. Domann, J. Schulz, C. Cronauer, L. Frohlich, and M. Popall, "Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic-organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics," Opt. Lett. 28, 301-303 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Tetreault, G. von Freymann, M. Deubel, M. Hermatschweiler, F. Perez-Willard, S. John, M. Wegener, and G. A. Ozin, "New route to three-dimensional photonic bandgap materials: Silicon double inversion of polymer templates," Adv. Mater. 18, 457-460 (2006). [CrossRef]
- N. Tetreault, G. von Freymann, M. Deubel, M. Hermatschweiler, F. Perez-Willard, S. John, M. Wegener, and G. A. Ozin, "New route to three-dimensional photonic bandgap materials: Silicon double inversion of polymer templates," Adv. Mater. 18, 457-460 (2006). [CrossRef]
- W. Haske, V. W. Chen, J. M. Hales, W. T. Dong, S. Barlow, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "65 nm feature sizes using visible wavelength 3-D multiphoton lithography," Opt. Express 15, 3426-3436 (2007), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-15-6-3426. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. H. Cumpston, S. P. Ananthavel, S. Barlow, D. L. Dyer, J. E. Ehrlich, L. L. Erskine, A. A. Heikal, S. M. Kuebler, I. Y. S. Lee, D. McCord-Maughon, J. Q. Qin, H. Rockel, M. Rumi, X. L. Wu, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication," Nature 398, 51-54 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Meshalkin, V. A. Svetlichnyi, A. V. Reznichenko, A. Y. Myachin, S. S. Bakhareva, S. M. Dolotov, T. N. Kopylova, and E. P. Ponomarenko, "Two-photon excitation of dyes in a polymer matrix by femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser," Quantum Electron. 33, 803-806 (2003). [CrossRef]
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- J. H. Si, J. R. Qiu, J. F. Zhai, Y. Q. Shen, and K. Hirao, "Photoinduced permanent gratings inside bulk azodye-doped polymers by the coherent field of a femtosecond laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 359-361 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Meshalkin, V. A. Svetlichnyi, A. V. Reznichenko, A. Y. Myachin, S. S. Bakhareva, S. M. Dolotov, T. N. Kopylova, and E. P. Ponomarenko, "Two-photon excitation of dyes in a polymer matrix by femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser," Quantum Electron. 33, 803-806 (2003). [CrossRef]
- B. H. Cumpston, S. P. Ananthavel, S. Barlow, D. L. Dyer, J. E. Ehrlich, L. L. Erskine, A. A. Heikal, S. M. Kuebler, I. Y. S. Lee, D. McCord-Maughon, J. Q. Qin, H. Rockel, M. Rumi, X. L. Wu, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication," Nature 398, 51-54 (1999). [CrossRef]
- B. H. Cumpston, S. P. Ananthavel, S. Barlow, D. L. Dyer, J. E. Ehrlich, L. L. Erskine, A. A. Heikal, S. M. Kuebler, I. Y. S. Lee, D. McCord-Maughon, J. Q. Qin, H. Rockel, M. Rumi, X. L. Wu, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication," Nature 398, 51-54 (1999). [CrossRef]
- C. C. S. Karlgard, D. K. Sarkar, L. W. Jones, C. Moresoli, and K. T. Leung, "Drying methods for XPS analysis of PureVisionTM, Focus® Night and DayTM and conventional hydrogel contact lens," Appl. Surf. Sci. 230, 106-114 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. N. Kim, K. Campbell, A. Groisman, D. Kleinfeld, and C. B. Schaffer, "Femtosecond laser-drilled capillary integrated into a microfluidic device," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 201106 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Serbin, A. Egbert, A. Ostendorf, B. N. Chichkov, R. Houbertz, G. Domann, J. Schulz, C. Cronauer, L. Frohlich, and M. Popall, "Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic-organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics," Opt. Lett. 28, 301-303 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Serbin, A. Egbert, A. Ostendorf, B. N. Chichkov, R. Houbertz, G. Domann, J. Schulz, C. Cronauer, L. Frohlich, and M. Popall, "Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic-organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics," Opt. Lett. 28, 301-303 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. H. Si, J. R. Qiu, J. F. Zhai, Y. Q. Shen, and K. Hirao, "Photoinduced permanent gratings inside bulk azodye-doped polymers by the coherent field of a femtosecond laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 359-361 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. H. Si, J. R. Qiu, J. F. Zhai, Y. Q. Shen, and K. Hirao, "Photoinduced permanent gratings inside bulk azodye-doped polymers by the coherent field of a femtosecond laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 359-361 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Meshalkin, V. A. Svetlichnyi, A. V. Reznichenko, A. Y. Myachin, S. S. Bakhareva, S. M. Dolotov, T. N. Kopylova, and E. P. Ponomarenko, "Two-photon excitation of dyes in a polymer matrix by femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser," Quantum Electron. 33, 803-806 (2003). [CrossRef]
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- S. Katayama, M. Horiike, K. Hirao, and N. Tsutsumi, "Structure induced by irradiation of femtosecond laser pulse in dyed polymeric materials," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 40, 2800-2806 (2002). [CrossRef]
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- S. Sowa, W. Watanabe, T. Tamaki, J. Nishii, and K. Itoh, "Symmetric waveguides in poly(methyl methacrylate) fabricated by femtosecond laser pulses," Opt. Express 14, 291-297 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-1-291. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Marcinkevicius, S. Juodkazis, W. Watanabe, M. Miwa, S. Matsuo, H. Misawa, and J. Nishii, "Femtosecond laser-assisted three-dimensional microfabrication in silica," Opt. Lett. 26, 277-279 (2001). [CrossRef]
- N. Tetreault, G. von Freymann, M. Deubel, M. Hermatschweiler, F. Perez-Willard, S. John, M. Wegener, and G. A. Ozin, "New route to three-dimensional photonic bandgap materials: Silicon double inversion of polymer templates," Adv. Mater. 18, 457-460 (2006). [CrossRef]
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Adv. Mater.
- N. Tetreault, G. von Freymann, M. Deubel, M. Hermatschweiler, F. Perez-Willard, S. John, M. Wegener, and G. A. Ozin, "New route to three-dimensional photonic bandgap materials: Silicon double inversion of polymer templates," Adv. Mater. 18, 457-460 (2006). [CrossRef]
Appl. Opt.
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Appl. Phys. Lett.
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Appl. Surf. Sci.
- C. C. S. Karlgard, D. K. Sarkar, L. W. Jones, C. Moresoli, and K. T. Leung, "Drying methods for XPS analysis of PureVisionTM, Focus® Night and DayTM and conventional hydrogel contact lens," Appl. Surf. Sci. 230, 106-114 (2004). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
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J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys.
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- S. Katayama, M. Horiike, K. Hirao, and N. Tsutsumi, "Structure induced by irradiation of femtosecond laser pulse in dyed polymeric materials," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 40, 2800-2806 (2002). [CrossRef]
Meas. Sci. Technol.
- D. N. Nikogosyan, "Multi-photon high-excitation-energy approach to fibre grating inscription," Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, R1-R29 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nature
- B. H. Cumpston, S. P. Ananthavel, S. Barlow, D. L. Dyer, J. E. Ehrlich, L. L. Erskine, A. A. Heikal, S. M. Kuebler, I. Y. S. Lee, D. McCord-Maughon, J. Q. Qin, H. Rockel, M. Rumi, X. L. Wu, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication," Nature 398, 51-54 (1999). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
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Opt. Lett.
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Quantum Electron.
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Other
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2008, Mendonca, Opt. Express
- D. N. Nikogosyan, "Multi-photon high-excitation-energy approach to fibre grating inscription," Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, R1-R29 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- N. Tetreault, G. von Freymann, M. Deubel, M. Hermatschweiler, F. Perez-Willard, S. John, M. Wegener, and G. A. Ozin, "New route to three-dimensional photonic bandgap materials: Silicon double inversion of polymer templates," Adv. Mater. 18, 457-460 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Higgins, T. A. Everett, A. F. Xie, S. M. Forman, and T. Ito, "High-resolution direct-write multiphoton photolithography in poly(methylmethacrylate) films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 184101 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- C. C. S. Karlgard, D. K. Sarkar, L. W. Jones, C. Moresoli, and K. T. Leung, "Drying methods for XPS analysis of PureVisionTM, Focus® Night and DayTM and conventional hydrogel contact lens," Appl. Surf. Sci. 230, 106-114 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Meshalkin, V. A. Svetlichnyi, A. V. Reznichenko, A. Y. Myachin, S. S. Bakhareva, S. M. Dolotov, T. N. Kopylova, and E. P. Ponomarenko, "Two-photon excitation of dyes in a polymer matrix by femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser," Quantum Electron. 33, 803-806 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. Serbin, A. Egbert, A. Ostendorf, B. N. Chichkov, R. Houbertz, G. Domann, J. Schulz, C. Cronauer, L. Frohlich, and M. Popall, "Femtosecond laser-induced two-photon polymerization of inorganic-organic hybrid materials for applications in photonics," Opt. Lett. 28, 301-303 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Katayama, M. Horiike, K. Hirao, and N. Tsutsumi, "Structures induced by irradiation of femto-second laser pulse in polymeric materials," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 40, 537-544 (2002). [CrossRef]
- S. Katayama, M. Horiike, K. Hirao, and N. Tsutsumi, "Structure induced by irradiation of femtosecond laser pulse in dyed polymeric materials," J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 40, 2800-2806 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. H. Si, J. R. Qiu, J. F. Zhai, Y. Q. Shen, and K. Hirao, "Photoinduced permanent gratings inside bulk azodye-doped polymers by the coherent field of a femtosecond laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 359-361 (2002). [CrossRef]
- B. H. Cumpston, S. P. Ananthavel, S. Barlow, D. L. Dyer, J. E. Ehrlich, L. L. Erskine, A. A. Heikal, S. M. Kuebler, I. Y. S. Lee, D. McCord-Maughon, J. Q. Qin, H. Rockel, M. Rumi, X. L. Wu, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication," Nature 398, 51-54 (1999). [CrossRef]
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