The optical advantages of curved focal plane arrays

doi:10.1364/OE.16.004965

The optical advantages of curved focal plane arrays

Seung-Bum Rim, Peter B. Catrysse, Rostam Dinyari, Kevin Huang, and Peter Peumans »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 7, pp. 4965-4971 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.004965

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Abstract
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Abstract

The design of optical systems for digital cameras is complicated by the requirement that the image surface be planar, which results in complex and expensive optics. We analyze a compact optical system with a curved image surface and compare its performance to systems with planar image surfaces via optics analysis and image system simulation. Our analysis shows that a curved image surface provides a way to lower the number of optical elements, reduce aberrations including astigmatism and coma, and increase off-axis brightness and sharpness. A method to fabricate curved image focal plane arrays using monolithic silicon is demonstrated.

OCIS Codes
(040.1490) Detectors : Cameras
(080.2740) Geometric optics : Geometric optical design
(110.5200) Imaging systems : Photography
(220.2740) Optical design and fabrication : Geometric optical design

ToC Category:
Geometric optics

History
Original Manuscript: January 22, 2008
Revised Manuscript: March 6, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: March 6, 2008
Published: March 27, 2008

Citation
Seung-Bum Rim, Peter B. Catrysse, Rostam Dinyari, Kevin Huang, and Peter Peumans, "The optical advantages of curved focal plane arrays," Opt. Express 16, 4965-4971 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-7-4965

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References

P. Gregory, "Digital photography," Opt. Laser Techn. 38,306-314 (2006). [CrossRef]
A. El Gamal and H. Eltoukhy, "CMOS image sensors," IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 21,6-20 (2005). [CrossRef]
E. Hecht, Optics (Addison Wesley, 2002), p. 226.
H. Jin, J. R. Abelson, M. K. Erhardt, and R. G. Nuzzo, "Soft lithographic fabrication of an image sensor array on a curved substrate," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 22,2548-2551 (2004). [CrossRef]
P. J. Hung, K. Jeong, G. L. Liu, and L. P. Lee, "Microfabricated suspensions for electrical connections on the tunable elastomer membrane," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85,6051-6053 (2004). [CrossRef]
L. Lee and R. Szema, "Inspirations from biological optics for advanced photonic systems," Science 310,1148-1150 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Ruchhoeft, M. Colburn, B. Choi, H. Nounu, S. Johnson, T. Bailey, S. Damle, M. Stewart, J. Ekerdt, S. V. Sreenivasan, J. C. Wolfe, and C. G. Willson, "Patterning curved surfaces: Template generation by ion beam proximity lithography and relief transfer by step and flash imprint lithography," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 172965-2969 (1999). [CrossRef]
P. K. Swain, D. J. Channin, G. C. Taylor, S. A. Lipp, and D. S. Mark, "Curved CCDs and their application with astronomical telescopes and stereo panoramic cameras," Proc. SPIE 5301, 109-129 (2004). [CrossRef]
T. J. Jones and S. Nikzad, "Curved focal plane arrays using conformed thinned detector membrane," Nanotech Brief 28,No. 3 (2004).
M. R. Ackermann, J. T. McGraw, and P. C. Zimmer, "Are curved focal planes necessary for wide-field survey telescopes?" Proc. SPIE 6267, 626740-626749 (2006). [CrossRef]
P. Swain and D. Mark, "Curved CCD detector devices and arrays for multispectral astrophysical applications and terrestrial stereo panoramic cameras," Proc. SPIE 5499, 281-301 (2004). [CrossRef]
R. Dinyari, S.-B. Rim, K. Huang, and P. Peumans, "Curving monolithic silicon for non-planar focal plane array applications," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 091114 (2008). [CrossRef]
P. B. Catrysse and B. A. Wandell, "Roadmap for CMOS image sensors: Moore meets Planck and Sommerfeld," Proc. SPIE 5678,1-13 (2005). [CrossRef]
P. Y. Maeda, P. B. Catrysse, and B. A. Wandell, "Integrating lens design with digital camera simulation," Proc. SPIE 5678, 48-58 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. M. Rodgers, "Curved Focal Surfaces: Design Optimization Through Symmetry, Not Complexity," Photonics Tech Briefs Online, April (2003), http://www.ptbmagazine.com/content/040103_ora.html.
H. Lowenthal, "Photographic objective of the triplet type," U.S. Patent 2,645,157 (1953).
E. Hecht, Optics (Addison Wesley, 2002), p. 219.
ISET digital camera simulator 2.0, ImageEval Consulting, Palo Alto, CA 94031.. P. B. Catrysse, X. Liu, and A. El Gamal, "QE reduction due to pixel vignetting in CMOS image sensors," Proc. SPIE 3965, 420-430 (2000).
CODE V 9.5, Optical Research Associates, East Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91107. [CrossRef]

Abelson, J. R.
Ackermann, M. R.
Bailey, T.
Catrysse, P. B.
Channin, D. J.
Choi, B.
Colburn, M.
Damle, S.
Dinyari, R.
Ekerdt, J.
El Gamal, A.
Eltoukhy, H.
Erhardt, M. K.
Gregory, P.
Huang, K.
Hung, P. J.
Jeong, K.
Jin, H.
Johnson, S.
Jones, T. J.
Lee, L.
Lee, L. P.
Lipp, S. A.
Liu, G. L.
Liu, X.
Maeda, P. Y.
Mark, D.
Mark, D. S.
McGraw, J. T.
Nikzad, S.
Nounu, H.
Nuzzo, R. G.
Peumans, P.
Rim, S.-B.
Ruchhoeft, P.
Sreenivasan, S. V.
Stewart, M.
Swain, P.
Swain, P. K.
Szema, R.
Taylor, G. C.
Wandell, B. A.
Willson, C. G.
Wolfe, J. C.
Zimmer, P. C.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

P. J. Hung, K. Jeong, G. L. Liu, and L. P. Lee, "Microfabricated suspensions for electrical connections on the tunable elastomer membrane," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85,6051-6053 (2004). [CrossRef]
R. Dinyari, S.-B. Rim, K. Huang, and P. Peumans, "Curving monolithic silicon for non-planar focal plane array applications," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 091114 (2008). [CrossRef]

IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine

A. El Gamal and H. Eltoukhy, "CMOS image sensors," IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 21,6-20 (2005). [CrossRef]

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B

H. Jin, J. R. Abelson, M. K. Erhardt, and R. G. Nuzzo, "Soft lithographic fabrication of an image sensor array on a curved substrate," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 22,2548-2551 (2004). [CrossRef]

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B.

P. Ruchhoeft, M. Colburn, B. Choi, H. Nounu, S. Johnson, T. Bailey, S. Damle, M. Stewart, J. Ekerdt, S. V. Sreenivasan, J. C. Wolfe, and C. G. Willson, "Patterning curved surfaces: Template generation by ion beam proximity lithography and relief transfer by step and flash imprint lithography," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 172965-2969 (1999). [CrossRef]

Nanotech Brief

T. J. Jones and S. Nikzad, "Curved focal plane arrays using conformed thinned detector membrane," Nanotech Brief 28,No. 3 (2004).

Opt. Laser Techn.

P. Gregory, "Digital photography," Opt. Laser Techn. 38,306-314 (2006). [CrossRef]

Proc. SPIE

P. K. Swain, D. J. Channin, G. C. Taylor, S. A. Lipp, and D. S. Mark, "Curved CCDs and their application with astronomical telescopes and stereo panoramic cameras," Proc. SPIE 5301, 109-129 (2004). [CrossRef]
M. R. Ackermann, J. T. McGraw, and P. C. Zimmer, "Are curved focal planes necessary for wide-field survey telescopes?" Proc. SPIE 6267, 626740-626749 (2006). [CrossRef]
P. Swain and D. Mark, "Curved CCD detector devices and arrays for multispectral astrophysical applications and terrestrial stereo panoramic cameras," Proc. SPIE 5499, 281-301 (2004). [CrossRef]
ISET digital camera simulator 2.0, ImageEval Consulting, Palo Alto, CA 94031.. P. B. Catrysse, X. Liu, and A. El Gamal, "QE reduction due to pixel vignetting in CMOS image sensors," Proc. SPIE 3965, 420-430 (2000).
P. B. Catrysse and B. A. Wandell, "Roadmap for CMOS image sensors: Moore meets Planck and Sommerfeld," Proc. SPIE 5678,1-13 (2005). [CrossRef]
P. Y. Maeda, P. B. Catrysse, and B. A. Wandell, "Integrating lens design with digital camera simulation," Proc. SPIE 5678, 48-58 (2005). [CrossRef]

Science

L. Lee and R. Szema, "Inspirations from biological optics for advanced photonic systems," Science 310,1148-1150 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

E. Hecht, Optics (Addison Wesley, 2002), p. 226.
J. M. Rodgers, "Curved Focal Surfaces: Design Optimization Through Symmetry, Not Complexity," Photonics Tech Briefs Online, April (2003), http://www.ptbmagazine.com/content/040103_ora.html.
H. Lowenthal, "Photographic objective of the triplet type," U.S. Patent 2,645,157 (1953).
E. Hecht, Optics (Addison Wesley, 2002), p. 219.
CODE V 9.5, Optical Research Associates, East Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91107. [CrossRef]

2008, Dinyari, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2006, Ackermann, Proc. SPIE
2006, Gregory, Opt. Laser Techn.
2005, El Gamal, IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine
2005, Lee, Science
2005, Catrysse, Proc. SPIE
2005, Maeda, Proc. SPIE
2004, Swain, Proc. SPIE
2004, Swain, Proc. SPIE
2004, Jones, Nanotech Brief
2004, Jin, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B
2004, Hung, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2000, Catrysse, Proc. SPIE
1999, Ruchhoeft, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B.

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