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Proof-of-principle of surface detection with air-guided quantum cascade lasers
Virginie Moreau, Raffaele Colombelli, Raviv Perahia, Oskar Painter, Luke R. Wilson, and Andrey B. Krysa »View Author Affiliations
Virginie Moreau,1
Raffaele Colombelli,1
Raviv Perahia,2
Oskar Painter,2
Luke R. Wilson,3
and Andrey B. Krysa4
1Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Universite Paris-Sud and CNRS, UMR8622, 91405 Orsay, France
2Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
3Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
4EPSRC Centre for III-V Technology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 9, pp. 6387-6396 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.006387
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Abstract
We report a proof-of-principle of surface detection with air-guided quantum cascade lasers. Laser ridges were designed to exhibit an evanescent electromagnetic field on their top surface that can interact with material or liquids deposited on the device. We employ photoresist and common solvents to provide a demonstration of the sensor setup. We observed spectral as well as threshold currents changes as a function of the deposited material absorption curve. A simple model, supplemented by 2D numerical finite element method simulations, allows one to explain and correctly predict the experimental results.
© 2008 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(140.5960) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers
(230.5750) Optical devices : Resonators
(240.6680) Optics at surfaces : Surface plasmons
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: February 12, 2008
Revised Manuscript: April 1, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: April 5, 2008
Published: April 21, 2008
Virtual Issues
Vol. 3, Iss. 5 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Virginie Moreau, Raffaele Colombelli, Raviv Perahia, Oskar Painter, Luke R. Wilson, and Andrey B. Krysa, "Proof-of-principle of surface detection with air-guided quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 16, 6387-6396 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-9-6387
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References
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Aellen, T.
Allen, T.
Arnold, C. B.
Audet, R.
Baena, J. R.
Bahriz, M.
Bai, Y.
Baillargeon, J.
Baillargeon, J. N.
Bakhirkin, Y.
Beck, M.
Behroozi, P.
Belkin, M. A.
Bour, D.
Capasso, F.
Chapman, D.
Charlton, C.
Chen, J. Z.
Cho, A. Y.
Cho, A.Y.
Cockburn, J. W.
Colombelli, R.
Corzine, S.
Croitoru, N.
Darvish, S. R.
de Melas, F.
De Wilde, Y.
Diehl, L.
Dirisu, A. O.
Domachuk, P.
Doris, L.
Edelmann, A.
Eggleton, B. J.
Evans, A.
Faist, J.
Frank, J.
Fried, A.
Garcia, M.
Gini, E.
Gmachl, C.
Gmachl, C. F.
Gornik, E.
Green, R. P.
Haberkorn, M.
Hofler, G.
Hofstetter, D.
Howard, S. S.
Hutchinson, A.
Hutchinson, A.L.
Ilegems, M.
Inberg, A.
Katzir, A.
Kohler, R.
Kosterev, A. A.
Krysa, A. B.
Lee, B. G.
Lemoine, P-A.
Lendl, B.
Liu, Z.
Loncar, M.
MacArthur, J.
Mars, D.
Melchior, H.
Mizaikoff, B.
Monat, P. C.
Moreau, V.
Muller, A.
Napoleone, A.
Nguyen, J.
Oakley, D. C.
Oesterle, U.
Page, H.
Painter, O.
Perahia, R.
Pflugl, C.
Razeghi, M.
Richter, D.
Roberts, J. S.
Ruzicka, C.
Schaden, S.
Schindler, R.
Schrenk, W.
Sirtori, C.
Sivco, D. L.
Sivco, D.L.
Slivken, S.
Smith, D. J.
Song, S.
Strasser, G.
Tandon, A.
Tittel, F. K.
Tredicucci, A.
Troccoli, M.
Wilson, L. R.
Wilson, L.R.
Wysocki, G.
Yu, J. S.
Zhang, W.
Zhu, J.
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- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 41115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Schaden, M. Haberkorn, J. Frank, J. R. Baena, and B. Lendl, "Direct determination of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Spec. 58, 667 (2004). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, R. Perahia, O. Painter, L.R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Demonstration of air-guided quantum cascade lasers without top claddings," Opt. Express 15, 14861 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Evans, S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi, "Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- F. K. Tittel, Y. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, and G. Wysocki, "Recent Advances in Trace Gas Detection Using Quantum and Interband Cascade Lasers," The Review of Laser Engineering 34, 275 (2006).
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Lendl, J. Frank, R. Schindler, A. Muller, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for flow injection analysis," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
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- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson,and A.Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Charlton, F. de Melas, A. Inberg, N. Croitoru, and B. Mizaikoff, "Hollow-waveguide gas sensing with roomtemperature quantum cascade lasers," IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 150, 306 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, "Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000).
- F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Lasers," Phys. Today 55, 34 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson,and A.Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, R. Perahia, O. Painter, L.R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Demonstration of air-guided quantum cascade lasers without top claddings," Opt. Express 15, 14861 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- C. Charlton, F. de Melas, A. Inberg, N. Croitoru, and B. Mizaikoff, "Hollow-waveguide gas sensing with roomtemperature quantum cascade lasers," IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 150, 306 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. Evans, S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi, "Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 7.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Charlton, F. de Melas, A. Inberg, N. Croitoru, and B. Mizaikoff, "Hollow-waveguide gas sensing with roomtemperature quantum cascade lasers," IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 150, 306 (2003). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 41115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, "Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light," Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, "High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
- P. C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, "Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light," Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Evans, S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi, "Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 7.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, "High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Lendl, J. Frank, R. Schindler, A. Muller, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for flow injection analysis," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson,and A.Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Schaden, M. Haberkorn, J. Frank, J. R. Baena, and B. Lendl, "Direct determination of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Spec. 58, 667 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. Lendl, J. Frank, R. Schindler, A. Muller, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for flow injection analysis," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. K. Tittel, D. Richter, and A. Fried, "Mid-infrared laser applications in spectroscopy," Top. Appl. Phys. 89, 445 (2003).
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Lasers," Phys. Today 55, 34 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 41115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. Z. Chen, Z. Liu, C. F. Gmachl, and D. L. Sivco, "Silver halide fiber-based evanescent-wave liquid droplet sensing with room temperature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 13, 5953 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Schaden, M. Haberkorn, J. Frank, J. R. Baena, and B. Lendl, "Direct determination of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Spec. 58, 667 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 41115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson,and A.Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Charlton, F. de Melas, A. Inberg, N. Croitoru, and B. Mizaikoff, "Hollow-waveguide gas sensing with roomtemperature quantum cascade lasers," IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 150, 306 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, "Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000).
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- F. K. Tittel, Y. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, and G. Wysocki, "Recent Advances in Trace Gas Detection Using Quantum and Interband Cascade Lasers," The Review of Laser Engineering 34, 275 (2006).
- A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, "Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 582, (2002). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, R. Perahia, O. Painter, L.R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Demonstration of air-guided quantum cascade lasers without top claddings," Opt. Express 15, 14861 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Schaden, M. Haberkorn, J. Frank, J. R. Baena, and B. Lendl, "Direct determination of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Spec. 58, 667 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. Lendl, J. Frank, R. Schindler, A. Muller, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for flow injection analysis," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 41115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. Z. Chen, Z. Liu, C. F. Gmachl, and D. L. Sivco, "Silver halide fiber-based evanescent-wave liquid droplet sensing with room temperature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 13, 5953 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Charlton, F. de Melas, A. Inberg, N. Croitoru, and B. Mizaikoff, "Hollow-waveguide gas sensing with roomtemperature quantum cascade lasers," IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 150, 306 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, "Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000).
- P. C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, "Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light," Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, R. Perahia, O. Painter, L.R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Demonstration of air-guided quantum cascade lasers without top claddings," Opt. Express 15, 14861 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Lendl, J. Frank, R. Schindler, A. Muller, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for flow injection analysis," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Evans, S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi, "Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Evans, S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi, "Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 7.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, "High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003). [CrossRef]
- F. K. Tittel, D. Richter, and A. Fried, "Mid-infrared laser applications in spectroscopy," Top. Appl. Phys. 89, 445 (2003).
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
- S. Schaden, M. Haberkorn, J. Frank, J. R. Baena, and B. Lendl, "Direct determination of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Spec. 58, 667 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. Lendl, J. Frank, R. Schindler, A. Muller, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for flow injection analysis," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson,and A.Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Z. Chen, Z. Liu, C. F. Gmachl, and D. L. Sivco, "Silver halide fiber-based evanescent-wave liquid droplet sensing with room temperature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 13, 5953 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Lasers," Phys. Today 55, 34 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson,and A.Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Evans, S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi, "Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 7.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, "High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 41115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- F. K. Tittel, Y. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, and G. Wysocki, "Recent Advances in Trace Gas Detection Using Quantum and Interband Cascade Lasers," The Review of Laser Engineering 34, 275 (2006).
- F. K. Tittel, D. Richter, and A. Fried, "Mid-infrared laser applications in spectroscopy," Top. Appl. Phys. 89, 445 (2003).
- A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, "Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 582, (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
- F. K. Tittel, Y. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, and G. Wysocki, "Recent Advances in Trace Gas Detection Using Quantum and Interband Cascade Lasers," The Review of Laser Engineering 34, 275 (2006).
- S. R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 7.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, "High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003). [CrossRef]
- S. R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 7.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
Anal. Chem
- B. Lendl, J. Frank, R. Schindler, A. Muller, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for flow injection analysis," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Anal. Chem.
- C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, "Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000).
Appl
- S. Schaden, M. Haberkorn, J. Frank, J. R. Baena, and B. Lendl, "Direct determination of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Spec. 58, 667 (2004). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- S. R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 7.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, "High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Evans, S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi, "Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 41115 (2006). [CrossRef]
IEE Proc. Optoelectron.
- C. Charlton, F. de Melas, A. Inberg, N. Croitoru, and B. Mizaikoff, "Hollow-waveguide gas sensing with roomtemperature quantum cascade lasers," IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 150, 306 (2003). [CrossRef]
IEEE Circuits and Devices
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, "Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 582, (2002). [CrossRef]
J. Chrom. A
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
J. Cryst. Growth
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
Nature Photon.
- P. C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, "Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light," Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- M. A. Belkin, M. Loncar, B. G. Lee, C. Pflugl, R. Audet, L. Diehl, F. Capasso, D. Bour, S. Corzine, and G. Hofler, "Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with narrow-ridge microfluidic quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 11262 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Moreau, M. Bahriz, R. Colombelli, R. Perahia, O. Painter, L.R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Demonstration of air-guided quantum cascade lasers without top claddings," Opt. Express 15, 14861 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Z. Chen, Z. Liu, C. F. Gmachl, and D. L. Sivco, "Silver halide fiber-based evanescent-wave liquid droplet sensing with room temperature mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 13, 5953 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Diehl, B. G. Lee, P. Behroozi, M. Loncar, M. A. Belkin, F. Capasso, T. Aellen, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Microfluidic tuning of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, " Opt. Express 14, 11660 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Today
- F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Lasers," Phys. Today 55, 34 (2002). [CrossRef]
Science
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson,and A.Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
The Review of Laser Engineering
- F. K. Tittel, Y. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, and G. Wysocki, "Recent Advances in Trace Gas Detection Using Quantum and Interband Cascade Lasers," The Review of Laser Engineering 34, 275 (2006).
Top. Appl. Phys.
- F. K. Tittel, D. Richter, and A. Fried, "Mid-infrared laser applications in spectroscopy," Top. Appl. Phys. 89, 445 (2003).
Other
- R. Perahia, O. Painter, V. Moreau, and R. Colombelli, "Design of quantum cascade lasers for intra-cavity sensing in the mid-infrared," in preparation.
2007, Evans, Appl. Phys. Lett.
- A. Evans, S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, J. Nguyen, Y. Bai, and M. Razeghi, "Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, "Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light," Nature Photon. 1, 106 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Moreau, P-A. Lemoine, M. Bahriz, Y. De Wilde, R. Colombelli, L. R. Wilson, and A. B. Krysa, "Direct imaging of a laser mode via midinfrared near-field microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 201114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. G. Lee, M. A. Belkin, R. Audet, J. MacArthur, L. Diehl, C. Pflugl, F. Capasso, D. C. Oakley, D. Chapman, A. Napoleone, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, and J. Faist, "Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Song, S. S. Howard, Z. Liu, A. O. Dirisu, C. F. Gmachl, and C. B. Arnold, "Mode tuning of quantum cascade lasers through optical processing of chalcogenide glass claddings," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 41115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler, M. Loncar, M. Troccoli, and F. Capasso, "Hightemperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vaporphase epitaxy, " Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 81101 (2006). [CrossRef]
- F. K. Tittel, Y. Bakhirkin, A. A. Kosterev, and G. Wysocki, "Recent Advances in Trace Gas Detection Using Quantum and Interband Cascade Lasers," The Review of Laser Engineering 34, 275 (2006).
- S. R. Darvish, W. Zhang, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, "High-power, continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 7.8 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251119 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Schaden, M. Haberkorn, J. Frank, J. R. Baena, and B. Lendl, "Direct determination of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Spec. 58, 667 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Troccoli, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Hofler, A. Tandon, D. Mars, D. J. Smith, L. Diehl, and F. Capasso, "Lowthreshold continuous-wave operation of quantum-cascade lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5842 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. B. Krysa, J. S. Roberts, R. P. Green, L. R. Wilson, H. Page, M. Garcia, and J. W. Cockburn, "MOVPE-grown quantum cascade lasers operating at 9 μm wavelength," J. Cryst. Growth 272, 682 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, A. Evans, L. Doris, and M. Razeghi, "High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503 (2003). [CrossRef]
- F. K. Tittel, D. Richter, and A. Fried, "Mid-infrared laser applications in spectroscopy," Top. Appl. Phys. 89, 445 (2003).
- C. Charlton, F. de Melas, A. Inberg, N. Croitoru, and B. Mizaikoff, "Hollow-waveguide gas sensing with roomtemperature quantum cascade lasers," IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 150, 306 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Allen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle, M. Ilegems, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, "Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature," Science 295, 301 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Lasers," Phys. Today 55, 34 (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Kosterev and F. K. Tittel, "Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 582, (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. Edelmann, C. Ruzicka, J. Frank, B. Lendl,W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser, "Towards functional groupspecific detection in high-performance liquid chromatography using mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers," J. Chrom. A 934, 123 (2001). [CrossRef]
- C. Charlton, A. Katzir, and B. Mizaikoff, "Infrared Evanescent Field Sensing with Quantum Cascade Lasers and Planar Silver Halide Waveguides," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000).
- B. Lendl, J. Frank, R. Schindler, A. Muller, M. Beck, and J. Faist, "Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for flow injection analysis," Anal. Chem. 72, 1645 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, A. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "The Sense-Ability of Semiconductor Lasers," IEEE Circuits and Devices 16, 10 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, "Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2670 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson,and A.Y. Cho, "Quantum cascade laser," Science 264, 553 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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