Megahertz-frequency large-area optical modulators at 1.55 μm based on solution-cast colloidal quantum dots

doi:10.1364/OE.16.006683

Megahertz-frequency large-area optical modulators at 1.55 μm based on solution-cast colloidal quantum dots

Sjoerd Hoogland, Vlad Sukhovatkin, Harnik Shukla, Jason Clifford, Larissa Levina, and Edward H. Sargent »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 16, Issue 9, pp. 6683-6691 (2008)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.006683

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Abstract
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Abstract

We report the realization of large-area, communications-wavelength electro-optic modulators made via simple solution-casting onto an arbitrary substrate. The devices employ colloidal quantum dots synthesized in, and processed from, the solution phase. Devices exhibit greater than 30% modulation depth at the 1.55 µm eye-safe wavelengths of interest in free-space optical communications. The devices retain considerable modulation depth beyond 1 MHz.

OCIS Codes
(230.4110) Optical devices : Modulators
(230.5590) Optical devices : Quantum-well, -wire and -dot devices
(130.4110) Integrated optics : Modulators
(250.4110) Optoelectronics : Modulators

ToC Category:
Optical Devices

History
Original Manuscript: February 21, 2008
Revised Manuscript: April 21, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: April 22, 2008
Published: April 25, 2008

Citation
Sjoerd Hoogland, Vlad Sukhovatkin, Harnik Shukla, Jason Clifford, Larissa Levina, and Edward H. Sargent, "Megahertz-frequency large-area optical modulators at 1.55 μm based on solution-cast colloidal quantum dots," Opt. Express 16, 6683-6691 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-9-6683

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References

D. Talapin and C. B. Murray, "PbSe nanocrystal solidsforn-andp-channel thin ?lm ?eld-effecttransistors," Science 310, 86-89 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Tessler, V. Medvedev, M. Kazes, S. Kan, and U. Banin, "Ef?cient near-infrared polymer nanocrystal light-emitting diodes," Science 295, 1506-1508 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Hoogland, V. Sukhovatkin, I. Howard, S. Cauchi, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, "A solution-processed 1.53 μm quantum dot laser with temperature-invariant emission wavelength," Opt. Express. 14, 3273-3281 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Konstantatos, I. Howard, A. Fischer, S. Hoogland, J. Clifford, E. Klem, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, "Ultrasensitive solution-cast quantum dot photodetectors," Nature 442, 180-183 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. W. Johnston, A. G. Pattantyus-Abraham, J. P. Clifford, S. H. Myrskog, D. D. MacNeil, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, "Schottky-quantum dot photovoltaics for efficient infrared power conversion," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 151115 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, "Wireless infrared communications," Proc. IEEE 85, 265-298 (1997). [CrossRef]
A. V. Jelalian, Laser Radar Systems (Artech House, 1991).
H. Rossmann, A. Schulzgen, F. Hennenberger, and M. Muller, "Quantum Confined DC Stark Effect in Microcrystallites," Phys. Status Solidi 159, 287-290 (1990). [CrossRef]
U. Woggon, S. V. Bogdanov, O. Wind, K.-H. Schlaad, H. Pier, C. Klingshirn, P. Chatziagorastou, and H. P. Fritz, "Electro-otic properties of CdS embedded in a polymer," Phys. Rev. B 48, 11979-11986 (1993). [CrossRef]
S. A. Empedocles and M. G. Bawendi, "Quantum-confined Stark effect in single CdSe nanocrystallite quantum dots," Science 278, 2114-2117 (1997). [CrossRef]
V. L. Colvin, K. L. Cunningham, and A. P. Alivisatos, "Electric field modulation studies of optical absorption in CdSe nanocrystals: Dipolar character of the excited state," J. Chem. Phys. 101, 7122-7138 (1994). [CrossRef]
E. J. Klem, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, "PbS quantum dot electroabsorption modulation across the extended communications band 1200-1700 nm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 053101 (2005). [CrossRef]
D. Yu, C. Wang, and P. Guyot-Sionnest, "n-Type conducting CdSe nanocrystal solids," Science 300, 1277-1280 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Guyot-Sionnest and C. Wang, "Fast voltammetric and electrochromic response of semiconductor nanocrystal thin films," J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 7355-7359 (2003). [CrossRef]
W. K. Woo, K. T. Shimizu, M. V. Jarosz, R. G. Neuhauser, C. A. Leatherdale, M. A. Rubner, and M. G. Bawendi, "Reversible charging of CdSe nanocrystals in a simple solid-state device," Adv. Mater. 14, 1068-1071 (2002). [CrossRef]

Alivisatos, A. P.
Banin, U.
Barry, J. R.
Bawendi, M. G.
Bogdanov, S. V.
Cauchi, S.
Chatziagorastou, P.
Clifford, J.
Clifford, J. P.
Colvin, V. L.
Cunningham, K. L.
Empedocles, S. A.
Fischer, A.
Fritz, H. P.
Guyot-Sionnest, P.
Hennenberger, F.
Hoogland, S.
Howard, I.
Jarosz, M. V.
Johnston, K. W.
Kahn, J. M.
Kan, S.
Kazes, M.
Klem, E.
Klem, E. J.
Klingshirn, C.
Konstantatos, G.
Leatherdale, C. A.
Levina, L.
MacNeil, D. D.
Medvedev, V.
Muller, M.
Murray, C. B.
Myrskog, S. H.
Neuhauser, R. G.
Pattantyus-Abraham, A. G.
Pier, H.
Rossmann, H.
Rubner, M. A.
Sargent, E. H.
Schlaad, K.-H.
Schulzgen, A.
Shimizu, K. T.
Sukhovatkin, V.
Talapin, D.
Tessler, N.
Wang, C.
Wind, O.
Woggon, U.
Woo, W. K.
Yu, D.

Adv. Mater.

W. K. Woo, K. T. Shimizu, M. V. Jarosz, R. G. Neuhauser, C. A. Leatherdale, M. A. Rubner, and M. G. Bawendi, "Reversible charging of CdSe nanocrystals in a simple solid-state device," Adv. Mater. 14, 1068-1071 (2002). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

E. J. Klem, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, "PbS quantum dot electroabsorption modulation across the extended communications band 1200-1700 nm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 053101 (2005). [CrossRef]
K. W. Johnston, A. G. Pattantyus-Abraham, J. P. Clifford, S. H. Myrskog, D. D. MacNeil, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, "Schottky-quantum dot photovoltaics for efficient infrared power conversion," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 151115 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Chem. Phys.

V. L. Colvin, K. L. Cunningham, and A. P. Alivisatos, "Electric field modulation studies of optical absorption in CdSe nanocrystals: Dipolar character of the excited state," J. Chem. Phys. 101, 7122-7138 (1994). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. B

P. Guyot-Sionnest and C. Wang, "Fast voltammetric and electrochromic response of semiconductor nanocrystal thin films," J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 7355-7359 (2003). [CrossRef]

Nature

G. Konstantatos, I. Howard, A. Fischer, S. Hoogland, J. Clifford, E. Klem, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, "Ultrasensitive solution-cast quantum dot photodetectors," Nature 442, 180-183 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express.

S. Hoogland, V. Sukhovatkin, I. Howard, S. Cauchi, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, "A solution-processed 1.53 μm quantum dot laser with temperature-invariant emission wavelength," Opt. Express. 14, 3273-3281 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. B

U. Woggon, S. V. Bogdanov, O. Wind, K.-H. Schlaad, H. Pier, C. Klingshirn, P. Chatziagorastou, and H. P. Fritz, "Electro-otic properties of CdS embedded in a polymer," Phys. Rev. B 48, 11979-11986 (1993). [CrossRef]

Phys. Status Solidi

H. Rossmann, A. Schulzgen, F. Hennenberger, and M. Muller, "Quantum Confined DC Stark Effect in Microcrystallites," Phys. Status Solidi 159, 287-290 (1990). [CrossRef]

Proc. IEEE

J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, "Wireless infrared communications," Proc. IEEE 85, 265-298 (1997). [CrossRef]

Science

S. A. Empedocles and M. G. Bawendi, "Quantum-confined Stark effect in single CdSe nanocrystallite quantum dots," Science 278, 2114-2117 (1997). [CrossRef]
D. Talapin and C. B. Murray, "PbSe nanocrystal solidsforn-andp-channel thin ?lm ?eld-effecttransistors," Science 310, 86-89 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Tessler, V. Medvedev, M. Kazes, S. Kan, and U. Banin, "Ef?cient near-infrared polymer nanocrystal light-emitting diodes," Science 295, 1506-1508 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. Yu, C. Wang, and P. Guyot-Sionnest, "n-Type conducting CdSe nanocrystal solids," Science 300, 1277-1280 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

A. V. Jelalian, Laser Radar Systems (Artech House, 1991).

2008, Johnston, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2006, Hoogland, Opt. Express.
2006, Konstantatos, Nature
2005, Talapin, Science
2005, Klem, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2003, Yu, Science
2003, Guyot-Sionnest, J. Phys. Chem. B
2002, Woo, Adv. Mater.
2002, Tessler, Science
1997, Kahn, Proc. IEEE
1997, Empedocles, Science
1994, Colvin, J. Chem. Phys.
1993, Woggon, Phys. Rev. B
1990, Rossmann, Phys. Status Solidi

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