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Generation of Attosecond X-ray and gamma-ray via Compton backscattering
Sang-Young Chung, Moohyun Yoon, and Dong Eon Kim »View Author Affiliations
Physics Department, POSTECH, San 31 Hyojadong, Nam Ku, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, KOREA
*Corresponding author: kimd@postech.ac.kr
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 10, pp. 7853-7861 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.007853
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Abstract
Abstract: The generation of an isolated attosecond gamma-ray pulse utilizing Compton backscattering of a relativistic electron bunch has been investigated. The energy of the electron bunch is modulated while the electron bunch interacts with a co-propagating few-cycle CEP (carrier envelope phase)-locked laser in a single-period wiggler. The energy-modulated electron bunch interacts with a counter-propagating driver laser, producing Compton back-scattered radiation. The energy modulation of the electron bunch is duplicated to the temporal modulation of the photon energy of Compton back-scattered radiation. The spectral filtering using a crystal spectrometer allows one to obtain an isolated attosecond gamma-ray.
© 2009 OSA
OCIS Codes
(290.1350) Scattering : Backscattering
(320.5550) Ultrafast optics : Pulses
(260.7120) Physical optics : Ultrafast phenomena
ToC Category:
Ultrafast Optics
History
Original Manuscript: December 10, 2008
Revised Manuscript: March 18, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: April 23, 2009
Published: April 28, 2009
Citation
Sang-Young Chung, Moohyun Yoon, and Dong Eon Kim, "Generation of Attosecond X-ray and gamma-ray via Compton backscattering," Opt. Express 17, 7853-7861 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-10-7853
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- E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Uiberacker, T. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H. G. Muller, M. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, D. M. Mills, P. H. Fuoss, G. B. Stephenson, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, D. P. Lowney, A. G. Macphee, D. Weinstein, R. W. Falcone, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, C. Blome, S. Düsterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, O. Hignette, F. Sette, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, O. Synnergren, J. Larsson, S. Techert, J. Sheppard, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Emma, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. J. Gaffney, A. M. Lindenberg, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Clocking femtosecond X rays,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 114801 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Uiberacker, T. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H. G. Muller, M. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Uiberacker, T. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H. G. Muller, M. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Emma, K. Bane, M. Cornacchia, Z. Huang, H. Schlarb, G. Stupakov, and D. Walz, “Femtosecond and subfemtosecond x-ray pulses from a self-amplified spontaneous-emission-based free-electron laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(7), 074801 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Lan, P. Lu, W. Cao, and X. Wang, “Attosecond and zeptosecond x-ray pulses via nonlinear Thomson backscattering,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 72(6 Pt 2), 066501 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, D. M. Mills, P. H. Fuoss, G. B. Stephenson, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, D. P. Lowney, A. G. Macphee, D. Weinstein, R. W. Falcone, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, C. Blome, S. Düsterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, O. Hignette, F. Sette, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, O. Synnergren, J. Larsson, S. Techert, J. Sheppard, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Emma, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. J. Gaffney, A. M. Lindenberg, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Clocking femtosecond X rays,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 114801 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. J. Weeks, V. N. Litvinenko, and J. M. J. Madey, “The Compton backscattering process and radiotherapy,” Med. Phys. 24(3), 417–423 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, D. M. Mills, P. H. Fuoss, G. B. Stephenson, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, D. P. Lowney, A. G. Macphee, D. Weinstein, R. W. Falcone, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, C. Blome, S. Düsterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, O. Hignette, F. Sette, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, O. Synnergren, J. Larsson, S. Techert, J. Sheppard, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Emma, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. J. Gaffney, A. M. Lindenberg, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Clocking femtosecond X rays,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 114801 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. V. Hartemann, W. J. Brown, D. J. Gibson, S. G. Anderson, A. M. Tremaine, P. T. Springer, A. J. Wootton, E. P. Hartouni, and C. P. J. Barty, “High-energy scaling of Compton scattering light sources,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8(10), 100702 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Uiberacker, T. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H. G. Muller, M. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. L. Saldin, E. A. Schneidmiller, and M. V. Yurkov, “A new technique to generate 100 GW-level attosecond X-ray pulses from the X-ray SASE FELs,” Opt. Commun. 239(1-3), 161–172 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Zholents and G. Penn, “Obtaining attosecond x-ray pulses using a self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8(5), 050704 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Zholents and W. M. Fawley, “Proposal for intense attosecond radiation from an x-ray free-electron laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(22), 224801 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Med. Phys.
- K. J. Weeks, V. N. Litvinenko, and J. M. J. Madey, “The Compton backscattering process and radiotherapy,” Med. Phys. 24(3), 417–423 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nature
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Uiberacker, T. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H. G. Muller, M. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nucl. Instrum. Methods
- G. L. Borchert, W. Scheck, and O. W. B. Schult, “Curved crystal spectrometer for precise energy measurements of gamma rays from 30 to 1500 keV,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods 124(1), 107–117 (1975). [CrossRef]
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A
- G. L. Borchert, J. Bojowald, A. Ercan, H. Labus, Th. Rose, and O. W. B. Schult, “Curved crystal spectrometer for high-resolution in-beam spectroscopy of x-rays and low-energy gamma rays,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 245(2-3), 393–401 (1986). [CrossRef]
- E. G. Kessler, M. S. Dewey, R. D. Deslattes, A. Henins, H. G. Börner, M. Jentsche, and H. Lehmann, “The GAMS4 flat crystal facility,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 457(1-2), 187–202 (2001). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Dewey, E. G. Kessler, G. L. Greene, R. D. Deslattes, H. Borner, and J. Jolie, “Fundamental physics using ultrahigh resolution gamma spectroscopy,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 284(1), 151–155 (1989). [CrossRef]
Opt. Commun.
- E. L. Saldin, E. A. Schneidmiller, and M. V. Yurkov, “A new technique to generate 100 GW-level attosecond X-ray pulses from the X-ray SASE FELs,” Opt. Commun. 239(1-3), 161–172 (2004). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- K. Lee, Y. H. Cha, M. S. Shin, B. H. Kim, and D. Kim, “Temporal and spatial characterization of harmonics structures of relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering,” Opt. Express 11, 309–316 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Lett. A
- G. Farkas and C. Toth, “Proposal for attosecond light pulse generation using laser induced multiple-harmonic conversion processes in rare gases,” Phys. Lett. A 168(5-6), 447–450 (1992). [CrossRef]
Phys. Plasmas
- K. Lee, B. H. Kim, and D. Kim, “Coherent radiation of relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering,” Phys. Plasmas 12(4), 043107 (2005). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys.
- K. Lee, Y. H. Cha, M. S. Shin, B. H. Kim, and D. Kim, “Relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering as attosecond x-ray source,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 67(2 Pt 2), 026502 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Lan, P. Lu, W. Cao, and X. Wang, “Attosecond and zeptosecond x-ray pulses via nonlinear Thomson backscattering,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 72(6 Pt 2), 066501 (2005). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- A. E. Kaplan and P. L. Shkolnikov, “Lasetron: a proposed source of powerful nuclear-time-scale electromagnetic bursts,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(7), 074801 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Zholents and W. M. Fawley, “Proposal for intense attosecond radiation from an x-ray free-electron laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(22), 224801 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Emma, K. Bane, M. Cornacchia, Z. Huang, H. Schlarb, G. Stupakov, and D. Walz, “Femtosecond and subfemtosecond x-ray pulses from a self-amplified spontaneous-emission-based free-electron laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(7), 074801 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, D. M. Mills, P. H. Fuoss, G. B. Stephenson, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, D. P. Lowney, A. G. Macphee, D. Weinstein, R. W. Falcone, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, C. Blome, S. Düsterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, O. Hignette, F. Sette, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, O. Synnergren, J. Larsson, S. Techert, J. Sheppard, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Emma, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. J. Gaffney, A. M. Lindenberg, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Clocking femtosecond X rays,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 114801 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams
- W. J. Brown and F. V. Hartemann, “Three-dimensional time and frequency-domain theory of femtosecond x-ray pulse generation through Thomson scattering,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7(6), 060703 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Zholents and G. Penn, “Obtaining attosecond x-ray pulses using a self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8(5), 050704 (2005). [CrossRef]
- F. V. Hartemann, W. J. Brown, D. J. Gibson, S. G. Anderson, A. M. Tremaine, P. T. Springer, A. J. Wootton, E. P. Hartouni, and C. P. J. Barty, “High-energy scaling of Compton scattering light sources,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8(10), 100702 (2005). [CrossRef]
Science
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- A. Yariv, Optical Electronics 4th ed. (Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., Philadelphia, 1991) pp. 47–48.
- C. A. Brau, Free-Electron Lasers (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990) pp. 64-85.
- A 5 ns, 1064 nm pulsed laser of 1 J at 5 kHz is under development at Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Japan, presented in Workshop on Advanced Technology of lasers for understanding of plasma physics, KAIST, Daejon, Republic of Korea, Feb. 13–14, 2009.
2007, Uiberacker, Nature
- M. Uiberacker, T. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H. G. Muller, M. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms,” Nature 446(7136), 627–632 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Zholents and G. Penn, “Obtaining attosecond x-ray pulses using a self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8(5), 050704 (2005). [CrossRef]
- P. Lan, P. Lu, W. Cao, and X. Wang, “Attosecond and zeptosecond x-ray pulses via nonlinear Thomson backscattering,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 72(6 Pt 2), 066501 (2005). [CrossRef]
- F. V. Hartemann, W. J. Brown, D. J. Gibson, S. G. Anderson, A. M. Tremaine, P. T. Springer, A. J. Wootton, E. P. Hartouni, and C. P. J. Barty, “High-energy scaling of Compton scattering light sources,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8(10), 100702 (2005). [CrossRef]
- K. Lee, B. H. Kim, and D. Kim, “Coherent radiation of relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering,” Phys. Plasmas 12(4), 043107 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Cavalieri, D. M. Fritz, S. H. Lee, P. H. Bucksbaum, D. A. Reis, J. Rudati, D. M. Mills, P. H. Fuoss, G. B. Stephenson, C. C. Kao, D. P. Siddons, D. P. Lowney, A. G. Macphee, D. Weinstein, R. W. Falcone, R. Pahl, J. Als-Nielsen, C. Blome, S. Düsterer, R. Ischebeck, H. Schlarb, H. Schulte-Schrepping, Th. Tschentscher, J. Schneider, O. Hignette, F. Sette, K. Sokolowski-Tinten, H. N. Chapman, R. W. Lee, T. N. Hansen, O. Synnergren, J. Larsson, S. Techert, J. Sheppard, J. S. Wark, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, D. van der Spoel, N. Timneanu, J. Hajdu, R. A. Akre, E. Bong, P. Emma, P. Krejcik, J. Arthur, S. Brennan, K. J. Gaffney, A. M. Lindenberg, K. Luening, and J. B. Hastings, “Clocking femtosecond X rays,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 114801 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. J. Brown and F. V. Hartemann, “Three-dimensional time and frequency-domain theory of femtosecond x-ray pulse generation through Thomson scattering,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7(6), 060703 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Zholents and W. M. Fawley, “Proposal for intense attosecond radiation from an x-ray free-electron laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(22), 224801 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Emma, K. Bane, M. Cornacchia, Z. Huang, H. Schlarb, G. Stupakov, and D. Walz, “Femtosecond and subfemtosecond x-ray pulses from a self-amplified spontaneous-emission-based free-electron laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(7), 074801 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. L. Saldin, E. A. Schneidmiller, and M. V. Yurkov, “A new technique to generate 100 GW-level attosecond X-ray pulses from the X-ray SASE FELs,” Opt. Commun. 239(1-3), 161–172 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Direct measurement of light waves,” Science 305(5688), 1267–1269 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Lee, Y. H. Cha, M. S. Shin, B. H. Kim, and D. Kim, “Relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering as attosecond x-ray source,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 67(2 Pt 2), 026502 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. E. Kaplan and P. L. Shkolnikov, “Lasetron: a proposed source of powerful nuclear-time-scale electromagnetic bursts,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(7), 074801 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, M. Uiberacker, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, and F. Krausz, “Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy,” Nature 419(6909), 803–807 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. G. Kessler, M. S. Dewey, R. D. Deslattes, A. Henins, H. G. Börner, M. Jentsche, and H. Lehmann, “The GAMS4 flat crystal facility,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 457(1-2), 187–202 (2001). [CrossRef]
- K. J. Weeks, V. N. Litvinenko, and J. M. J. Madey, “The Compton backscattering process and radiotherapy,” Med. Phys. 24(3), 417–423 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Farkas and C. Toth, “Proposal for attosecond light pulse generation using laser induced multiple-harmonic conversion processes in rare gases,” Phys. Lett. A 168(5-6), 447–450 (1992). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Dewey, E. G. Kessler, G. L. Greene, R. D. Deslattes, H. Borner, and J. Jolie, “Fundamental physics using ultrahigh resolution gamma spectroscopy,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 284(1), 151–155 (1989). [CrossRef]
- G. L. Borchert, J. Bojowald, A. Ercan, H. Labus, Th. Rose, and O. W. B. Schult, “Curved crystal spectrometer for high-resolution in-beam spectroscopy of x-rays and low-energy gamma rays,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 245(2-3), 393–401 (1986). [CrossRef]
- G. L. Borchert, W. Scheck, and O. W. B. Schult, “Curved crystal spectrometer for precise energy measurements of gamma rays from 30 to 1500 keV,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods 124(1), 107–117 (1975). [CrossRef]
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